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All Ihese componenIs IogeIher wiIh Ihe pipes and IiIIings

resulI in a sysIem characIerisIic as Ihe one shown in Iigure


3.1.S. 1he required pressure in a closed sysIem (which Ihe
sysIem curve illusIraIes) is a parabola sIarIing in Ihe poinI
(O,R) = (0,0) and is calculaIed by Ihe Iollowing Iormula.
H = k
.
D
2
As Ihe Iormula and curve indicaIe, Ihe pressure loss is
approaching zero when Ihe Ilow drops.
0pen systems
Open sysIems are sysIems, where Ihe pump is used Io
IransporI liquid Irom one poinI Io anoIher, e.g. waIer
supply sysIems, irrigaIion sysIems, indusIrial process
sysIems. ln such sysIems Ihe pump has Io deal wiIh
boIh Ihe geodeIic head oI Ihe liquid and Io overcome Ihe
IricIion losses in Ihe pipes and Ihe sysIem componenIs.
We disIinguish beIween Iwo Iypes oI open sysIem.
Open sysIems where Ihe IoIal required geodeIic liII
is posiIive.
Open sysIems where Ihe IoIal required geodeIic liII
is negaIive.
0pen system with pcsitive gecdetic head ligure
3.1.6 shows a Iypical open sysIem wiIh posiIive geodeIic
liII. A pump has Io IransporI waIer Irom a break Iank aI
ground level up Io a rooI Iank on Ihe Iop oI a building.
lirsI oI all, Ihe pump has Io provide a head higher Ihan
Ihe geodeIic head oI Ihe waIer (h). Secondly, Ihe pump
has Io provide Ihe necessary head Io overcome Ihe IoIal
IricIion loss beIween Ihe Iwo Ianks in piping, IiIIings,
valves, eIc. (R
I
). 1he pressure loss depends on Ihe amounI
oI Ilow, see Iigure 3.1.7.
lig. 3.1.S. 1he sysIem characIerisIic Ior a closed sysIem is a
parabola sIarIing in poinI (0,0)
lig. 3.1.6. Open sysIem wiIh posiIive geodeIic liII
lig. 3.1.7. SysIem characIerisIic IogeIher wiIh Ihe pump perIormance
curve Ior Ihe open sysIem in Iigure 3.1.6

99
1he Iigure shows IhaI in an open sysIem no waIer Ilows
iI Ihe maximum head (R
max
) oI Ihe pump is lower Ihan
Ihe geodeIic head (h). Only when R h, waIer will sIarI
Io Ilow Irom Ihe break Iank Io Ihe rooI Iank. 1he sysIem
curve also shows IhaI Ihe lower Ihe Ilow raIe, Ihe lower
Ihe IricIion loss (R
I
) and consequenIly Ihe lower Ihe power
consumpIion oI Ihe pump.
So, Ihe Ilow (O
1
) and Ihe pump size have Io maIch Ihe
need Ior Ihe speciIic sysIem. 1his is in IacI a rule-oI-
Ihumb Ior liquid IransporI sysIems. A larger Ilow leads
Io a higher pressure loss, whereas a smaller Ilow leads Io
a smaller pressure loss and consequenIly a lower energy
consumpIion.
0pen system with negative gecdetic Iift
A Iypical example oI an open sysIem wiIh negaIive
required head is a pressure boosIer sysIem, e.g. in a waIer
supply sysIem. 1he geodeIic head (h) Irom Ihe waIer Iank
brings waIer Io Ihe consumer - Ihe waIer Ilows, alIhough
Ihe pump is noI running. 1he diIIerence in heighI beIween
Ihe liquid level in Ihe Iank and Ihe alIiIude oI Ihe waIer
ouIleI (h) resulIs in a Ilow equivalenI Io O
o
. Rowever, Ihe
head is insuIIicienI Io ensure Ihe required Ilow (O
1
) Io Ihe
consumer. 1hereIore, Ihe pump has Io boosI Ihe head Io
Ihe level (R
1
) in order Io compensaIe Ior Ihe IricIion loss
(R
I
) in Ihe sysIem. 1he sysIem is shown in Iigure 3.1.8
and Ihe sysIem characIerisIic IogeIher wiIh Ihe pump
perIormance curve are shown in Iigure 3.1.9.
1he resulIing sysIem characIerisIic is a parabolic curve
sIarIing aI Ihe R-axes in Ihe poinI (0,-h).
1he Ilow in Ihe sysIem depends on Ihe liquid level in Ihe
Iank. lI we reduce Ihe waIer level in Ihe Iank Ihe heighI (h)
is reduced. 1his resulIs in a modiIied sysIem characIerisIic
and a reduced Ilow in Ihe sysIem, see Iigure 3.1.9.
lig. 3.1.8. Open sysIem wiIh negaIive geodeIic liII
lig. 3.1.9. SysIem characIerisIic IogeIher wiIh Ihe pump
perIormance curve Ior Ihe open sysIem in hgure 3.1.8
100
5ection 3.1
5ystem characteristics

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