Applied Energy 86 (2009) 14231430

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Applied Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy

A new version of a solar water heating system coupled with a solar water pump
Kittiwoot Sutthivirode, Pichai Namprakai *, Natthaphon Roonprasang
Division of Energy Technology, School of Energy Environment and Materials, King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha-U-thit rd., Bangmod, Thungkhru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
This research target was to improve the thermal efciency of a solar water heating system (SWHS) coupled with a built-in solar water pump. The designed system consists of 1.58-m2 at plate solar collectors, an overhead tank placed at the top level, the larger water storage tank without a heat exchanger at the lower level, and a one-way valve for water circulation control. The discharge heads of 1 and 2 m were tested. The pump could operate at the collector temperature of about 7090 C and vapor gage pressure of 1018 kPa. It was found that water circulation within the SWHS ranged between 15 and 65 l/d depending upon solar intensity and discharge head. Moreover, the max water temperature in the storage tank is around 59 C. The max daily pump efciency is about 0.0017%. The SWHS could have max daily thermal efciency of about 21%. It is concluded that the thermal efciency was successfully improved, except for the pump one. The new SWHS with 1 m discharge head or lower is suitable for residential use. It adds less weight to a building roof and saves electrical energy for a circulation pump. It has lower cost compared to a domestic SWHS. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 15 June 2008 Received in revised form 22 November 2008 Accepted 1 December 2008 Available online 7 January 2009 Keywords: Efciency improvement Energy saving Low cost No heat exchanger Solar water pump Weight reduction

1. Introduction A solar water heating system (SWHS) is the device that uses solar energy for hot water production. It depends on thermosyphon or force-circulation methods for circulating the hot water within the system [12]. The rst one has a heavy and high-pressure storage tank (ST) integrated while the second one adds less weight to a building roof. However, the latter cannot save electrical energy. Forced circulation system generally comprises two types of systems with and without heat exchangers [3]. Efciency of the forced circulation solar water heater is around 5060%, while that of the natural circulation one is approximately 3438% [4]. Hot ST water stored at 4550 C is sufcient for residential use [5]. In order to save energy for water circulation within the SWHS, a solar water pump was introduced. Various developments of such pumps were reported in literatures [613]. Sumathy [6] did an experiment on a solar thermal water pump, which comprised a 1 m2 solar collector (SC), had overall efciency of 0.120.14% for 610 m discharge heads and performed 1223 cycles a day. The water mass of 15 kg was lifted for each cycle. Wong and Sumathy presented a solar water pump performance based on n-pentane and ethyl ether as working uids [7] and thermodynamic analysis in conjunction with the optimization of the solar thermal water pump [8]. They concluded that ethyl ether
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +662 02 470 8622; fax: +662 02 470 8623. E-mail addresses: ipicakai@gmail.com, ipicakai@kmutt.ac.th (P. Namprakai), mte805@hotmail.com (N. Roonprasang). 0306-2619/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.12.002

was the best choice in terms of efciency and economics. Picken et al. [9] investigated the development of a water piston solar powered steam pump. They used the 2 m2 SC comprising an evacuated tube combined with a heat pipe. The boiling steam at 110 C was produced to pump water from a well. Their pump efciency was in the order of 0.05% for the pumped water of 1020 l/h. The test pumping heads were between 2 and 8 m. Liengjindathaworn et al. [10] presented the experimental and theoretical studies of a pulsating-steam water pump. The pumping system used an electric heater as an energy source to produce a working water vapor at low temperature (90120 C). The experimental pump efciency was around 0.0050.03% for the pumped water of 18 l/cycle and suction heads of 12.5 m. However, the system was manually operated. Wong and Sumathy [11] reviewed a more detail of solar water pumps. Recently, Roonprasang et al. [12] developed the SWHS integrated with a new solar water pump. Their system consists of 1.58 m2 at plate solar collector, an overhead tank placed at the top level, and the larger water storage tank with a heat exchanger at the lower level. The pump is workable when solar energy input is equal to or greater than 580, 600 and 630 W/m2 for discharge heads of 1, 1.5 and 2 m. The mean water temperature in the SC is about 7578 C. Moreover, the water temperature in the ST is around 4661 C. Heat is transferred to the ST by means of a built-in heat exchanger. The mean pump efciency is about 0.00140.0019%. The water circulation within the SWHS is between 12 and 59 l/d. Moreover, the SWHS has daily thermal efciency of about 713%. It was concluded that more thermal

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Nomenclature Ac cpw t g Htot h IT kd mw N Pc Qs _ Qs Ta Tc Toh collector area (m2) water specic heat (kJ/kg oC) time, s acceleration of gravity (9.806 m/s2) total solar irradiation incident on the SC (kJ, MJ/m2 d) system discharge head (m) solar irradiation (kW/m2) loss coefcient for discharge (dimensionless) mass of water in the ST (kg) number of a water circulating cycle per day uid gage pressure in the SC (kPa) heat stored in the ST (kJ) rate of heat stored in the ST (kW) ambient temperature (C) mean water temperature in the SC (C) mean water temperature in the OT (C) Ts Vc mean water temperature in the ST (C) volume of pumped water per cycle (m3) discharge uid velocity (m/s) required hydraulic work per cycle (kJ) specic weight (N/m3) water density (kg/m3) daily pump efciency (%) daily system thermal efciency (%)

vd

Wh

c qw gp gt

Acronyms CV control valve OT overhead tank SC solar collector SET separation tank ST hot water storage tank SWHS solar water heating system

energy loss occurred at the heat exchanger within the ST. The above system may be workable only for 13 m pumping heads depending on the solar energy input. However, it can save electrical energy for water circulation and add less weight to a building roof. In the current research the authors aimed to improve thermal efciency of such SWHS in Ref. [12] using the same equipment, test place and nearly similar condition but without the use of heat exchanger so that more thermal energy losses at the ST could be eliminated. The new system designed could use a shorter discharge head for a wider range of the SCST elevation differences then consumed less energy inputs for pumping hot water. 2. Experimental setup An enhanced SWHS consists of various parts as shown in Fig. 1. 1. A solar collector (SC) has 1.58 m2 absorbing area (4 panels, 0.638 m 0.619 m each) and 14 inclination. It initially contains 4.1 l water and 1.3 l air. It was used to produce high-pressure vapor for pumping purpose.

2. An overhead tank (OT) as a condenser is made of a 0.5 mm stainless steel and has 0.4 0.4 0.3 m volume with an air vent. It is above and jointed with the SC via tubes. The OT level should be high enough to ensure that the water head is greater than the head loss at the control valve during the suction stage. For each cycle, a small oat valve installed inside the OT provides 3.1 l water at ambient condition from the local supply tank to the SC. 3. A hot water storage tank (ST) is a cylinder tank of 42 cm height and 50 cm diameter. It has an air vent and no heat exchanger within it compared to Roonprasang et al.s [12]. It is well insulated with a 2.54 cm aeroex (thermal conductivity of 0.040 W/m K) and placed below the SC. It initially contains no water. It was used to store hot water pumped from the SC directly. 4. A separation tank (SET) is a 4 cm dia. thin plastic cylinder of 15 cm length and well insulation with a 0.9 cm aeroex. It is joined between the SC outlet and the ST inlet tubes. The SET is ush with the OT elevation and is open to surrounding air at its top in order to prevent siphon effect occurring between the SC and ST.

Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of SWHS.

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5. A control valve (CV) is a one-way valve placed between the SC and OT. Water can ow from the OT to SC because of a sufcient water head when the SC pressure is equal to one atmosphere. On the contrary, water cannot ow from the SC to OT because the SC pressure is lower than the pressure drop across the valve and water owing from the SC to the ST through the SET is much easier than that through the valve. The hot water ows by vapor pressure from the SC to the ST where the hot water is stored. The experiment was tested for discharge heads of 1 and 2 m. The discharge head is the difference between the SC outlet and the SET levels. All data were collected during 8:0017:00 at School of Energy Environment and Materials, King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi. The vapor gage pressure inside the SC represents the pressure difference between the SC and the OT when the OT pressure always is equal to one atmosphere. A pressure transducer (Cole Parmer) measured the pressure with accuracy of 0.25%. Nine sets of K-type thermocouples connected with a hybrid recorder (Yokogawa) were used to measure temperatures of surrounding air, water, and vapor at the overhead tank; the SC and the ST with accuracy of 0.5 C. Solarimeter (Kipp & Zonen) was used to measure solar irradiation with accuracy of 2 W/m2. Wind velocity was measured by a

hot-wire anemometer with accuracy of 0.2 m/s. Points of measurements were shown in Fig. 2. 3. System operation An operation of the SWHS involves mainly three stages: heating, pumping and suction as shown in Fig. 3. 3.1. Heating stage Fig. 3a, control valve (CV) is automatically closed due to a very high-pressure drop across this valve for the path from the SC to the OT compared to a lower pressure drop in the other path via the SET. During this stage, water in the SC is heated by solar energy. The heating stage continues until the pressure in the SC is high enough to move hot water from the SC to the SET. 3.2. Pumping stage Fig. 3b, when the vapor pressure head in the SC is slightly more than the discharge head of the system, the SC hot water then is lifted upward through the connecting pipe to the SET by the pressure and to the ST by a gravitational force. After that (Fig. 3c), the

Fig. 2. Points of measurement in the SWHS.

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Fig. 3. The operation of the SWHS.

SC vapor can ow to the SET and then surrounding air at the air vent outlet due to buoyancy effect. There is less vapor owing from the SET to the ST. 3.3. Suction stage Fig. 3d, vapor from the collector continues owing to the SET while some cooler air from the SET can ow into the SC until the

SC pressure balances with the surrounding air pressure. Then the water head at the OT is greater than the head loss across the valve so that the CV is open automatically, the lower temperature water from the OT moves down to the SC by a gravitational force and provides suction. The water ow will stop when the SC pressure developed is high enough to resist the ow. One cycle of the operation of self-pumping is thus completed and the system is now ready for the next step.

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4. System analysis Cumulative energy stored in the ST:

Q s mw C p wT end T initial

where mw is the water mass in the ST, cpw the water specic heat, and (Tend Tinitial) the rise in water temperature within the ST. Daily system thermal efciency in percentage gt is dened as the ratio of daily thermal energy stored in the ST to the total solar irradiation incident on the SC:

gt %

R _ Q dt Rs 100; Ac IT dt Q or gt % S 100; Htot

2 3

_ where Q s is the rate of energy stored, Ac the collector area, IT the solar irradiance, and Htot the total solar irradiation incident on the SC. Daily pump efciency in percentage is given by [6]:

gp %

NW h 100 Htot

where N is the number of water circulating cycles per day. W h the required hydraulic work per cycle is expressed by:

sumed for each cycle and hence a small number of pumping cycles gained when mean solar irradiation is between 18.9 and 21.1 MJ/ m2 d. It is found that the pump can circulate 3.1 l water for each cycle. The pump of the SWHS is only workable when solar energy input is equal to or greater than the critical values of 624 and 733 W/m2 for the discharge heads of 1 and 2 m, respectively (Fig. 4). Moreover, this system can pump water when the SC vapor pressure head is slightly more than a discharge head. The effective vapor gage pressures found at the SC are between 10.113 kPa and 1721.2 kPa for 1 and 2 m discharge heads respectively (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 shows the effect of an instantaneous solar energy input on the system performance for 2 days with nearly similar solar irradiation (24 and 23.4 MJ/m2). It is found that as the system discharge head increases the total number of pumping cycles as well as the stored energy decrease. For the 2 m discharge head, the peak of vapor pressure and the SC temperature for each cycle in the collector are higher, compared to the other case because more energy input is used. Shown in Fig. 5 for the solar irradiation of 23 MJ/m2 d, it was found that the pumped water decreased with the increase in a discharge head. The main reason is that the system required higher energy input to lift water at a higher discharge head.

W h V c qw gh

5
5.2. Performance comparison between the current and other works The current system comprises the same at plate collector set tested at the same place as Ref. [12]. According to Fig. 4 of both works for 1 m discharge head, the ambient temperatures are around 35 and 30 C; mean solar irradiations are 24 and 22 MJ/ m2 d; initial SC water temperatures (rst cycle) are 48 C (with higher solar energy and a clear day condition) and 36 C for the current work and ref. [12] respectively. For the next cycles in both works, the initial SC water temperature is nearly similar (70 C or a bit more). However, in terms of thermal and pump efciencies the comparison could be made successfully under nearly the same conditions. According to Table 2 describing the performance of the current work compared with Ref. [12] for 1 m discharge head, it was found that Toh was nearly equal to Ta and lower than Roonprasang et al.s [12] leading to a lower Tc and hence Ts. The corresponding thermal efciency is higher due to more energy losses reduction at the ST with the use of no heat exchanger. Even though lower Toh normally leads to more air mass suctioned and hence more SC pressure produced for pumping, the current pump efciency cannot be enhanced because the current discharge head denition is different from Ref. [12]. In Ref. [12], with 30 l water initially stored at the ST, the stored thermal energy (QS) highly depends on discharge heads in terms of the pumped water for transferring heat to the ST via the heat exchanger. For instance, mean pumped water amounts are 42 and 46 l/d for the same solar energy input of 20 MJ/m2 d and the discharge heads of 1.5 and 1 m, respectively.

where Vc is the pumped water volume per cycle, qw the water density, g the acceleration of gravity, and h the discharge head of the system. The uid ows to SET according to the Bernoullis equation:

PC

h 1 kd

v2 d
2g

where PC is the SC gage pressure, c the specic weight, vd the discharge uid velocity, and kd the loss coefcient for discharge. It is assumed that uid velocity within the SC is zero and the velocity along the discharge tube is unchanged. The SET pressure is always at one atmosphere. There is less vapor owing from the SET to the ST. Instead, it mainly ows out at the air vent outlet due to buoyancy force. Furthermore, critical solar irradiance was introduced. The critical value is a solar energy threshold supplied to the pump in order that it can start pumping water. 5. Results and discussion 5.1. Effect of discharge heads and energy input on the SWHS performance Table 1 shows the uncertainty of the performance of the system during a pumping period. As the discharge head increases the daily pump efciency and the daily system thermal efciency decrease, but the SC temperature increases due to more energy input con-

Table 1 Uncertainty of the SC, ST, OT and ambient temperatures; SC pressure, pumped water volume, daily system thermal efciency and daily pump efciency as a function of discharge heads (h) and solar irradiation for 1.58 m2 SC (present system). Item Mean Mean Min Min Max Max S.D. S.D. h (m) 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Tc (C) 74.4 74.8 61.8 58.2 80.8 96.3 2.9 5.8 Ts (C) 57.3 44.8 54 39.1 58.6 55.6 1.0 6.6 Toh (C) 35.3 34.5 31.3 31.4 40.5 38.5 1.9 1.2 Ta (C) 35.2 32.7 27.7 23.3 41.2 39.2 2.3 2.8 Pc (kPa) 9.1 10.4 2.0 3.2 14.4 21.6 2.4 4.7 Pumped water (l/d) 50.4 22.4 24.8 15.5 65.1 31.0 17.8 5.5

gt (%)
17.4 4.1 11.9 2.3 20.9 6.6 3.9 1.6

gp (%)
0.0014 0.0011 0.0010 0.0009 0.0017 0.0014 0.0004 0.0001

Solar irradiation (MJ/m2d) 21.1 18.9 15.7 16.1 23.9 23.4 3.2 2.9

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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

3 2.5 2 1.5 1
1 m Discharge Head 2 m Discharge Head

0.5 0

8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00

25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25

Pressure ( kPa ), Air Velocity ( m/s )

Pc Qs

16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0

1 m Discharge Head 2 m Discharge Head

2.0 0.0

8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00

TIME OF DAY
Fig. 4. Solar irradiance (IT), thermal energy stored in the ST (Qs), water temperature in the SC (Tc), water temperature in the ST (Ts), water temperature in the OT (Toh), ambient temperature (Ta), vapor gage pressure in the SC (Pc), wind speed (V) as a function of time for the discharge heads of 1 and 2 m. When solar energy inputs are 24 MJ/m2 d (1 m head), 23.4 MJ/m2 d (2 m head). (present system).

70 60
Pumped water (l/d)

1m 2m linear (1m)

y = 4.8218x - 51.646

50 40 30 20 10 0 15

17

19 21 23 Solar irradiation ( MJ/m2d )

25

Fig. 5. Relationship between pumped water and solar irradiation for the system with discharge heads of 1 and 2 m (present system).

At over 3 m discharge head, the pump cannot work more efciently. On the contrary, the current stored ST thermal energy de-

pends only on solar energy input when the discharge head is xed at 1 m. The current SWHS uses the 1.58 m2 SC to produce hot water of around 5459 C and 65 l max volumes (sufcient for 1.5 persons) in comparison with the system of Khalifa [4] which used the 2 1.42 m2 SC and 170 l storage tank in order to obtain roughly 4550 C hot water when solar irradiation was around 23 MJ/m2 d. Thermal efciency of the latter (force-circulation system) was around 5060% evaluated by excluding electrical energy used by a circulation pump. Considering Table 1, if heat losses at the SC and ST are reduced by using better insulation and more efcient SC, the ST temperature may reach 80 C or higher. Consequently, for 1 m discharge head, the maximum thermal efciency could increase to 36.8% (65.1 4.2 (80.8 30) 100/(23.9 103 1.58), obtained from Eq. (3)), compared to 3540% efciency of the thermosyphon SWHS [4], assuming that initial water temperature is 30 C. Additionally, if the discharge head decreases to less than 1 m, the system efciency can further increase i.e. more hot water can be pumped. The SWHS with such a solar water pump can reach 33 42% efciency [13].

Table 2 Mean and max performances comparison between the present work and Ref. [12] for 1 m discharge head and 1.58 m2 SC. Item Present work Ref. [12] Present work Ref. [12] h (m) Mean Mean Max Max Tc (C) 74.4 75.0 80.8 84.6 Ts (C) 57.3 59.1 58.6 61.0 Toh (C) 35.3 36.2 40.5 46.3 Ta (C) 35.2 33 41.2 32.5 Pumped water (l/d) 50.4 45.9 65.1 58.9 QS (MJ/d) 5.8 3.64 7.9 3.97

Q s ( MJ )

Solar irradiance ( kW/m2 )

Tc Toh IT

Ts Ta

4 3.5

Temperature ( C )

gt (%)
17.4 11.3 20.9 11.8

gp (%)
0.0014 0.0014 0.0017 0.0017

Hto (MJ/m2 dt) 21.1 20.4 23.9 21.3

K. Sutthivirode et al. / Applied Energy 86 (2009) 14231430 Table 3 Technology comparison between the present work and Ref [12]. Ref. [12] (original one) 1. Use of heat exchanger: Heat is transferred to the ST by means of a built-in heat exchanger, so some of thermal energy can be lost during the exchange process between the heat of discharged water and water stored in the ST. The other losses are due to imperfect insulation and vapor leakage at the OT 2. The OT as a condenser receives heat from the discharged water recycled, so it is less efcient 3. The difference between the SC and ST levels, a discharge head can not be set at over 3 m 4. Use of vapor for circulating discharged water that transfers heat to the ST via the heat exchanger 5. No electrical energy is used. System water can ow automatically 6. The compared systems use the same set of the SC with the ST placed below the SC. 7. Both systems add less weight to the building roof Present system (improved one)

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1. No heat exchanger was used; all hot water from the SC can be stored in the ST so that more thermal energy losses at the ST could be eliminated. This is an improvement. However, the remaining losses are due to imperfect insulation and vapor leakage at the SET 2. The OT as a condenser receives cool water from the local water supply at ambient temperature, so it is more efcient 3. The SWHS with 1-m discharge head or lower is sufcient. This will be an advantage. The discharge head is a difference between SC and SET levels 4. Use of vapor for pumping discharged water from the SC to the ST directly

Both systems use solar water pump

Daily thermal efficiency ( % )

29 24 19 14 9 4 -1 15

y = 1.0544x - 4.7149

0.0021 Daily pump efficiency ( % ) 0.0019 0.0017 0.0015 0.0013 0.0011 0.0009 0.0007 0.0005 15

R = 0.9989

y = 1E-04x - 0.0006 R = 0.9987

2

17

19

21

23

25

Solar irradiation ( MJ/m2d )

Fig. 6. Daily thermal efciency as a function of solar irradiation for 1 m discharge head. (outdoor experiment, present system).

20 Solar irradiation ( MJ/m d )

2

25

5.3. Technical analysis for the improvement of the current work compared to Ref. [12] The disadvantages of the original system [12] involve two major losses: thermal loses at the heat exchanger installed in the ST and energy loss due to more discharge heads used and hence more hydraulic energy required for the pumping. The improvement made in the current study is shown in Table 3 regarding technology of the current work compared with Roonprasang et al.s [12]. It is obvious that no heat exchanger is used leading to the substantial reduction of energy losses. In addition, the pumping system can be workable for every SCST elevation difference when the discharge head is xed. Lower OT water temperature found in the new OT (condenser) can make the relevant pump more efcient. 5.4. Long term performance analysis for the current system The daily thermal and pump efciencies in percentage are shown in Figs. 6 and 7. Assume a linear relation between the efciencies and solar irradiation based on Figs. 6 and 7:

Fig. 7. Daily pump efciency as a function of solar irradiation for 1 m discharge head. (outdoor experiment, present system).

where Htot is equal to 4.5 MJ/m2 d, when gt = 0.

gP 0:0001 Htot 0:0006;

2

gt 1:0544 Htot 4:7149;

where Htot is equal to 6 MJ/m d, when gP = 0. As a conclusion, the lowest solar irradiation for possible pumping by the system is of the order of 6 MJ/m2 d. However, the SWHS pump is only workable during the period that solar energy input is equal to or greater than the critical value of 624 W/m2. The annual efciencies can then be evaluated when monthly mean solar irradiation is known as shown in Table 4. In the case of low potential in solar energy input to the system found in winter, the present system like a conventional one can install auxiliary heating sources: electric heater and thermal energy from woods, at the ST. Another alternative way to apply the developed system at a very low solar energy input is to decrease the discharge head to not less than 16 cm (when 63.8-cm SC length sin 14 = 15.4 cm) in order to make the pump workable at this particular condition. During that circumstance, the hot water temperature may be as low as around 30 C, which is still suitable for a bath.

Table 4 Mean thermal and pump efciencies (%) of the SWHS as a function of daily mean solar irradiation (MJ/m2 d) for 1 m discharge head (present system). January Htot February 17.8 14.0 0.0012 March 19.1 15.4 0.0013 April 20.4 16.8 0.0014 May 18.2 14.5 0.0012 June 18.2 14.5 0.0012 July 16.3 12.5 0.0010 August 16.1 12.3 0.0010 September 14.7 10.8 0.0009 October 15.1 11.2 0.0009 November 15.4 11.6 0.0009 December 15.3 11.4 0.0009

gt gP

16.7 12.9 0.0011

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6. Conclusions 1. For 1 m discharge head system (Table 2), it was found that the new ST stored energy (Q s) was 1.62 times higher compared to Roonprasang et al.s [12] because nearly all thermal energy of the discharged water could be stored at the ST. Consequently, even though the new ST water temperature (Ts) was less than Roonprasang et al.s [12], the corresponding thermal efciency for the current system was higher. 2. Lower OT water temperature found in the new OT (condenser) makes the relevant pump more efcient. 3. The ST can be placed at any elevations below the SC panels when the discharge head is xed at 1 m or lower. The pumped water can increase when the discharge head decreases because the hydraulic energy required for each cycle of pumping is reduced. 4. The present system is cheaper, compared to the product of Thailand (thermosyphon, 100 l storage tank) [12]. The advantages of the present system are that it can save cost of conventional energy for water circulation in the system and add less weight to the building roof. 5. This system is suitable when local water supply for supplying water into the OT is available. The most effective solar irradiation of the SWHS is between 1822 MJ/m2 d. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledged the nancial support provided by the Energy Policy and Planning Ofce, Ministry of Energy,

Thailand and the Energy Technology Division, School of Energy Environment and Materials, King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi. References
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