Midterm Review Anthropology 134G Winter 2013 Know and/or be able to define or analyze the following terms: HIV

: human immunodeficiency virus AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

The difference beween them is The difference between AIDS and HIV is that a person is said to have AIDS, as opposed to simply being HIV positive, when either the numbers of specific types of cells in their immune system drop below a certain level or when they develop one of a specific group of opportunistic infections

Immune system The immune system protects the body from potentially harmful substances. The inflammatory T cells T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus CD4 count
response (inflammation) is part of innate immunity. It occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat or any other cause.

CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that fights infection. Another name for them is T-helper cells. CD4 cells move throughout your body, helping to identify and destroy germs such as bacteria and viruses. The CD4 count measures the number of CD4 cells in a sample of your blood drawn by a needle from a vein in your arm. CD4 count helps tell how strong your immune system is, indicates the stage of your HIV disease, guides treatment, and predicts how your disease may progress. Keeping your CD4 count high can reduce complications of HIV disease and extend your life.

Viral load Viral load is the term used to describe the amount of HIV in your blood. The more HIV there is in your blood (and therefore the higher your viral load), then the faster your CD4 cell count will fall, and the greater your risk of becoming ill because of HIV. Opportunistic infections Kaposis sarcoma, tuberculosis, yeast (candida), lymphoma, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (leads to dementia), CMV (herpes genus), pneumonia. HIV doesn't make you sick; infections do. As HIV weakens your immune system your
body becomes at risk for infections that can make you very sick if left untreated

HIV transmission routes exual intercourse through vaginal, rectal, or penile tissues; (2) direct injection with HIV-contaminated drugs, needles, syringes, blood or blood products; and (3) from HIV-infected mother to fetus in utero, through intrapartum inoculation from mother to infant or during breast-feeding Gay liberation

 The Gay liberation movement of the late 1960s and early to mid-1970s urged lesbians and gay men to "come out", publicly revealing their sexuality to family, friends and colleagues as a form of activism, and to counter shame with gay pride. AIDS policies in the 1980s New York Public Health Dept refused at first to call AIDS an emergency. Hospital staff refused to assist patients Blood supply detected HIV in 1982 but did not act until 1985 to screen blood donations US media did little to report the crisis with the exception of the San Francisco Chronicle (and a few others), gay and lesbian press Inaccurate reporting that caused hysteria We see all of this anywhere in the world with the initial diagnosis of HIV AIDS stigma in the U.S. and Nigeria AIDS activism in the U.S. and Nigeria Ford Foundation and AIDS ACT UP NAMES Project HIV treatment Indian generic drugs Brazil AIDS policy STIs LGBT sexuality relationship to STIs Debates over promiscuity San Francisco AIDS Foundation Third World AIDS Advisory Task Force HIV education and outreach: problems & successes Reagan administration AIDS policies: contradictions in both public health and immigration Stigma abominations of the body [associated with disease], blemishes of individual character, stigma of race, nation, or religion Sex & beliefs about sexuality Associated with which social/professional groups? Sex stereotypes & beliefs Excess, perversity, lack of morality, dangerous Colonial histories and imagery of African sexuality Polygamy (Samailas story) Patterns of sexual interation multiple partners Young peoples newer ideas about sex Condom use: money, fidelity (beliefs in low risk), availability, why mitigate the pleasure of sin if AIDS is the punishment anyway? Death, representation and humanizing AIDS Treatment Whos dying? Life expectancy

 Social and economic impacts But what does Iweala argue about all these stats and bad news? Approaching death Process of grieving is stalled, emptied out. Good and bad deaths Waiting ; thriving on silence New life beginnings Downward trends in HIV related deaths AIDS activism Communication With family In communities/villages Media Youth Africa and colonialism 1885: colonial powers divide up Africa followed by famine, plagues, wars and violence Extensive amounts of land was taken and used to establish plantations and mines. African economies under colonialism were producing raw materials and agricultural products for, and under the direction of, European industrialization. Forced labor for agriculture, mines, and military The economies of scale were skewed in favor of European empires who had much more power in the global economy. Structural Adjustment programs and AIDS Believed that the state was inefficient and that markets were more efficient Believed that the production of export policies and downsizing the state would lead to economic efficiency and comparative advantage Believed that it would restore the health of African economies which were highly in debt Downsize the state & privatize markets tens of thousands of workers were laid off and state industries were privatized. Recall the story of what happened to Lelo and Nsango after 80,000 school teachers lost their jobs in Zaire. Minimum wages ended. New investment laws were meant to favor multinational companies in Africa. State services such as primary health care and education now had to be paid for by the user. Devalue the currency this ultimately led to a high increase in food prices and earning power completely collapsed.

 Became difficult to actually purchase goods like food and clothing (as well as education and health care) Remove price controls This meant that the price of basic food stuff and other products skyrocketed Remove subsidies for food crops was meant to encourage local production, which in many places collapsed with the end to subsidies Structural violence Structural violence includes any violence or suffering caused by the structures and institutions of a society. People who suffer from structural violence cannot necessarily control the conditions that have caused their suffering. Ex: when national economies collapse because of SAP, it also renders individual households poor conditions they cannot control Effects of poverty accelerate the spread of the virus. How? Changes: Family ties, living conditions and social relations, resources, access to health care, incomes go down while cost of food and health care go up.