Contents

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Topics
Water Pollution Introduction Water Quality Sources of Water Pollution Causes of Water Pollution Types of Water Pollution Ground Water Sources of Water Pollution (Khurda) Effect of Water Pollution Control of Water Pollution Thermal Pollution Ecological Magnification Eutrophication Red Tide Wastewater Treatment Oil Spill Clean-up Conclusion

WATER POLLUTION
When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans, and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water or get deposited on the bed. This results in the pollution of water whereby the quality of the deteriorates, affecting aquatic ecosystems. Pollutants can also seep down and affect the groundwater deposits. Water pollution has many sources. The most polluting of them are the city sewage and industrial waste discharged into the rivers. The facilities to treat waste water are not adequate in any city in India. Presently, only about 10% of the waste water generated is treated; the rest is discharged as it is into our water bodies. Due to this, pollutants enter groundwater, rivers, water, and other which water bodies. Such ultimately ends up in our households, is contaminated and carries often highly disease-causing microbes.

Agricultural run-off, or the water from the fields that drains into rivers, is another major water pollutant as it contains fertilizers and pesticides. Domestic sewage refers to waste water that is discarded from households. Also referred to as sanitary

sewage, such water contains a wide variety of dissolved and suspended.

INTRODUCTION

Comprising over 70% of the Earths surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. Without the seemingly invaluable compound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper. Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes and oceans. Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms are dying at a very alarming rate. In addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our ability to use water for recreation purposes. In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution. WATER QUALITY Water quality is closely linked to water use and to the state of economic development. In industrialized countries, bacterial contamination of surface water caused serious health problems in major cities throughout the mid 1800s. By the turn of the century, cities in Europe and North America began building sewer networks to route domestic wastes downstream of water intakes. Development of these sewage networks and waste treatment facilities in urban areas has expanded tremendously in the past two decades. However, the rapid growth of the urban population (especially in Latin America and Asia) has outpaced the ability of governments to expand sewage and water infrastructure. While waterborne diseases have been

eliminated in the developed world, outbreaks of cholera and other similar diseases still occur with alarming frequency in the developing countries. Since World War II and the birth of the chemical age, water quality has been heavily impacted worldwide by industrial and agricultural chemicals. Eutrophication of surface waters from human and agricultural wastes and nitrification of groundwater from agricultural practices has greatly affected large parts of the world. Acidification of surface waters by air pollution is a recent phenomenon and threaten aquatic life in many area of the world. In developed countries, these general types of pollution have occurred sequentially with the result that most developed countries have successfully dealt with major surface water pollution. In contrast, however, newly industrialized countries such as China, India, Thailand, Brazil, and Mexico are now facing all these issues simultaneously. SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION According to the American College Dictionary,

pollution is defined as: to make foul or unclean, dirty. Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amount of materials to the water. When it is unfit for its intended use, water is considered polluted. Two types of water pollutants exist; point Point harmful source sources and of nonpoint source.

pollution occur when substances are emitted directly

into a body of water. The Exxon Valdez oil spill best illustrates a point source water pollution. A nonpoint source delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes. An example of this type of water pollution is when fertilizer from a field is carried into a stream by rain in the form of run-off which is turn effects aquatic life. The technology exists for point sources of pollution to be monitored and regulated, although political factors may complicate matters. Nonpoint sources are much more difficult to control. Pollution arising from nonpoint sources accounts for a majority of the contaminants in streams and lakes. CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION Many causes of pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. In excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our waterways use up dissolved oxygen as they harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the respiration ability or fish and other invertebrates that reside in water. Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, wash off plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks when it rains. Under natural conditions, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies undergo Eutrophication, an aging process that slowly fills in the water body with sediment and organic matter. Pollution in the form of organic material

enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from livestock feedlots and pastures. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. Many types of fish and bottom-dwelling animals cannot survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to five parts per million. When this occurs, it kills aquatic organisms in large numbers which leads to disruptions in the food chain.

TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION The major sources of water pollution can be classified as municipal, industrial and agricultural. For many years, the main goal of treating municipal wastewater was simply to reduced its content of suspended solids, oxygendemanding materials, dissolved inorganic compounds and harmful bacteria. In recent years, however, more stress has been placed on improving means of disposal of the solid residues from the municipal treatment processes. The basic methods of treating municipal wastewater into stages: including removal, screening, grinding and sedimentation; secondary treatment, which entails oxidation of dissolved organic matter by means of using biologically active sludge, which is then filtered off; and tertiary treatment, in which advanced biological methods of nitrogen removal and chemical and physical methods such as granular filtration and activated carbon absorption are employed. The handling and disposal of solid residues can account for 25 to 50 percent of the capital and operational costs of a treatment plant. The impact of industrial discharges depends not only on their collective characteristics, such as biochemical oxygen demand and the amount of suspended treatment, grit fall three primary

solids, but also on their content of specific inorganic and organic substances. Three options are available in controlling industrial wastewater. Control can take place at the point of generation in the plant; wastewater can be pretreated for discharge to municipal treatment sources or wastewater can be treated completely at the plant and either reused or discharged directly into receiving waters. GROUND WATER Ninety-five percent of all fresh water on earth is ground water. Ground water is found in natural rock formations. Nationally, 53% of the population relies on ground water as a source of drinking water. In rural areas this figure is even higher. Eighty one percent of community water is dependent on ground water. Although the 1992 Section 305 (b) State Water Quality Reports indicate that, overall, the Nations ground water quality is good to excellent; many local areas have experienced significant ground water contamination. Some examples are leaking underground storage tanks and municipal landfills. SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION (KHURDA): INDUSTRIAL WASTE:The Industries water is used for many purposes such as cooling, processing, treatment of materials at different stages of their production. The bi-product water released from the Industrial processes reach directly or indirectly in to water bodies like river. The Industries like

chemical, textile, and leather,

plastic release a large amount of polluted water. When these water enter into fresh water bodies then pollution is caused. Metals like Zinc, Copper, Arsenic, and Cadmium are widely used in Industries. The wastage of Industries possesses high amount of these metals, which are extremely harmful for leaving organism. Due to more amount of nutrient in water excessive organism growth takes of place. aquatic This vegetation condition is and micro as known

eutrofication. The eutrofication causes Oxygen deficiency in water. So there is shortage of dissolve oxygen in water, it causes the water pollution. DOMESTIC WASTE: Diseases causing agent like Bacteria, Virus & Parasite worms enter the water from domestic sewage and animal waste, they cause water borne diseases. Contamination of fresh water and shallow off Source Sea by domestic sewage occurs. RAIN WATER CAUSING WATER POLLUTION: Rain water is the major source of water pollution. Rain water carries all type of pollutant like dust particle, bad polythene by product, all waste in its route to river or sea. Its route to river it mixes with local drain, Municipality waste and contaminate the River water. AGRO CHEMICALS: The fertilizers and pesticides, insecticides frequently used in the crop fields are washed by flowing water and

thus carried by the latter to other water bodies to pollute them. When the water bodies polluted by Agro Chemicals is used, causes health hazards for live stock, wild animals, aquatic animals and man. A good no. of pesticides does not degradable easily and remains stable in the environment and get incorporated in the food chain. They enter the bodies of organism through food and water and get deposited in the Tissues of human being and animals. The pesticides not only destroy the harmful insects and other pests but also beneficial organism like earthworm and fishes. EFFECT OF WATER POLLUTION The effects of water pollution are not only devasting to people but also to animals, fish and birds. Polluted water is unsuitable for drinking, recreation, agriculture and industry. It diminishes the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers. More seriously, contaminated water destroys aquatic life and reduces its reproductive ability. Eventually, it is a hazard to human health. Nobody can escape the effects of water pollution. The individual and the community can help minimize water pollution. By simple housekeeping and management practices the amount of waste generated can be minimized.

CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION

Water water.

pollution

can

be

controlled

by

enacting

stringent laws to punish the people who pollute the

Regular

cheeks

and

supervisions

should

be

undertaken to maintain the quality of drinking and potable water. Scientific methods should be adopted to handle and dispose the garbage, sewage, excreta and industrial wastes. The industrial discharges should be released to the water bodies only after their neutralization and proper treatment. Instead of releasing to the water bodies, the effluent water can be used for growing algae and aquatic plants to produce biomass for use in biogas plants. THERMAL POLLUTION The rise in temperature of water bodies is detrimental to the life of aquatic animals. The water used for cooling purposes in nuclear reactors, electricity generation plants, steel plants and oil refiners becomes hot and this heated water is generally discharged into ponds, lakes, rivers of seas. As a consequence, the temperature of these water bodies rise, thereby depleting the oxygen concentration in water. High temperature and low oxygen concentration make the water inhospitable for the aquatic animals. ECOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION

Polluted in the

water

contains without

many being

unnatural degraded.

toxic These

substances like metals and pesticides which remain stable environment substances find their way into the body of living organism through food chain. The body of the organism neither can degrade them into harmless simple components nor can excrete them easily. As a result, gradually they accumulate in the tissues of Plant & Animals and pass from one tropic level to the other in the food chain to reach man finally. The concentration of these chemicals or substances is very high in the organisms of higher tropic levels of the food chain. levels Increasing of food accumulation is of the to stable as toxic substances in the tissues of organism at different tropic chain referred Ecological Magnifications.

EUTROPHICATION The domestic sewage and run-off water from

agricultural fields release inorganic and organic nutrients and fertilizers into different water bodies. As a result, the nutrient load of these water bodies gradually increase which facilitates algal bloom in them. Water bodies with algal bloom appear totally green. Algal bloom and other organisms present in these water bodies promote a large population of decomposers like bacteria and fungi. When the algae and other organisms die, they are decomposed by this decomposer. The dissolved oxygen of the water is consumed by the decomposer and also by other aquatic organisms during their respiration. These processes result in the depletion of oxygen concentration of these water bodies and thus create problems for the fishes. The phenomenon of depletion of concentration of water as a consequence eutrophication. RED TIDE When coastal water becomes enriched with nutrients of the discharged sewage, blooms of dinoflagellate occur in them. This dinoflagellate produces toxic substances which causes death of marine fauna. The dinoflagellate blooms make the tidal water appear red in colour, hence the name Red Tide. WASTEWATER TREATMENT of increase in nutrient load is called

Raw sewage includes waste from sinks, toilets and industrial process. Treatment of the sewage is required before it can be safely buried, used or released back into local water systems. In a treatment plant, the waste is passed through a series of screens, chambers and chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity. The three general phases of treatment are primary, secondary and tertiary. During primary treatment, a large percentage of the suspended solids and inorganic material is removed from the sewage. The focus of secondary treatment is reducing organic material by accelerating natural biological processes. Tertiary treatment is necessary when the water will be reused; 99 percent of solids are removed and various chemical processes are sued to ensure the water is as free from impurity as possible. Agriculture, including commercial livestock and poultry farming, is the source of many organic and inorganic pollutants in surface waters and groundwater. These contaminants include both sediment from erosion cropland and compounds of phosphorus and nitrogen that partly originate in animal wastes and commercial fertilizers. Animal wastes are high in oxygen demanding material, nitrogen and phosphorus ant they often harbour pathogenic organisms. Wasters from commercial feeders are contained and disposed of on land, their main threat to natural waters, therefore, is from runoff and leaching. Control may involve settling basins for liquids, limited biological treatment in aerobic or anaerobic lagoons, and a variety of both methods. OIL SPILL CLEAN-UP

Workers use special nets to clean up a California beach after an oil tanker spill. Tanker spills are an increasing environmental problem because once oil has spilled, it is virtually impossible to completely remove or contain it. Even small amounts spread rapidly across large areas of water. Because oil and water do not mix, the oil floats on the water and then washes up on broad expanses of shoreline. Attempts to chemically treat or sink the oil may further disrupt marine and beach ecosystems.

CONCLUSION Clearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a serious issue. But the government alone cant solve the entire problem. It is ultimately up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes to the problems we face with our water. We must become familiar with our local water resources and learn about ways for disposing harmful household wastes so they dont end up in sewage treatment plants that cant handle them or landfills not designed to receive hazardous materials. These are just a few of the many ways in which we, as humans, have the ability to combat water pollution. As we head into the 21st century, awareness and education will most assuredly continue to be the two most important ways to prevent water pollution. If these measures are not taken and water pollution continues, life on earth will suffer severely. Global environmental collapse is not inevitable. But the developed world must work with the developing world to ensure that new industrialized economics do not add to the worlds environmental problems. Politicians must think of sustainable development rather than economic expansion. Conservation strategies have to become more widely accepted and people must learn that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort. In short, with the technology that

currently exists, the years of global mistreatment can begin to be reversed.

environmental