F I E L D S T U D Y

AMSOIL P.i.:
A Study in Performance
Provides up to 5.7% better fuel economy.
Page 2
In response to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) fuel economy and emissions regulations, fuel injection
systems replaced carburetors in new vehicles in the 1980s. Fuel injectors provide drivers with more precise
oontrol o uol, improving uol ohoionoy and minimizing omissions. Howovor, in ordor to work ohoiontly, tnoy
must bo kopt oloan. Booauso porormanoo suors as uol in|ootors booomo dirty, tno U.S. govornmont man-
datod in tno mid-1990s tnat all gasolino sold in tno U.S. bo ormulatod witn a lowost additivo oonoontration
(LAC) lovol o dotorgont additivos to nolp koop onginos oloan and omissions undor oontrol. Howovor, it takos
a vory low lovol o additivo to pass tno tosts, and most gasolino on tno markot oontains as littlo as 123 parts
per million (ppm) of additive.
The low levels of detergent additives in modern gasoline allow deposits to build up on critical fuel system
oompononts, and most motorists aro unawaro o now dirty tno insidos o tnoir onginos aro. AMSOL P.i.
Porormanoo mprovor is an oootivo ono-tank, total uol systom oloanor. Moro potont tnan otnor uol addi-
tivos on tno markot, P.i. oootivoly oloans ovorytning tno uol touonos, inoluding uol in|ootors, intako valvos
and oombustion onambors, in only ono singlo tank o gasolino, romoving tno doposits tnat navo built up ovor
thousands of miles. Removing engine deposits with P.i. effectively improves fuel economy, reduces emis-
sions, restores power, performance and acceleration, reduces octane requirements, increases engine life and
reduces maintenance costs.
Port Fuel Injectors
Port fuel injectors are standard equipment in mod-
ern vehicles, providing the exact amount of gasoline
tno ongino noods. Tnoir task is to transor liquid
gasolino rom tno tank and spray it in a hno mist into
tno intako air stroam, inoroasing suraoo aroa and
allowing the gasoline to evaporate into a gaseous
state as it enters the engine. There are two types of
port fuel injectors: pintle and director plate.
Pintle Style Injectors
Pintle style fuel injectors feature a pintle-shaped spray tip that produces a hollow
oono o spray, at loast wnon it is oloan and working proporly. Picture A shows a
groatly magnihod pintlo tip witn bits o built-up doposits. Tnoso doposits, altnougn
tnoy don't look liko muon to tno nakod oyo, oan signihoantly altor tno spray pattorn
of gasoline. Picture A, as well as Pictures B and C (on the next page), show the
spray patterns of a dirty injector and the same injector cleaned with P.i. Picture C
shows an ideal spray pattern, a good mist with plenty of surface area for evapora-
tion to tako plaoo. Wnon doposits start to build up on an in|ootor's pintlo, tno spray pattorn looks moro liko
Picture B, a steady stream of liquid gasoline. In order to burn properly, gasoline must evaporate to a gaseous
orm, and liquid gasolino nas moro dihoulty ovaporating. n addition, not as muon uol is dolivorod tnrougn a
doposit-oovorod in|ootor as a oloan in|ootor, loading to loan mishros in tno oylindor.
Director Plate Injectors
Wnilo pintlo stylo uol in|ootors woro oommon in tno 1980s,
modern vehicles feature director plate injectors that control
uol how tnrougn a simplo waor. Foaturing a pro-dotorminod
number of holes, pressure drop across the wafer forms the
spray of fuel through the holes. The more holes that are in
tno waor, tno bottor tno uol atomization. Howovor, as moro
holes are added to a director plate design, they must be
made increasingly smaller in order to maintain the pressure
drop. Twelve-hole wafers are common on modern vehicles,
providing optimum atomization, uol ooonomy and omission
lovols. O oourso, tnoy must bo oloan and unotioning proporly
to roalizo tnoso bonohts. Smallor nolos aro moro sonsitivo to
doposit ormation and, liko pintlo stylo in|ootors, dirty dirootor
plate injectors lead to reduced fuel spray and heavy streams
of liquid gasoline that do not allow adequate evaporation,
leading to reduced fuel economy, increased emissions and
drivability issuos. Booauso tno nolos in a 12-nolo in|ootor aro about tno sizo o a numan nair, tnoy aro vory
sonsitivo and it only takos a small amount o doposits to impodo tno how o uol.
Picture A
Page 3
By moasuring oxygon, tno oxygen sensor in the exhaust stream is able to calculate how much gasoline the
injectors are spraying, as well as the air/fuel ratio. Although vehicles are usually equipped with many fuel
injectors (one per cylinder), only one oxygen sensor monitors them all. Through the oxygen sensor, the com-
puter is able to determine if the engine is receiving the right amount of fuel. Deposit build-up on the injectors
roduoos tno uol how. Wnon tno oomputor dotorminos tnat tno ongino is not roooiving onougn uol, it inoroasos
uol how rom all tno in|ootors in tno uol systom. Altnougn tnis solution would work woll i all tno in|ootors lost
uol how at tno samo rato, in|ootors almost always plug at dioront ratos basod upon tnoir oporating tompora-
tures (inboard cylinders typically run hotter) and individual manufacturing tolerances.
Port uol in|ootor doposits navo a signihoant impaot on uol ooonomy and omissions booauso tnoy plug
injectors at uneven rates, and the engine cannot compensate for individual cylinders. For example, a four-
cylinder engine could have two plugged injectors, while the other two may only be mildly plugged or not
plugged at all. The oxygen sensor indicates to the computer that the engine is not receiving enough fuel,
so it increases the fuel supply to all four cylinders. Now the two injectors that were plugged are providing
more fuel, but it still may not be enough, while the two injectors that werent plugged are providing more fuel
than necessary. As a result, it creates a situation where two cylinders are running rich and the other two are
running lean. Removing port fuel injector deposits allows the engine to operate as it was designed, improving
fuel economy, lowering emissions and contributing to improved drivability (reduced stumbling, stalling,
hesitation and rough idle) and increased power.
Injector Deposit Clean-Up Test
Tno ASTM O5598 n|ootor Cloan-Up PF
Test was performed to test the fuel injec-
tor oloaning powor o AMSOL P.i. Poror-
manoo mprovor. Starting witn a now, oloan
our-oylindor 2.2L Cnryslor ongino witn
new fuel injectors (an engine particularly
sensitive to injector deposits), the car was
driven and allowed to build up deposits for
2,728 milos on normal gasolino. Atorwards,
doposit lovols and in|ootor how ratos woro
measured. The injectors did not develop
deposits at the same rate, as two of the
in|ootors woro oulod >15%, ono was oulod
>10% and ono was almost porootly oloan.
After the measurements were recorded, the
in|ootors woro plaood baok in tno oar and
tno oar was hllod witn a tank o gas troatod
with P.i. As seen in Graph A, all injectors
roturnod to >95% how ator ono tank o
operation on P.i.
Picture B - Injector spray pattern before P.i. treatment Picture C - Injector spray pattern after P.i. treatment
As more holes are
added to director
plate designs, they
must be made
increasingly smaller
in order to maintain
the pressure drop.
75
85
95
105
Total Test Miles
%

F
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1000 2000 3000
Pass
Injector 1
Injector 2
Injector 3
Injector 4
Test Method: CARB
Build-up
Clean-up
with P.i.
Graph A
Two of the four dirty injectors tested were fouled >15% and
another was fouled >10%. After one tank of operation on
AMSOIL P.i., all injectors returned to >95% ow.
Page 4
Wnotnor doposits navo built up ovor a rolativoly low numbor o milos, as in tno tost, or tnoy navo aooumulatod
ovor 100,000 milos, P.i. oootivoly romovos tnom. Booauso uol in|ootor doposits and tno assooiatod porormanoo
issues usually build up slowly over time, motorists often attribute the decreased performance to the increased
ago o tno voniolo. Wnon tno doposits aro romovod in only ono tank o gasolino, tno porormanoo improvomont
is immodiato and signihoant.
Intake Valves
Tno rolo o tno intako valvo is to aot as a
doorway. It opens to allow fuel and air into
the combustion chamber, then it closes,
sealing off the combustion chamber for
combustion and building up pressure in the
oylindor. Booauso intako valvos opon onoo
or ovory two orank rovolutions, tnis wnolo
proooss ooours vory quiokly. Tno intako
valve in an engine running at 4,000 RPMs
must open, allow all the fuel and air through,
oloso and soal itsol 2,000 timos a minuto.
Intake Valve Deposits
ntako valvo doposits aro prosont in somo quantity in noarly ovory voniolo on tno road. Wnilo somo voniolos
run trouble-free with a small amount of deposits, other vehicles are more sensitive to them, especially modern
voniolos. Tno doposits tond to build up on tno baok sido o intako valvos, wnoro tnoy aot liko a nard oarbo-
naceous sponge that absorbs fuel. The computer tells the injectors how much fuel to spray, but instead of it
all entering the combustion chamber, a portion of it becomes trapped in the deposits. Thus, the combustion
onambor nas tno oorroot lovol o oxygon, but not onougn uol, oroating a loan mishro tnat loads to drivability
issuos suon as stumbling, stalling and rougn idlo. By romoving tnoso doposits, all tno uol rom tno in|ootors is
able to enter the combustion chamber.
valvo stioking is anotnor problom oroatod by intako valvo doposits. Ooposits build up wnoro tno valvo stom
goos tnrougn tno guido, oausing it to stiok in tno guido. Altnougn tno oamsnat nas moro tnan onougn oroo
to open the valve, it has trouble closing it. Modern vehicles often use lighter spring valves for fuel economy
bonohts, but tnoy oton don't navo onougn spring tonsion to pull tno valvos olosod in oold tomporaturos.
Booauso oold tomporaturos oauso motals to oontraot and oxpand at dioront ratos, toloranoos got smallor,
wnilo visoous doposits grow tniokor.
Picture D shows a dirty, deposit-covered valve, while Picture E shows the same valve cleaned with P.i. The
dirty valvo loavos an undulating suraoo tnat disrupts air how into tno oylindor and absorbs a portion o tno
fuel sprayed by the injector, while the clean valve contributes to improved fuel economy, lower emissions,
better drivability and maximum power.
Picture D - ntako valvo booro P.i. troatmont Picture E - ntako valvo ator P.i. troatmont
Page 5
Hoat must osoapo rom tno ongino during oombustion and
post-oombustion, and a groat doal o it ontors tno intako
valvo. Onoo tnoro, it nas tnroo ways o gotting out o tno
engine. It can go up the stem, into the guide and out to the
coolant passages; it can go through the valve seat itself, into
the head and into the coolant passages or it can escape the
intako valvo tnrougn tno suraoo on tno baok sido. Any uol on
tno baok sido o tnat suraoo ovaporatos and oontributos to
tno oombustion proooss. Booauso doposits aot as an insula-
tor, tnoy blook a lot o tnis noat transor and oroo tno noat to
go out through the valve seat or valve stem rather than com-
ing baok to tno intako traok to nolp ovaporato tno gasolino.
BMW Valve Deposit Study
BMW dovolopod a spooiho intorost in valvo
deposits in the late 1980s due to drivability
problems with its vehicles, including stumbling,
stalling, rough idle and hesitation. A study on
valve deposits showed dirty valves were the
source of the problems (Graph B indicates that
as valve deposits increased, drivability prob-
lems increased), and the company invested
a great deal of time and effort searching for
solutions, trying everything from polishing the
valve surfaces to using ceramic-coated valves.
Tno solution tnat workod was adding a oloaning
additive to the gasoline.
Intake Valve Deposit Clean-Up Test
A small hoot tost porormod on P.i. oootivoly
demonstrates its superior deposit-cleaning abilities.
Tno tost oousod on randomly solootod modol yoar 1997 to 2002 usod voniolos witn botwoon 44,000 and
94,000 miles on the odometers, and all vehicles had been operated under normal service conditions using
rogular gasolino availablo on tno markot.
Booro P.i.troatmont, oaon voniolo was
disassomblod, and intako valvo doposit
levels were measured in a laboratory
sotting. Upon oomplotion, tno voniolos
woro put baok togotnor and hllod witn ono
tank o P.i.-troatod gasolino. Ator running
tnrougn tnat tank o uol, tno voniolos woro
brougnt baok into tno laboratory, wnoro all
tno moasuromonts woro takon again.
The red bars on Graph C represent the
pro-troatmont intako valvo doposit lovols
of the vehicles, ranging from 49 mg to
414 mg. The blue bars represent the
deposit levels after P.i. treatment, showing
an avorago 72 poroont oloan-up ator only
ono tank o gasolino. Evon tno voniolos
with minimal pre-treatment deposit levels
cleaned up very well, showing an aver-
age 89 percent clean-up, with the Toyota
Corolla showing 98 percent deposit clean-up.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
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300
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600
Test Method: Motored Dyno D5500 Type Road Simulation Cycle
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58
12
414
193
212
135
49
1
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5
249
59
115
34
79%
Cleanup
53%
Cleanup
36%
Cleanup
98%
Cleanup
91%
Cleanup
76%
Cleanup
70%
Cleanup
Pre Cleanup
Post Cleanup
Graph B
Graph C
AMSOIL P.i. averaged 72% intake valve deposit cleanup across a
wide range of engine types and sizes, with two cars cleaning up
greater than 90%.
Vehicle Model Mileage
1997 Honda 2.2L Aooord 85,000
1997 Joop 4.0L Grand Cnorokoo 94,000
1998 Ford 4.0L Exploror 57,000
1999 Toyota 1.8L Corolla 44,000
Vehicle Model Mileage
1999 Toyota 2.2L Camry 53,000
1999 GM 3.1L Oldsmobilo Cutlass 52,000
2002 GM 4.6L Cadillao Oovillo 55,000
Page 6
Combustion Chambers
The combustion chamber is where fuel
oombustion takos plaoo, and it is botn tno
hottest location in the engine and the most
dihoult looation to oloan o doposits. Spark
timing is very important in gasoline engines.
Combustion must bo timod so tno hro dovol-
ops maximum pressure once the piston has
roaonod its poak. Tno rolo o tno spark plugs
is to start tno hro and oontrol tno timing.
Combustion Chamber Deposits
Hign lovols o oombustion onambor dopos-
its oan nogativoly aoot tnis proooss. Liko
intako valvo doposits, oombustion onambor
doposits aro prosont in somo quantity in noarly ovory voniolo on tno road. Wnon allowod to aooumulato, tnoy
rosomblo mountains witn poaks and valloys. Aoting as insulators tnat nold noat, tno poaks oan booomo not
onougn to aot as a sooondary ignition souroo, igniting and oroating two oombustion ronts (ono rom tno spark
plug and one from the secondary ignition source).
Tno two oombustion ronts oollido and bounoo baok and ortn in tno oylindor as a prossuro wavo, oroating a
knooking or pinging sound as tno prossuro wavo nits tno sidos o tno oylindor and loads to ongino damago,
inoluding brokon pistons and rings. Tnoro aro two ways to romody tno problom. Tno hrst is uso o a nignor
octane gasoline that resists ignition in the presence of the secondary ignition source (octane number require-
ment increase). The second remedy is to remove the secondary ignition source by removing the deposits.
Removal of the secondary ignition source eliminates the need for higher octane gasoline, saving fuel expenses
by allowing motorists to switch to less expensive lower octane gasoline.
Combustion chamber deposits also create a problem called combustion chamber deposit interference. In
order to meet emission standards, many modern vehicles are designed to burn everything in the combustion
chamber. To do so, the outside edges of the pistons are higher than the centers so that during the end of the
oombustion stroko, tnoy naturally "squisn" ovorytning baok to tno oontor. Unburnod matorial around tno outsido
odgos gots pusnod baok toward tno hamo. Booauso tnis dosign oausos tno outsido piston to oomo vory
close to the cylinder head, large enough layers of deposits on both the cylinder head and piston top in an
engine with tight tolerances can cause the piston to physically hit the cylinder head, creating a loud metallic
banging sound, a problem particularly evident at cold startup.
A tnird problom attributod to oombustion onambor doposits is haking. Combustion onambor doposits aro
usually the driest of engine deposits due to the hot environments in the combustion chamber, and they are
vory susooptiblo to numidity. Wnon
humidity enters the cylinder, it causes the
doposits to hako, oomo o in largo onunks
and exit the exhaust valve. The problem
is tnat not all tno doposits mako it past tno
oxnaust valvo. Somo romain on tno valvo
seat when the valve closes, holding the
exhaust valve open slightly and leading to
lost oomprossion, dihoult starting, rougn
idle, increased hydrocarbon emissions
and a possible burned exhaust valve.To
avoid this problem, it is necessary to clean
combustion chamber deposits, ensuring
tnoy don't hako o and oauso probloms.
Pictures F and G show a dirty, deposit-
covered combustion chamber and piston,
while Pictures H and I show the same
combustion chamber and piston cleaned
with P.i.
Picture F - Combustion
chamber before P.i. treatment
Picture H - Combustion
chamber after P.i. treatment
Picture G - Piston before
P.i. treatment
Picture I - Piston after
P.i. treatment
Page 7
Combustion Chamber Deposit Clean-Up Test
Tno dark bluo and rod bars in Graph D indicate the piston top and cylinder deposit levels of each test vehicle
prior to P.i. troatmont, wnilo tno lignt bluo and rod bars indioato tno doposit lovols ator ono tank o oporation
on P.i.-troatod gasolino. Evory voniolo snowod signihoant doposit oloan-up, moro tnan onougn to romody tno
octane number requirement increase, combustion chamber deposit interference and combustion chamber
doposit haking probloms assooiatod witn oombustion onambor doposits.
Fuel Economy Test
A primary concern for many motorists is
fuel economy, and the clean-up of fuel
in|ootor, intako valvo and oombustion
chamber deposits effectively improves a
vehicles fuel economy.
Tno hoot o tost voniolos was put on a rolling
chassis dynamometer before and after P.i.
treatment, measuring each vehicles fuel
economy numbers according to the same
method mandated by the federal government
and used by auto manufacturers to deter-
mine vehicle fuel economy ratings. The blue
bars on Graph E indicate pre-treatment fuel
economy numbers. The red bars indicate
uol ooonomy ollowing ono tank o oporation
on P.i., showing an average fuel economy
improvomont o moro tnan 2 poroont.
Altnougn tno Honda and two Toyota voniolos
had the lowest levels of deposits prior to P.i.
treatment, they experienced the largest fuel
economy increases after treatment, indicat-
ing that even minimal levels of deposits can
navo signihoant ooots on uol ooonomy.
In fact, many smaller engines designed for
maximum uol ohoionoy aro among tno most
sensitive to deposits.
Carbureted Engines
Although modern vehicle models are
equipped with fuel injection systems, there
are still a number of older and classic
oarburotod oars on tno roads. P.i. works |ust
as effectively in carburetors as it does in fuel
in|ootors, intako valvos and oombustion onambors, oootivoly oloaning tno baok sidos o oarburotor platos, tno
idle air passages and all of the fuel portals just as well as it cleans the components of a fuel injection system.
Picture J shows dirty, deposit-covered carburetor plates, while Picture K shows the same carburetor plates
cleaned with P.i.
Graph D
Graph E
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Piston Top
Cylinder Head
25%
Cleanup
40%
Cleanup
51%
Cleanup
63%
Cleanup
56%
Cleanup
30%
Cleanup
55%
Cleanup
Test Method: Motored Dyno D5500 Type Road Simulation Cycle
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AMSOIL P.i. averaged 46% combustion chamber deposit cleanup
across a wide range of engine types and sizes, with four cars cleaning
up greater than 50%.
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Test Method: Motored Dyno D5500 Type Road Simulation Cycle
Pre Cleanup
Post Cleanup
22.8
24.1
16.7 16.8
16.5 16.7
25.8
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23.9
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22.6 22.9
18.1 18.3
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5.7%
Increase
0.7%
Increase
1.2%
Increase
3.7%
Increase
2.1%
Increase
1.6%
Increase
1.1%
Increase
AMSOIL P.i. provided an average fuel efciency increase of 2.3%, with
one car showing improved fuel efciency of 5.7%.
Picture J - Carburetor plates before P.i. treatment Picture K - Carburetor plates after P.i. treatment
Benets of P.i. Treatment
noroasos uol ooonomy
Tosting yioldod improvomont o up to 5.7 poroont
Postoros powor, aoooloration and drivability to "liko now" oondition
Poduoos omissions and nolps voniolos pass omission tosts
Up to 15 poroont roduotion in nydrooarbon (HC) omissions (unburnod uol)
Up to 26 poroont roduotion in oarbon monoxido (CO) omissions (partially burnod uol)
Up to 17 poroont roduotion in nitrous oxido (NOx) omissions
Avoids nooossity o oxponsivo in|ootor oloaning sorvioos
Poduoos ongino ootano roquiromont, saving monoy at tno pump
Recommendations
Troat ono ull tank o gas up to 20 gallons witn ono bottlo or up to 40 gallons witn two bottlos. Using moro tnan
two bottlos por troatmont is not rooommondod. Largo gas tanks snould only bo partially hllod to 40 gallons to
maintain tno propor oonoontration ratio o ono bottlo por ovory 20 gallons or bost rosults. Troat ovory 4,000 milos
(or 100 hours for marine, stationary and off-road gasoline-powered engines). P.i. helps pass emission tests
(troat ono ull tank o gas, run tnat tank and hll up again prior to tost). Sao or uso witn oatalytio oonvortors,
oxygon sonsors, oxygonatod gas and 10% otnanol blondod gas. Not rooommondod or two-oyolo onginos.
AMSOL NC., 925 Towor Avo., Suporior, W 54880 715-392-7101 Printod in U.S.A.
2012, AMSOL NC. All rignts rosorvod. Tno AMSOL logo is a rogistorod tradomark o AMSOL NC.
G2543 3/12
Contaot your AMSOL Ooalor or moro inormation on AMSOL produots or to plaoo an ordor. You may also
ordor diroot by oalling AMSOL NC. at 1-800-956-5695 and providing tno roorral numbor listod noro.


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