To

find these two derivatives, well need some trig identities, some limits, and a new limit idea, called the squeeze theorem. Step one is to estimate the slope of each function at a number of points, either from a well-drawn graph or a table of values, and to use those values to create graphs of the derivatives. (Do that now.) The derivative graphs should look like pretty simple functions. But well have to take a long, somewhat roundabout path to actually prove that those simple answers are right. sin ( x + h ) sin x sin ( x + h ) sin x Let f ( x ) = sin x , then f ( x ) = lim . Hmm, how can we simplify = lim h0 h0 h ( x + h) x sin(x+h)? We need an identity from trig, right? If we let g ( x ) = cos x , then we get

Finding the Derivative for f(x)=sin x and g(x) = cos x

g ( x ) = lim
h0

cos ( x + h ) cos x cos ( x + h ) cos x , and we see that this has the same problem. = lim h0 h ( x + h) x

Sum of Angles Identities To derive the needed identities, we start with a drawing showing the various angles involved. Roll up your sleeves Goal: We need to simplify sin ( x + h ) and cos ( x + h ) . To do this, we derive the relationships which untangle sin ( + ) and cos ( + ) into sines and cosines of single angles, for any angles and . We start with a drawing of the angles intersected by a unit circle. The point where the terminal side of an angle (in standard position) intersects the circle will then have x and y coordinates equal to the cosine and sine of the angle. The distances from A to C and from B to D are the same, since they both cross the same size angle ( + ) . We get distance by using the Pythagorean Theorem with the differences in x and y as the legs: d =

( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
2 2 2 2

So we have:

( cos ( + ) 1) + (sin ( + ) 0 ) = ( cos cos ( )) + (sin sin ( )) ( cos ( + ) 1) + (sin ( + ) 0 ) = ( cos cos ) + (sin + sin )
2 2 2 2

cos 2 ( + ) 2 cos ( + ) + 1+ sin 2 ( + ) = cos 2 2 cos cos + cos 2 + sin 2 + 2sin sin + sin 2

2 2 cos ( + ) = 2 2 cos cos + 2sin sin

2 cos cos + 2sin sin = cos cos sin sin 2 cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin This is one of the identities we were hoping to find. We now know that cos ( x + h ) = cos x cos h sin x sin h . Using the cosine identity as a starting point, we can now find a simplifying identity for sin ( + ) without resorting to geometry. See if you can explain each step. sin ( + ) = cos ( 90 ( + )) cos ( + ) =

= cos ( 90 )

= cos (( 90 ) + )

= cos ( 90 ) cos ( ) sin ( 90 ) sin ( ) = sin cos cos ( sin )

= sin cos + cos sin Now we know that sin ( x + h ) = sin x cos h + cos x sin h . Ok, back to our derivatives sin ( x + h ) sin x sin ( x + h ) sin x Let f ( x ) = sin x , then f ( x ) = lim = lim h0 h0 h ( x + h) x sin x ( cos h 1) + cos x sin h sin x cos h + cos x sin h sin x cos h 1 sin h = lim = lim = sin x lim + cos x lim h0 h0 h0 h0 h h h h Hmm, stuck again. We need values for these two limits, and theres no straightforward way to find them. Before proceeding, lets check how cosine works. If g ( x ) = cos x , then cos ( x + h ) cos x cos ( x + h ) cos x g ( x ) = lim = lim h0 h0 h ( x + h) x
= lim
h0

The same two limits come up. Interesting. Two Limits

lim

cos x ( cos h 1) sin x sin h cos x cos h sin x sin h cos x cos h 1 sin h = lim = cos x lim sin x lim h0 h0 h0 h h h h

cos h 1 sin h lim We need to know what h0 h and h0 h are. Lets

h .1 .01 .001 .0001 .000 01

cos h 1 h

start by exploring numerically. For smaller and smaller h cos h 1 sin h h values, what values do and h take on? Pull out your calculator, and fill in the table to the right. [Note that in calculus we always express angles in radians. We will very soon see why radian measure is useful to us.]

sin h h

cos h 1 sin h = 0 and that lim = 1 . This is not a proof. Its evidence that would h0 h0 h h sin h make us look for a proof. The proof that lim = 1 is once again visual and geometric. Well need h0 h the Squeeze Theorem, which helps us think about limits of uncooperative functions. The Squeeze Theorem asks us to find two simpler functions, one above ours and one below it, so that ours is squeezed between them, to help us find the limit. More precisely Squeeze Theorem Given three functions, p(x), q(x), and r(x), such that p ( x ) q ( x ) r ( x ) for all x in

It seems that lim

some interval around c (except perhaps at c), and given lim p ( x ) = lim r ( x ) = L , then q is squeezed between p and r, so that lim q ( x ) = L also. (This is called a theorem
xc xc xc

because it can be proved using the formal definition of limit. Since a picture makes it pretty clear, well skip that proof.)
sinh as the h function in the middle. We start with a small angle, h (measured in radians), intersected by a unit circle, as shown to the right. This gives us AB = 1 and AC = 1 . Observe that: 1 1 The area of triangle ABC is AB i DC = DC . 2 2

So we need to build a 3-part inequality with

Since h is measured in radians, the area of sector ABC is r 2 i

h 1 = h . 2 2

1 1 The area of triangle ABE is AB i BE = BE . 2 2 These areas are in increasing order, giving us DC h BE . (Equality is only reached when h=0. It is also important to note that this pictorial argument only applies to positive values of h. Negative value of h can be handled by careful use of absolute values. For a complete proof this would be necessary. This is left as an exercise for the reader interested in proof.) We now notice that DC EB sin h = = DC and tan h = = EB , so our inequality becomes sin h h tan h . Dividing by h AC AB sin h tan h sinh gives us . We now know that we can use r ( h ) = 1 as the function above . The 1 h h h sin h right two parts of the inequality can be multiplied by cos h to give us cos h . So we can use h sinh p ( h ) = cos h as the function below . At h=0, p ( h ) = r ( h ) = 1 , so by the Squeeze Theorem, with h sin h sin h , we get lim q (h) = = 1 too. QED. h0 h h

Now we do lim cosh 1 :

h0

h cos h 1 cos h 1 cos h + 1 cos 2 h 1 sin 2 h sin h sin h 0 lim = lim i = lim = lim = lim i = 1i = 0 . h0 h0 h0 h ( cos h + 1) h0 h ( cos h + 1) h0 h h cos h + 1 h cos h + 1 2

Finally, the Two Derivatives Now we can finally show that what the graphs led us to believe is definitely true. Let f ( x ) = sin x ,

sin ( x + h ) sin x sin ( x + h ) sin x = lim h0 h0 h ( x + h) x sin x ( cos h 1) + cos x sin h sin x cos h + cos x sin h sin x cos h 1 sin h = lim = lim = sin x lim + cos x lim h0 h0 h0 h0 h h h h = sin x i 0 + cos x i1 = cos x cos ( x + h ) cos x cos ( x + h ) cos x And for g ( x ) = cos x , g ( x ) = lim = lim h0 h0 h ( x + h) x
then f ( x ) = lim
= lim
h0

= cos x i 0 sin x i1 = sin x We have now proved it: For f ( x ) = sin x , f ( x ) = cos x , and for g ( x ) = cos x , g ( x ) = sin x .

cos x ( cos h 1) sin x sin h cos x cos h sin x sin h cos x cos h 1 sin h = lim = cos x lim sin x lim h0 h0 h0 h h h h