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J E N N I F E R M A C E D O NI A N A R UC WI N T E R M E E T I N G S F E B R UA R Y 5 , 2 0 1 3
EPA Endangerment Finding: GHGs endanger public health and welfare First CAA regulation of GHGs: mobile source tailpipe standards
Triggered GHG pre-construction permitting requirement (BACT) for large new sources & major modifications (including power plants)
3/12 EPA proposed category-wide GHG standards for new power plants
Limits CO2 to 1000 lbs CO2/MWh, on annual or 30 year average For new coal builds: requires CCS within 10 years
EPA/Federal
CAA: Clean Air Act : section of law NSPS: New Source Performance Standard
CAA: Clean Air Act : section of law SO2: sulfur dioxide NOX: nitrogen oxides PM: particulate matter
Potential for CAA 111(d) to tap spectrum of GHG reduction options depends on design, legal interpretations, & state intentions
GHG reduction opportunities, such as:
Efficiency upgrades (process & equipment) at existing electricity generating units Post-combustion carbon capture, if/when feasible Fuel-switching/blending, including biomass (depending on GHG treatment) Industrial generation: combined heat & power (CHP), waste heat to power (WHP) Renewable energy Demand-side energy efficiency Transmission/distribution losses
Examples of Potential Forms for Existing Source Standards: best system of emission reduction
Per stack emission rate(s)
(e.g., lbs CO2/MWh)
RPS
RGGI
CA AB32
EERS
RPS: Renewable Portfolio Standards EERS: Energy Efficiency Resource Standards RGGI: Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative CA AB32: California law establishing GHG program
Other design issues for existing source performance standards Stringency/basis for standards Flexibility Timing Interaction with existing state programs Assessment of state equivalency Regional coordination Early action/baseline year Monitoring & verification State design, implementation, enforcement
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Jennifer Macedonia jmacedonia@bipartisanpolicy.org