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Published date: January 2008 Publication code: BB4274 ISBN: 978 1 85969 667 5
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Contents
Relative Atomic Masses of Selected Elements 1 Electron Arrangements of Elements 2 Densities of Selected Elements 3 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Elements 4 Covalent Radii of Selected Elements 5 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Oxides, Chlorides and Organic Compounds6 Solubilities of Selected Compounds in Water 7 Formulae of Selected Ions Containing More Than One Kind of Atom 7 Radioactive Decay Series 8 Enthalpies of Formation and Combustion of Selected Substances 9 Selected Bond and Mean Bond Enthalpies 9 Enthalpy of Sublimation of Carbon9 Ionisation Energies and Electronegativities of Selected Elements 10 Electrochemical Series: Standard Reduction Potentials 11 Electrolysis of Water11 Dissociation Constants of Selected Species 12 Infra-red Correlation Table 13 Spectral Lines and Flame Colours14 Proton NMR Spectra Correlation Chart 15 Ionic Radii of Selected Ions 16 Standard Entropy Values for Selected Substances 16 Standard Molar Enthalpies of Atomisation of Selected Elements 17 Lattice Enthalpies of Selected Compounds 17 Electron Affinities of Selected Elements 18 Hydration Enthalpies of Selected Ions 18 Systeme Internationale (SI) Units 19 Physical Constants 19 Properties of Water 19 SI Prefixes and Multiplication Factors 19 Conversion Factors 19
Element
Symbol
Relative atomic mass 270 1218 400 749 1373 90 2090 108 799 1124 400 120 1401 1329 355 520 589 635 190 697 726 1970 1785 40 10 1148 1269 1922 558 838 2072 69 243 549 2006
Element
Symbol
Relative atomic mass 959 202 587 929 140 1902 160 1064 310 1951 391 1862 1029 855 1011 450 790 281 1079 230 876 321 1810 1276 2044 2320 1187 479 1839 2380 510 1313 654 912
Aluminium Antimony Argon Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Carbon Cerium Caesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury
Al Sb Ar As Ba Be Bi B Br Cd Ca C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu F Ga Ge Au Hf He H In I Ir Fe Kr Pb Li Mg Mn Hg
Molybdenum Neon Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Potassium Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulphur Tantalum Tellurium Thallium Thorium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Zinc Zirconium
Mo Ne Ni Nb N Os O Pd P Pt K Re Rh Rb Ru Sc Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Te Tl Th Sn Ti W U V Xe Zn Zr
Group Group
1 3
(18) 2
4 7 0
(1)
Key
H
(13) 5 6 7 8 (14) (15) (16) (17) 9
He
2 Helium 10
Hydrogen
(2)
Li B
2, 3 2, 4 Carbon 14 15 Nitrogen Boron 13 2, 5
Be C N
O
2, 6 Oxygen 16
F
2, 7 Fluorine 17
Ne
2, 8 Neon 18
2, 1
2, 2
Lithium
Beryllium
11
12
Na Al
2, 8, 3 (5) 23 24 27 31 25 26 28 29 30 (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Aluminium 2, 8, 4 Silicon 32
Mg Si
Transition Elements
P
2, 8, 5 Phosphorus 33
S
2, 8, 6 Sulphur 34
Cl
2, 8, 7 Chlorine 35
Ar
2, 8, 8 Argon 36
2, 8, 1
2, 8, 2
Sodium
Magnesium
(3)
(4)
19
20
21
22
K V Cr
2, 8, 13, 1 2, 8, 15, 2 Cobalt 45 48 46 47 Nickel Copper Zinc 2, 8, 18, 1 Chromium 42 43 44 Manganese Iron 2, 8, 13, 2 2, 8, 18, 2 2, 8, 14, 2 2, 8, 16, 2
Ca Mn Co Cu Ga Zn Fe Ni
Sc
Ti
Ge
2, 8, 18, 4 Germanium
As
2, 8, 18, 5 Arsenic
Se
2, 8, 18, 6 Selenium
Br
2, 8, 18, 7 Bromine
Kr
2, 8, 18, 8 Krypton
2, 8, 8, 1
2, 8, 8, 2
2, 8, 9, 2
2, 8, 10, 2
2, 8, 11, 2
2, 8, 18, 3 Gallium 49
Potassium 41
Calcium
2 Nb Tc
Ruthenium Silver 79 76 77 78 Rhodium Palladium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
37
38
39
40
50
51
52
53
54
Rb Mo Cd
Molybdenum Technetium 74 75
Sr Ru Rh Pd Ag
Niobium 73
Zr
In
Indium
Sn
Tin
Sb
Antimomy
Te
Tellurium
I
Iodine
Xe
2, 8, 18, 18, 3 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 2, 8, 18, 18, 7 2, 8, 18, 18, 8 Xenon
2, 8, 18, 8, 1
2, 8, 18, 8, 2
2, 8, 18, 9, 2 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 2, 8, 18, 13, 1 2, 8, 18, 13, 2 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 2, 8, 18, 16, 1 2, 8, 18, 18, 0 2, 8, 18, 18, 1 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 Cadmium 80
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
55
56
57
72
81
82
83
84
85
86
Cs Os
2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2 Osmium 108 109 2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2 Iridium 2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1 Platinum 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 Tungsten 106 107 2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2 Rhenium
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W Re Pt
Ir
Au
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 Gold
Hg
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 Mercury
Tl
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3 Thallium
Pb
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 Lead
Bi
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 Bismuth
Po
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6 Polonium
At
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7 Astatine
Rn
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 Radon
87
88
89
104
Fr Bh
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2 Bohrium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2 Hassium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2 Meitnerium
Ra Mt
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2 Seaborgium
Ac
Rf
Db
Sg
Hs
2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2 32, 11, 2 32, 10, 2 Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium
57 58
59 60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
Lanthanides
90 91 92
La
Ce
Pr Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2 Europium 93 94 95
Gd
2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 Gadolinium 96
Tb
2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2 Terbium 97
Dy
2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2 Dysprosium 98
Ho
2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2 Holmium 99
Er
2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2 Erbium 100
Tm
2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 Thulium 101
Yb
2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2 Ytterbium 102
Lu
2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2 Lutetium 103
2, 8, 18, 20, 2, 8, 18, 21, 2, 8, 18, 22, 2, 8, 18, 23, 2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2 8, 2 8, 2 8, 2 8, 2 Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Cerium
89
Actinides
Ac Pa
Th
Np
2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2 Neptunium
Pu
2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 Plutonium
Am
2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2 Americium
Cm
2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2 Curium
Bk
2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2 Berkelium
Cf
Es
2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 29, 8, 2 Californium Einsteinium
Fm
Md
No
Lr
2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2 31, 8, 2 32, 9, 2 32, 8, 2 Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 18,10, 2 21, 9, 2 20, 9, 2 Thorium Protactinium Uranium
Group Group
1
2
4 5 6 0
Hydrogen
Helium 0.0002
0-00009
10 Neon 0.0009
Lithium
Beryllium
0.53
1.85
*
14 Silicon 2.33 15 Phosphorus 1.82
11 13 Aluminium 2.70
12
16 Sulphur 2.07
17 Chlorine 0.0032
18 Argon 0.0018
Sodium
Magnesium
0.97
1.74
19 Chromium Nickel 8.90 8.92 7.14 5.90 7.20 7.20 7.86 8.90 Manganese Iron Cobalt Copper Zinc Gallium
20 24
21
22
23
25
26
27
28 29 30 31
32 Germanium 5.35
33 Arsenic 5.73
34 Selenium 4.81
35 Bromine 3.12
36 Krypton 0.0037
Potassium 5.96
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
0.86
1.54
2.99
4.50
3
41 Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium 12.3 12.4 12.0 10.5 8.64 10.2 11.5 Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium 8.57 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Indium 7.31 50 Tin 7.28 51 Antimony 6.68 52 Tellurium 6.25 53 Iodine 4.93 54 Xenon 0.0059 73 Tungsten 19.4 20.5 22.4 22.5 21.5 Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold 19.3 16.6 74 75 76 77 79 78 80 Mercury 13.6 81 Thallium 11.8 82 Lead 11.3 83 Bismuth 9.80 84 Polonium 9.4 85 Astatine 86 Radon 0.0097
3 *The density of carbon as graphite is 2.25 g cm .
37
38
39
40
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
1.53
2.60
4.47
6.52
55
56
57
72
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Tantalum
1.93
3.51
6.15
13.3
Group Group
1 3
2
2 4 6 0
Key
Hydrogen
Helium *272 269 5 Boron Carbon 2300 4000 13 Aluminium 660 1410 2355 32 Germanium 937 2403 49 Indium 157 321 765 80 Mercury 1064 2856 39 357 2080 81 Thallium Gold 304 1457 2830 50 Tin 232 2602 82 Lead 328 1749 2467 Silicon 14 15 Phosphorus 44 280 33 Arsenic 196 Nitrogen 210 6 7 8 Oxygen 218 183 16 Sulphur 113 445 34 Selenium 9 Fluorine 220 188 17 Chlorine 101 35 35 Bromine 10 Neon 249 246 18 Argon 189 186 36 Krypton
259
253
Lithium
Beryllium
181
1278
1342
2471
11
12
Sodium
Magnesium
98
649
883 23 25 Manganese Nickel 1453 2913 2567 47 Silver 962 2212 79 Cadmium 48 907 46 Palladium 1552 2963 78 Platinum 1772 3827 1083 420 30 1244 1535 2750 44 Ruthenium Rhodium 1966 3695 77 Iridium 2410 4130 2310 3900 76 Osmium 3033 5012 45 2927 1495 1962 43 Iron Copper Cobalt Zinc Gallium 29 31 Chromium 1857 2672 42 Molybdenum Technetium 2623 2157 4265 75 Rhenium 3180 5627 4639 74 Tungsten 3410 5660 24 26 27 28 30
1090
19
20
21
22
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
64
842
1541
1660
*817
613 51 Antimony 631 1750 83 Bismuth 271 1560
4
2477 4742 73 2996 5425
759
1484
2831
3287
37
38
39
40
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
39
769
1522
1852
688
1384
3338
4377
55
56
57
72
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Tantalum
28
725
921
2227
671
1640
3457
4602
Sublimes.
Group Group
4 5 6
Hydrogen
37
Lithium
Beryllium
134
129
12
15 Phosphorus 110
16 Sulphur 102
17 Chlorine 99
Sodium
Magnesium
154
145
19 27 Cobalt Nickel 113 118 120 120 114 Copper Zinc Gallium 30 Chromium 119 116 114 Manganese Iron
20
21
22
23 24 26 29 31
25
28
32 Germanium 122
33 Arsenic 121
34 Selenium 117
35 Bromine 114
Potassium 122
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
196
174
141
132
5
41 Molybdenum Technetium Rhodium 122 126 136 140 Palladium 127 122 Ruthenium Silver Cadmium 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Indium 150 50 Tin 140 51 Antimony 143 52 Tellurium 135 53 Iodine 133 133 73 76 Osmium Platinum 127 126 124 Iridium Gold 130 79 Tungsten 131 128 Rhenium 74 75 77 78 80 Mercury 141 81 Thallium 157 82 Lead 155 83 Bismuth 151 84 Polonium 85 Astatine 140 133
37
38
39
40
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
216
191
162
147
55
56
57
72
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Tantalum
235
198
169
142
bromide aluminium ammonium barium calcium copper(II) iron(II) iron(III) lead(II) lithium magnesium nickel potassium silver sodium tin(II) zinc vs vs vs vs vs vs vs s vs vs vs vs i vs vs vs
carbonate i vs i i i i i vs i i vs i vs i i
chloride vs vs vs vs vs vs vs s vs vs vs vs i vs vs vs
iodide vs vs vs vs vs i vs vs vs vs i vs s vs
nitrate vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs
phosphate i vs i i i i i i i i i vs i vs i i
sulphate vs vs i s vs vs vs i vs vs vs vs s vs vs vs
oxide i vs s i i i i vs i i vs i vs i i
hydroxide i vs s i i i i vs i i vs vs i i
Note:
Table 1 (Plutonium-Uranium)
Element plutonium uranium thorium protactinium uranium thorium radium radon polonium lead bismuth polonium thallium lead bismuth polonium lead Pb Bi Po Pb Po Tl 210 210 210 206 Symbol Pu U Th Pa U Th Ra Rn Po Pb Bi 214 210 82 83 84 82 Mass Number 242 238 234 234 234 230 226 222 218 214 214 84 81 Atomic Number 94 92 90 91 92 90 88 86 84 82 83 Type of Radiation Half-life Period 379 x 105 years 451 x 109 years 241 days 675 hours 247 x 105 years 80 x 104 years 162 x 103 years 382 days 305 minutes 268 minutes
stable
197 minutes 16 x 104 seconds 13 minutes 21 years 501 days 138 days
Table 2 (Thorium)
Element thorium radium actinium thorium radium radon polonium lead bismuth polonium thallium lead Pb Po Tl 208 Symbol Th Ra Ac Th Ra Rn Po Pb Bi 212 208 82 Mass Number 232 228 228 228 224 220 216 212 212 84 81 stable Atomic Number 90 88 89 90 88 86 84 82 83 Type of Radiation Half-life Period 141 x 1010 years 58 years 613 hours 191 years 364 days 55 seconds 015 seconds 106 hours
519 458 387 414 358 798 486 326 285 213
Ionisation Energies/kJ mol1 Element hydrogen helium lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulphur chlorine argon potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc arsenic bromine rubidium strontium silver tin antimony iodine caesium barium gold lead Symbol H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Br Rb Sr Ag Sn Sb I Cs Ba Au Pb First 1311 2380 526 905 807 1090 1410 1320 1690 2090 502 744 584 792 1020 1010 1260 1530 425 596 637 664 656 659 723 766 764 743 751 913 947 1150 409 556 731 709 834 1020 382 509 890 716 Second 5260 7310 1770 2440 2360 2860 3400 3380 3960 4560 1460 1830 1590 1920 2260 2310 2670 3060 1160 1250 1320 1430 1600 1520 1570 1660 1770 1970 1740 1798 2100 2670 1080 2073 1412 1595 1850 2440 979 1979 1450 Third 11800 14800 3660 4640 4580 5320 6060 6140 6920 7750 2760 3250 2930 3380 3840 3950 4440 4930 2410 2670 2850 3000 3270 2970 3250 3410 3570 3850 2736 3480 3880 4120 3361 2942 2439 2040 3420 3081 Fourth 25000 6220 7470 7470 8410 9360 9540 10500 11600 4350 4950 4560 5160 5770 5880 6470 7130 4170 4600 4800 5000 5480 5400 5700 5990 4838 4560 5500 3930 4265 4084
10
302 292 292 292 289 276 271 237 168 083 076 074 044 023 014 013 004 000 015 015 017 034 040 054 077 080 085 107 123 133 136 151 287
Rb (aq) + e K (aq) + e
2+ 2+ +
Sr (aq) + 2e
Sr(s) Ca(s) Na(s) Mg(s) Al(s) H2(g) + 2OH(aq) Zn(s) Cr(s) Fe(s) Ni(s) Sn(s) Pb(s) Fe(s) H2(g) Sn (aq) Cu (aq) SO32(aq) + H2O( ) Cu(s)
Ca (aq) + 2e Na (aq) + e
2+ 3+
2+
2+ +
2+
Fe (aq) + e Ag (aq) + e
2+
Fe (aq) Ag(s) Hg( ) 2Br (aq) 2H2O( ) 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O( ) 2Cl (aq)
+
2+
2+
Electrolysis of Water
Reduction reactions at the negative electrode 2H2O( ) + 2e H2(g) + 2OH(aq) + 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) Oxidation reactions at the positive electrode 2H2O( ) O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e 4OH (aq) 2H2O( ) + O2(g) + 4e
11
Ka 1.8 x 104 1.7 x 105 1.3 x 105 1.5 x 105 6.3 x 105 1.0 x 1010 6.8 x 104 5.4 x 1010 6.2 x 1010 4.5 x 107 4.7 x 1011 1.4 x 102 6.3 x 108 8.9 x 108 1.3 x 104 6.9 x 103 6.2 x 108 4.8 x 1013 5.8 x 1010 2.2 x 1011 1.3 x 105
pKa 3.75 4.76 4.87 4.83 4.20 9.99 3.17 9.27 9.21 6.35 10.33 1.85 7.19 7.05 13.90 2.16 7.21 12.32 9.24 10.66 4.87
H+ + H2BO3 H+ + CN H+ + HCO3 H+ + CO32 H+ + HSO3 H+ + SO32 H+ + HS H+ + S2 H+ + H2PO4 H+ + HPO42 H+ + PO43 H+ + NH3 H+ + CH3NH2 H+ + C6H5NH2
12
C H stretch in C = C H C H stretch C H stretch C H stretch in CHO C H stretch in CHO hydrogen bonded O H stretch in COOH C C N stretch C stretch
13
orange-yellow doublet
Flame Colours
Note: The data refers to prominent spectral lines.
14
Note: Approximate chemical shift values of hydrogen atoms in different structural environments relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) for which = 0 ppm
11.0
1.5 0.9 3.0 2.3
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
(ppm)
ArCH 3, ArCH 2R, ArCHR 2 O O O CH 3C , RCH 2C, R 2CHC (aldehyde, ketone, acid, ester, amide)
2.7 2.0 3.9 3.5
CH 3N
, RCH 2N
, R 2CHN
15
10.0 9.4 5.0 1.0 11.0 4.5 3.0 1.1 5.0 3.0 9.4 5.0
CH 3C C , RCH 2C C , R 2CHC C
C=C H 2 , C=C H
C CH
ArH
O RCH
O ArCH
10.5 9.7
O O RCOH, ArCOH
11.0 10.0
ROH
ArOH
RNH 2, RN H
11.0
6. 0
5. 0
4. 0
3. 0
2. 0
1. 0
0. 0
(ppm)
Radius/pm 208 68 31 142 136 133 95 65 50 198 184 181 133 100 67 64 73 62 67 61 55 65 55 69 60 72 74 196 161 126 126 101 220 174 135 110 120
Be
3 2
+ 2+
Na Al P S
Mg
3 2
3+
Cl K
+ 2+
Ca Ti V
3+
3+ 2+ 3+ 2+
Cr Cr Fe Fe
Mn
2+ 3+ 2+ 3+
Co Co Ni Cu Cu Zn Br Sr
2+ + 2+
2+
Rb
2+ +
Ag Sn I
2+
Cs
+ 2+ 2+
Ba Pb
Hg
2+
16
Compound Li2O BeO Na2O MgO Al2O3 K2O CaO FeO CoO NiO CuO ZnO SrO Ag2O BaO LiCl NaCl MgCl2 KCl CaCl2 CoCl2 NiCl2 CuCl CuCl2 SrCl2 AgCl BaCl2 LiF NaF MgF2 KF CaF2 NiF2 SrF2 AgF BaF2 MgS CaS BaS NiS ZnS LiBr NaBr KBr NiBr2 CuBr2 AgBr
Lattice Enthalpy/kJ mol1 2799 4293 2481 3795 15916 2238 3414 3795 3837 3908 4135 4142 3217 3002 3029 834 769 2326 701 2223 2709 2753 921 2774 2127 864 2033 1030 910 2913 808 2609 2845 2476 953 2341 3274 3002 2713 3528 3692 788 732 671 2699 2711 830
17
The electron affinity for an element E refers to the reaction E(g) + e E(g). The second electron affinity refers to the reaction E(g) + e E2(g).
The hydration enthalpy for the ion of an element E refers to the changes represented by En+(g) En+(aq) and En(g) En(aq).
18
Physical Constants
Quantity charge on electron Avogadro constant Faraday constant Planck constant speed of light in vacuum Symbol e L F h c Value 160 x 1019 C 602 x 1023 mol1 965 x 104 C mol1 663 x 1034 J s 300 x 108 m s1
Properties of Water
Quantity specific heat capacity of liquid water ionic product of water Value 418 kJ kg1 C1 1014 at 24 C
Conversion Factors
For Volume 1 litre = 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 1000 litres = 1000 dm3 = 1 m3 For Thermodynamic Temperature 0C = 273 K
19