BC0046 Microprocessor

1. Convert the decimal number 321.145 to octal and hexadecimal. Answer:

8 8 8 321 40 5 0 1 0 5

321(10)=501
8 8 8 145 18 2 0 1 2 2

145(10)=221

So,321.145(10)=501.221(8)
16 16 16 321 20 1 0 1 4 1

321(10)=
16 16 145 09 0 1 09

So,321.145(10)=

2. Write an assembly language program to find the smallest among two numbers. Answer:

MVI B, 30H MVI C, 40H MOV A, B CMP C JZ EQU JC SML OUT PORT1 HLT EQU: MVI A, 01H OUT PORT1 HLT SML: MOV A, C OUT PORT1 HLT SML: MOV A, COUT PORT1

3.Draw and explain the internal architecture of 8085. Answer:

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): It is used to perform the arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, increment and decrement and logical operations like AND, OR and EX-OR. It receives the data from accumulator and registers. According to the result it set or reset the flags. Program Counter (PC): This 16-bit register sequencing the execution of instructions. It is a memory pointer. Memory locations have 16-bit addresses, and that is why this is a 16-bit register. The function of the program counter is to point to the memory address of the next instruction to be executed. When an opcode is being fetched, the program counter is incremented by one to point to the next memory location. Stack Pointer (Sp): The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register used as a memory pointer. It points to a memory location in R/W memory, called the stack. The beginning of the stack is defined by loading a 16-bit address in the stack pointer (register). Temporary Register:

It is used to hold the data during the arithmetic and logical operations. Instruction Register: When an instruction is fetched from the memory, it is loaded in the instruction register. Instruction Decoder: It gets the instruction from the instruction register and decodes the instruction. It identifies the instruction to be performed. Serial I/O Control: It has two control signals named SID and SOD for serial data transmission.

4. Draw and explain the internal architecture of 8086. Answer: Figure shows the internal architecture of the 8086. Except for the instruction register, which is actually a 6-byte queue, the control unit and working registers are divided into three groups according to their functions. There is a data group, which is essentially the set of Arithmetic registers; the pointer group, which includes base and index registers, but also contains the program counter and stack pointer; and the segment group, which is a set of special purpose base registers. All of the registers are 16 bits wide. The data group consists of the AX, BX, CX and DX registers. These registers can be used to store both operands and results and each of them can be accessed as a whole, or the upper and lower bytes can be Accessed separately. For example, either the 2 bytes in BX can be used Together, or the upper byte BH or the lower byte BL can be used by itself by specifying BH or BL, respectively. registers play special addressing, counting, and I/O roles: BX may be used as a base register in address calculations. CX is used as an implied counter by certain instructions. DX is used to hold the I/O address during certain I/O operations. The pointer and index group consists of the IP, SP, BP, SI, and DI registers. The instruction pointer IP and SP registers are essentially the program counter and stack pointer registers, but the complete instruction and stack addresses are formed by adding the contents of these registers to the contents of the code segment (CS) and stack segment (SS) registers. BP is a base register for accessing the stack and may be used with other registers and/or a displacement that is part of the instruction. The SI and DI registers are for indexing. Although they may be used by themselves, they are often used with the BX or BP registers and/or a displacement. Except for the IP, a pointer can be used to hold an operand, but must be accessed as a whole. To provide flexible base addressing and indexing, a data address may be formed by adding together a combination of the BX or BP register contents, SI or DI register contents, and a displacement. The result of such an address computation is called an effective address (EA) or offset. The word displacement is used to indicate a quantity that is

added to the contents of a register(s) to form an EA. The final data address, however, is determined by the EA and the appropriate data segment (DS), extra segment (ES), or stack segment (SS) register. The segment group consists of the CS, SS, DS, and ES registers. As indicated above, the registers that can be used for addressing, the BX,

5. Write a sequence of instructions to reverse a two digit hexadecimal number available in the register AX using shift and rotate instructions Answer: Shift and rotate instructions The shift and rotate instructions for the 8086 are defined in Fig. 5. These instructions shift all of the bits in the operand to the left or right by the specified count, CNT. For the shift left instructions, zeroes are shifted into the right end of the operand and the MSBs are shifted out the left end and lost, except that the least significant bit of these MSBs is retained in the CF flag. The shift right instructions similarly shift bits to the right; however, SAR (shift arithmetic right) does not automatically insert zeroes from the left; it extends the sign of the operand by repeatedly inserting the MSB. The rotate instructions differ from the shift instructions in that the operand is treated like a circle in which the bits shifted out of one end are shifted into the other end. The RCL and RCR instructions include the carry flag in the circle and the ROL and ROR do not, although the carry flag is affected in all cases

6. Explain the concept of Linking and Relocation.

Answer: In constructing a program some program modules may be put in

the same source module and assembles together; others may be in different source modules and assembled separately. If they are assembled separately ,then the main module, Which has the first instruction to be executed ,must be terminated by an END statement with the entry point specified, and each of the other modules must be terminated by an END with no operand. In any event, the resulting object modules, some of which may be grouped into libraries, must be linked together to form a load module before the program can be executed. In addition to outputting the load module normally the linker prints a memory map that indicates where the linked object modules will be loaded into memory. After the load module has been created it is loaded into memory of the computer by the loader and execution begins. Although the I/O can be performed by modules within the program, normally the I/O is done by I/O drivers that are part of the program, normally the I/O is done by I/O drivers that are part of the operating system. All that appears in the users program are references to the I/O drivers that cause the operating system to execute them.

Question7: Differentiate macros and procedures Answer:

Procedures

Macros

A procedure is a set of code that

can be branched to and returned from in such a way that code is as is it were inserted at the point from it is branched.

There is a sequential execution in

the case of procedure
procedure is faster as there is sequential execution.

A macro is a segment of code that needs to be written only once but whose basic structure can be caused to be repeated several times within a source module by placing a single statement at the point of each appearance.

Macro is comparatively slower as there is branched execution

procedure is faster as there is sequential execution. In the case of macro we have to write include (file name).macro before the data segment or code segment (if in some case data segment is absent).

While defining procedure if we use stack explicitly we have to define stack segment.
While defining procedure if we use stack explicitly we have to define stack segment.

Question8:What is the operational difference between the IRET and RET instructions? Answer: It is sometimes necessary to have the computer automatically execute one of a collection of special routines whenever certain conditions exist within a program or the computer system. The action that prompts the execution of one of these routines is called an interrupt and the routine that is executed is called an interrupt routine. There are two general classes of interrupts and associated routines. There are the internal interrupts that are initiated by the state of the CPU or by an instruction, and the external interrupts that are caused by a signal being sent to the CPU from elsewhere in the computer system. Typical internal interrupts are those caused by a division by zero or a special instruction and typical external interrupts are caused by the need of an I/O device to be serviced by the CPU. An interrupt routine is similar to a procedure in that it may be branched to from any other program and a return branch is made to that program after the interrupt routine has executed. The interrupt routine must be written so that, except for the lapse in time, the interrupted program will proceed just as if nothing had happened. This means that the PSW and the registers used by the routine must be saved and restored and the return must be made to the instruction following the last instruction executed before the interrupt. An interrupt routine is unlike a procedure in that, instead of being linked to a particular-program, it is sometimes put in a fixed place (absolutely located) in memory. Because it is not linked to other segments, it can use only common areas that are absolutely located to communicate with other programs. Because some kinds of interrupts -are initiated by external events, they occur at random points in the interrupted program. For such interrupts, no parameters or parameter addresses can be passed to the interrupt routine. Instead, data communication must be made through variables that are directly accessible by both routines. Regardless of the type of interrupt, the actions that result from an interrupt are the same and are known as the interrupt sequence. The interrupt sequence for the 8086 is shown in Fig. 5.8. Some kinds of interrupts are controlled by the IF and TF flags and in those cases these flags must be properly set or the interrupt action is blocked. If the conditions for an interrupt are met and the necessary flags are set,

the instruction that is currently executing is completed and the interrupt sequence proceeds by pushing the current contents of the PSW, CS, and IP onto the stack, inputting the new contents of IP and CS from a double word whose address is determined by the type of interrupt, and clearing the If and TF flags. The new contents of the IP and CS determine the beginning address of the interrupt routine to be executed. After the interrupt has been executed the return is made to the interrupted program by an instruction that pops the IP, CS, and PSW from the stack.

9. Describe about each flag of a 8086 flag register. Answer: The 8086s PSW contains 16 bits, but 7 of them are not used. Each bit in the PSW is called a flag. The 8086 flags are divided into the conditional flags, which reflect the result of the previous operation involving the ALU, and the control flags, which control the execution of special functions. The flags are summarized in Fig. 9 The condition flags are: SF (Sign FIag)-Is equal to the MSB of the result. Since in 2s complement negative numbers have a 1 in the MSB and for nonnegative numbers this bit is 0, this flag indicates whether the previous result was negative or nonnegative. ZF (Zero Flag)-Is set to 1 if the result is zero and 0 if the result is nonzero.

PF (Parity Flag)-Is set to 1 if the low-order 8 bits of the result contains an even number of 1s; otherwise it is cleared. CF (Carry Flag)-An addition causes this flag to be set if there is a carry out of the MSB, and a subtraction causes it to be set if a borrow is needed. Other instructions also affect this flag and its value will be discussed when these instructions are defined. AF (Auxiliary Carry Flag)-Is set if there is a carry out of bit 3 during an addition or a borrow by bit 3 during a subtraction. This flag is used exclusively for BCD arithmetic. OF (Overflow Flag)-Is set if an overflow occurs, i.e., a result is out of range. More specifically, for addition this flag is set when there is a

carry into the MSB and no carry out of the MSB or vice versa. For subtraction, it is set when the MSB needs a borrow and there is no borrow from the MSB or vice versa. As an example, if the previous instruction performed the addition 0010 0011 0100 1101 + 0011 0010 0001 0001 0101 0101 0101 1110 then following the instruction: SF=0 ZF=0 PF=0 CF=0 AF=0 OF=0

the string is processed from its beginning with the first element having the lowest address. Otherwise, the string is processed from the high address towards the low address. IF (Interrupt Enable Flag)-If set, a certain type of interrupt (a maskable interrupt) can be recognized by the CPU; otherwise, these interrupts are ignored. TF (Trap Flag)-If set, a trap is executed after each instruction.

10. Write an assembly program to add and display two numbers. Answer: To add two 16-bit numbers ;PROGRAM TO ADD TWO 16 BIT DATA DATA SEGMENT ;Assembler directive ORG 1100H ; Assembler directive DATA1 DW 0 ; Assembler directive DATA 2 DW 0 ; Assembler directive SUM DW 0 ; Assembler directive CARRY 0 ; Assembler directive DATA ENDS CODE SEGMENT ASSUME CS : CODE ; Assembler directive ASSUME DS: DATA ; Assembler directive ORG 1000 H ; Assembler directive MOV AX, DATA1 ; Load the first data in AX register MOV CL, 00H ; Clear the CL register for carry ADD AX, DATA2 ;Add 2nd data to AX, sum will be in AX MOV SUM, AX ;Store sum in memory location (1104H) JNC AHEAD ;Check the status of carry flag INC CL ;If carry is set, increment CL by one AHEAD: MOV CARRY, CL ;Store carry in memory location (1106H) HLT CODE ENDS :Assembler directive END ;Assembler directive