CONFIDENTIAL

AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT FUND ADF/BD/WP/2004/152 9 November 2004 Prepared by: OCAR/ONAR Original: English

Probable Date of Board Presentation: TO BE DETERMINED

FOR CONSIDERATION

MEMORANDUM
TO: FROM: THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS Cheikh I. FALL Secretary General MULTINATIONAL: PROPOSAL FOR AN ADF LOAN OF UA 44.56 MILLION AND AN ADF GRANT OF UA 2.94 MILLION TO FINANCE THE CREATION OF SUSTAINABLE TSETSE AND TRYPANOSOMIASIS FREE AREAS IN EAST AND WEST AFRICA* Please find attached a copy of the Appraisal Report on the above-mentioned project. The Loan Agreement relating to the project was negotiated from 2nd to 5th November 2004, in Tunis. The Outcome of Negotiations and the Draft Resolutions will be submitted to you for approval subsequently.

SUBJECT:

Attach: Cc.: The President

*Questions on this document should be referred to : Mr. C. R. SPENCER Director OCAR Mr. S. Z. MOUSSA Division Manager OCAR.2 Mr. A. D. BEILEH Division Manager ONAR.1 Ms. E. KASALU-COFFIN Principal Agric. Economist OCAR.2 Mr. C. L. TAWAH Senior Livestock Expert ONAR.1 Mr. B. BOEDTS Principal Agronomist OCAR.1 Mr. A. DIAW Senior Financial Analyst OCAR.3 Mr. M. TRAORE Senior Environmental Expert OCAR.0
SCCD: W.A. A.

Ext. 2036 Ext. 2143 Ext. 2139 Ext. 2472 Ext. 3368 Ext. 2473 Ext. 2580 Ext. 3308

AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT FUND

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH ORIGINAL: ENGLISH DISTRIBUTION: LIMITED CONFIDENTIAL

MULTINATIONAL PROJECT

CREATION OF SUSTAINABLE TSETSE AND TRYPANOSOMIASIS FREE AREAS IN EAST AND WEST AFRICA

APPRAISAL REPORT

Agricultural and Rural Development Departments

OCAR & ONAR October 2004

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES, LIST OF ANNEXES, PROJECT INFORMATION SHEET, CURRENCY AND MEASURES, LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS, PROJECT LOGICAL FRAMEWORK, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. i-----xiii
1 ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE PROJECT......................................................................... 1 2 AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT SECTOR ........................................... 2 2.1 Structure and Performance ............................................................................................... 2

2.2 Land Tenure and Land Use ............................................................................................ 3 2.3 Poverty and Food Security ............................................................................................. 4 2.4 Gender ............................................................................................................................ 4 2.5 Sector Policies and Strategies ........................................................................................ 5 2.6 Sector Constraints and Opportunities............................................................................. 6 3 LIVESTOCK, CROPS, HEALTH AND NATURAL RESOURCES SUB-SECTORS ... 7 3.1 Livestock Sub-Sector ..................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Crops Sub-Sector............................................................................................................ 8 3.3 Health Sub-Sector........................................................................................................... 9 3.4 Natural Resources Sub-sector ...................................................................................... 11 3.5 Impact of Trypanosomiasis on Rural Development..................................................... 11 3.6 Institutional Framework ............................................................................................... 13 3.7 Donor Support and Lessons Learned ........................................................................... 16 3.8 The PATTEC Programme ............................................................................................ 19 4 THE PROJECT ......................................................................................................................... 21 4.1 Project Concept and Rationale ....................................................................................... 21 4.2 Project Area and Project Beneficiaries......................................................................... 23 4.3 Strategic Context .......................................................................................................... 25 4.4 The Project Objective................................................................................................... 26 4.5 Description of Project Components ............................................................................. 26 4.6 Production, Markets and Prices.................................................................................... 32 4.7 Environmental Impact .................................................................................................. 33 4.8 Project Costs .................................................................................................................. 35 4.9 Sources of Financing and Expenditure Schedule ......................................................... 36
5 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION............................................................................................. 39

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8

6

Executing Agency ........................................................................................................ 39 Institutional Arrangements ........................................................................................... 39 Supervision and Implementation Schedules................................................................. 40 Procurement Arrangements.......................................................................................... 41 Disbursement Arrangements ........................................................................................ 43 Monitoring and Evaluation........................................................................................... 43 Financial Reporting and Auditing ................................................................................ 44 Aid Coordination.......................................................................................................... 45
ROJECT SUSTAINABILITY AND RISKS............................................................................. 45

6.1 6.2 6.3

7

Recurrent Expenses ...................................................................................................... 45 Project Sustainability.................................................................................................... 45 Critical risks and Mitigating Measures ........................................................................ 46
PROJECT BENEFITS ............................................................................................................... 47

7.1 7.2

Source of Benefits ........................................................................................................ 47 Economic Analysis....................................................................................................... 47

7.3 7.4
8

Social impact Analysis ................................................................................................. 48 Sensitivity Analysis...................................................................................................... 49

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................... 50

8.1 8.2

Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 50 Recommendations and Conditions for Loan Approval................................................ 50

List of Tables Table 4.0: Area to be suppressed and eradicated in Project Areas .......................................... 24 Table 4.1: Summary of the Project Cost Estimates by Component ......................................... 35 Table 4.2: Summary of the Project Cost by Category of Expenditure..................................... 37 Table 4.3a: Sources of Finance ............................................................................................... 36 Table 4.3b: Breakdown of Resources by Country/Organisation in Million UA...................... 38 Table 4.4: Expenditure by Category and by Source of Finance (million UA)......................... 37 Table 4.5: Financing by ADF Loan/Governments................................................................... 38 Table 4.6: Financing by ADF Grant/Governments .................................................................. 38 Table 4.7: Expenditure Schedule by Component (in million UA)........................................... 38 Table 4.8: Expenditure Schedule by Source of Finance (in million UA) ................................ 38 Table 5.1: Key Implementation Target Dates .......................................................................... 40 Table 5.2: Procurement Arrangements (in million UA)........................................................... 41 Table 6.1: Financing of Recurrent Expenses by Source of Finance. (million UA) ................. 45

ANNEX I: Indicative Phasing of Projects under the Programme ANNEX II: Location of Phase I Countries and project areas ANNEX IIb: Map of Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Infested belt in Africa ANNEX III: Country specific data in the project area ANNEX IV: Project Organisational Chart ANNEX V: Project Implementation Schedule ANNEX VI: Provisional list of goods and services (UA million) ANNEX VII: Calculation of Economic Rate of Return (USD 000) ANNEX VIII: Environmental and Social Management Plan Summary ANNEX IX: On-Going Bank Group Operations by Country ANNEX X: Highlights of the Project Preparation and Review Process

This report was prepared by Ms. Esther Kasalu-Coffin, Principal Agric. Economist, OCAR.2, Mr. Chi Lawrence Tawah, Senior Livestock Expert, ONAR.1. Mr. Bruno Boedts, Principal Agronomist, OCAR.1, Mr. Abdourahmane Diaw, Senior Financial Analyst, OCAR.3, Mr. Modibo Traore, Senior Environmental Expert, OCAR.0, Dr. John Kabayo PATTEC Co-ordinator, and a Consultant in Land Use Planning. Contributions were received from Gender Expert, Mrs Rita Ba, OCAR.0. Inquiries should be addressed to them or to Mr. S. Z. Moussa, Manager, OCAR.2, ext. 2143 or Mr. A. D. Beileh, Manager ONAR.1, ext. 2139.

i AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT FUND Angle des Trois Rues, Rue du Ghana, Rue Pierre de Coubertin, Rue Hedi Nouira B.P. 323, 1002 TUNIS BELVEDERE, TUNISIA TEL: (216) 71 333 511; FAX: (2I6) 71 332 992; E-MAIL: afdb@afdb.org PROJECT INFORMATION SHEET The information given hereunder is intended to provide guidance to prospective suppliers, contractors, consultants and all persons interested in the procurement of goods and services for projects approved by the Boards of Directors of the Bank Group. More detailed information and guidance should be obtained from the Executing Agency of the Borrowers. 1. Countries : PROGRAMME1 PROJECT Thirty-seven Tsetse infested Sub-Saharan Countries. Burkina Faso; Mali; Ghana; Ethiopia; Uganda; and Kenya.

2. Name of Project

: Creation of Sustainable Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Free Areas in East and West Africa : In Burkina Faso; Mali; Ghana; Ethiopia; Uganda; and Kenya : Farmers in the six participating countries as well as Institutions involved in training, eradication of Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis in these countries.

3. Location 4. Beneficiaries

5. Co-ordinating Agency : Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign, (PATTEC), Commission of the African Union, P.O. Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *Tel: (251)1-516 467 *Fax: (251)1-525835 *E-mail: jpk.pattec@telecom.net.et 6. Executing Agency : Government Ministries or Departments mandated to address the Problem of Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis in the Participating Countries. : Project components: (i) Tsetse Suppression & Eradication (ii) Capacity Building (iii) Sustainable Land Management; (iv) Coordination and Management

7. Project Description

8. Total Cost

: UA54.96 million ADF Loan : UA 44.56 million ADF Grant : UA 2.94 million

West Africa East Africa Central Africa Southern Africa

: 1-Benin; 2-Burkina Faso; 3-Cote d'Ivoire; 4- Gambia; 5-Ghana; 6-Guinea; 7-Liberia; 8-Mali; 9-Nigeria; 10-Niger; 11-Senegal; 12-Sierra Leone; 13-Togo; : 1-Ethiopia; 2-Kenya; 3-Somalia; 4-Sudan; 5-Tanzania; 6-Uganda; : 1-Burundi; 2-Cameroon; 3-Central African Republic; 4-Congo; 5-Democratic Republic of Congo; 6-Chad; 7-Gabon; 8- Equatorial Guinea; 9-Rwanda; : 1-Angola; 2-Botswana, 3-Malawi; 4-Mozambique; 5-Namibia; 6-South Africa; 7-Swaziland; 8-Zambia; 9-Zimbabwe

ii 9. Other Sources of Finance 10. Date of Approval : Participating Countries and other financiers-UA7.45 million : December 2004

11. Estimated Starting Date & Duration of the Phase I Project: June 2005, 6 Years 12. Environmental Categorisation: Category I

13. Consultancy Services Required: Consultancy services will be required for: (i) Technical Assistance services for the insectariums and the line ministries; (ii) Training for the communities, the staff of the project and the line ministries; (iii) Technical support to GIS staff; (iv) Development of the project manual of procedures and the mid-term review; (v) Facilitating Land use planning; (vi) Monitoring; (vii) Baseline surveys; (viii) Audit; (ix) Studies and (x) Fly release services. All procurement of goods and services financed by ADF Loan and ADF Grant resources will be in conformity with Bank Group Rules of Procedure.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (August 2004) Currency Unit = Units of Accounts UA 1 = USD 1.45776

Fiscal Years 1st January 31st December (Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana) 7th July 6th July (Ethiopia) st 1 July 30th June (Uganda, Kenya)

Weights and Measures Metric systems 1kg = 2.2 pounds

iii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AAT ADB ADF AHT ASARECA AU AU/IBAR CIRDES COCTU CSP DBMS DFID DFD DLP DGRC DNAER DNAMR DVS DRC ECOSOC ELAT ERR ESTC EU FAO FITCA FMD GDP GIS GNI GPS GTZ IAEA ICB ICIPE ILRI ITC KARI KETRI LIRI MAAIF MLF MOARD MOA MOFA MOH MoLFD NAEP NCB NEPAD African Animal Trypanosomiasis African Development Bank African Development Fund African Human Trypanosomiasis Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East & Central Africa African Union African Union-Inter-African Bureau of Animal Resources Centre International de Recherche-Dveloppement sur lElevage en Zone Subhumide Coordinating Office for Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda Country Strategy Paper Data Base Management System Department for International Development Fisheries Development Department Livestock Production Department General Directorate for Regulation and Control National Directorate of Pastoral Management and Rural Equipment National Directorate for Rural Development Veterinary Services Department Democratic Republic of Congo United Nations Economic and Social Council Ecole de Lutte Anti-Tsts Economic Rate of Return Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission European Union Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations Farming in Tsetse Controlled Areas Foot and Mouth Disease Gross Domestic Product Geographic Information Systems GINI Coefficient (measure of inequality) Global Positioning System German Technical Co-operation Department International Atomic Energy Agency International Competitive Bidding International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology International Livestock and Research Institution International Trypanotolerance Centre Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute Livestock Research Institute Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Food and Agriculture Ministry of Health Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development National Agricultural Extension Policy National Competitive Bidding New Partnership for Africas Development

iv
NTTICC OAU OCP PAAT PATTEC PCMU PROCORDEL PRSP PSC RDS RMC RTTCP STEP SIT SLM STEP T&T TTCUs TLU UA UCLT USD WHO National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre Organization of African Unity Onchocercosis Control Programme Programme Against African Trypanosomiasis Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign Project Coordination and Management Unit Programme de Recherche-dveloppement sur llevage en Afrique de lOuest Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Project Steering Committee Rural Development Strategy Regional Member Country (Member of the Bank Group) Regional Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Programme Southern Valley Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Project Sterile Insect Technique Sustainable Land Management Southern Rift Valley Tsetse Eradication Project Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Units Tropical Livestock Unit Units of Account (for the African Development Bank Group) Unit Centrale de Lutte Contre les Mouches Tsts et les Trypanosomoses Animales United States Dollar World Health Organisation

COMPARATIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS ON GROUPED* COUNTRIES

*(Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Uganda) Developing Countries
80 976 5,024.6 43.1 60.6 1 154 45.6 39.7 0.655 23.0 1.7 2.9 32.4 5.1 61.1 103.3 26.9 62.0 66.3 24.0 8.4 60.9 79.8 440 2.8 59.0 78.0 98.0 56.0 78.0 80.0 52.0 1.3 144.0 82.0 73.0 31.0 2 675 1.8

Year
Basic Indicators Area ( '000 Km) Total Population (millions) Urban Population (% of Total) Population Density (per Km) GNI per Capita (US $) Labor Force Participation - Total (%) Labor Force Participation - Female (%) Gender -Related Development Index Value Popul. Living Below $ 1 a Day (% of Population) Demographic Indicators Population Growth Rate - Total (%) Population Growth Rate - Urban (%) Population < 15 years (%) Population >= 65 years (%) Dependency Ratio (%) Sex Ratio (per 100 female) Female Population 15-49 years (% of total population) Life Expectancy at Birth - Total (years) Life Expectancy at Birth - Female (years) Crude Birth Rate (per 1,000) Crude Death Rate (per 1,000) Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000) Child Mortality Rate (per 1,000) Maternal Mortality Rate (per 100,000) Total Fertility Rate (per woman) Women Using Contraception (%) Health & Nutrition Indicators Physicians (per 100,000 people) Nurses (per 100,000 people) Births attended by Trained Health Personnel (%) Access to Safe Water (% of Population) Access to Health Services (% of Population) Access to Sanitation (% of Population) Percent. of Adults (aged 15-49) Living with HIV/AIDS Incidence of Tuberculosis (per 100,000) Child Immunization Against Tuberculosis (%) Child Immunization Against Measles (%) Underweight Children (% of children under 5 years) Daily Calorie Supply per Capita Public Expenditure on Health (as % of GDP) Education Indicators Gross Enrolment Ratio (%) Primary School - Total Primary School - Female Secondary School - Total Secondary School - Female Primary School Female Teaching Staff (% of Total) Adult Illiteracy Rate - Total (%) Adult Illiteracy Rate - Male (%) Adult Illiteracy Rate - Female (%) Percentage of GDP Spent on Education Environmental Indicators Land Use (Arable Land as % of Total Land Area) Annual Rate of Deforestation (%) Annual Rate of Reforestation (%) Per Capita CO2 Emissions (metric tons)

Grouped Countries*
3 678 171 24.1 64.7 210 47.1 45.5 0.415 2.4 5.2 45.5 2.8 94.2 98.3 23.1 47.2 46.2 41.5 16.3 88.3 149.1 883 5.7 15.1 4.4 27.6 26.9 38.4 62.2 47.6 7.2 126.9 77.5 63.0 35.4 2 227 1.9

Africa

Developed Countries
54 658 1,200.3 78.0 22.9 26 214 54.6 44.9 0.905 20.0 0.6 0.5 18.0 14.3 48.3 94.7 25.4 78.0 79.3 12.0 10.3 7.5 10.2 13 1.7 74.0 287.0 782.0 99.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.3 11.0 93.0 90.0 3 285 6.3

2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 1994 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 1990-98 2002 1990-99 1997-99 1997-99 1997-99 2000 1993-98 2000 2001 2000 2000 2000 1995-2000 2001 1995-99

30 061 831.0 38.6 27.6 650 43.3 41.0 0.475 46.7 2.2 3.9 42.3 3.3 86.6 98.9 23.9 50.6 51.7 37.3 15.3 81.9 135.6 641 4.9 40.0 57.6 105.8 44.0 62.1 61.7 60.5 7.1 109.7 76.4 67.7 25.9 2 444 3.3

2000/01 2000/01 2000/01 2000/01 1995-98 2001 2001 2001 1996-98 2000 1992-97 1990 1998

81.0 73.5 19.3 18.4 22.2 45.0 36.9 53.0 4.3 12.1 0.7 7.0 0.1

89.2 83.7 40.8 38.1 50.9 37.9 29.2 46.4 5.7 6.2 0.7 10.9 1.2

91.0 105.0 88.0 45.8 51.0 26.6 19.0 34.2 3.9 9.9 0.4 1.9

102.3 102.0 99.5 100.8 82.0 1.2 0.8 1.6 5.9 11.6 -0.2 12.3

Source : ADB Statistics Division; UNAIDS; World Bank Live Database and United Nations Population Division. Notes: n.a. Not Applicable ; Data Not Available.

vi LOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROJECT LOAN Narrative Summary

Programme Sector Goal:
Contribute to enhanced food security and reduced poverty in 37 tsetse infested countries of sub-Saharan Africa. 50% reduction in poverty by 2015 - 8%economic growth achieved by 2015 National statistics. WHO reports. PATTEC Reports PATTEC Monitoring system?

Measurable Indicators

Means Verification

of Important Assumptions/Risks

Project Sector Goal:

Contribute to improved food security and reduced poverty in the six participating countries. - 50% reduction in poverty by 2015 - 8%economic growth achieved by 2015 - Regional statistics. - PATTEC Reports

Project Objectives Create sustainable tsetse-and-trypanosomiasis-free areas in six countries in support of the eradication of tsetse and trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa by integrating suppression, control and eradication approaches while ensuring the reclaimed areas are sustainably, equitably and economically exploited.

- US $35 million per year savings from tsetse control efforts and drug treatment by PY6 1.757.673MT to 1.904.336MT per year (8%) in the area covered by PY6 Meat offtake increased from 74,000 to 99,000 MT per year (26%) in the area covered by PY6 Milk offtake increased from 382,000 to 481,000 MT per year (26%) in the area covered by PY6 - 5 million people no longer at risk of sleeping sickness by PY6. - 10.3 million herd of cattle no longer at risk of trypanosomiasis by PY6. - 130,000 km2 cleared of tsetse flies by PY6.

- Project Progress Reports. - Regional and District Authority reports. - Land cover assessment report.

1. Continued conducive agricultural and economic policies support community intensification and expansion of agriculture. 2. Failure to secure funding to continue with the implementation of the programme. 3. Re-invasion of flies due to lack of continuity in the collaboration between affected countries; 4- Re-invasion of flies due to inaccessibility as a result of insecurity in infested areas

vii
OUTPUTS A. Suppression & Eradication 1. Baseline data collected and analysed. 2. Appropriate indicators for tsetse and trypanosomiasis prevalence and environmental impact established and monitored. 3. Tsetse-mass rearing facilities insectaries established in one country in east and one in west Africa. 4. Tsetse suppressed over whole project area and eradicated from part of project area. 5. People screened & treated for sleeping sickness in project areas. 6. Methodology and techniques for tsetse suppression and eradication adapted and refined according to local situation. 7. Strategic plan for suppression and eradication of tsetse and tryps in whole country. B. Capacity Building 1. An integrated (including GIS) information management system established and operational in each PCMU by the end of year 1. 2. Regional and national capacities for co-ordinated eradication of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis strengthened. 3. National capacity for environmental audit strengthened. 4. Selected training facilities strengthened.

- Gender disaggregated Baseline data collected and processed BY PY6. - 784m sterile males tsetse flies produced by PY6. - Tsetse populations reduced to SIT application levels over project area by PY6. - 190,900 km2 of tsetse infested area suppressed by PY6 - 215,000 km2 of the suppressed area eradicated of the tsetse by PY6 - Appropriate indicators identified, agreed and monitored by PY6.

- Progress Reports - Monitoring & Evaluation Reports - Impact Assessment Reports

1 Community interest and participation in tsetse suppression and eradication and sustainable land management is sustained. 2 Barriers maintained and effective against re-infestation. 3 Trans-boundary collaboration effective and maintained. 4 No new strains of the tsetse flies adapting to new habitats or emerging. 5 Other biting flies like stomoxys and tabanids or wildlife which could serve as vectors for the transmission of the parasite, remain at low levels

-national capacity for environmental audit in -each of the 6 countries strengthened by PY2 -one training facility at ELAT in Burkina Faso rehabilitated by PY1 - One Integrated information system per country established and operational by PY2.

C. Sustainable Land Management 1. Broad land use planning information with recommendations for agricultural intensification and expansion in project area. 2. Sustainable Land Management Guidelines and supporting leaflets developed as training and reference material for community selected leaders and extension and technical staff. 3. Improved capacity for village and farm level land use planning and land husbandry, with at least 30% women represented in committees 4. Complimentary agricultural development projects and issues identified and promoted. D. Coordination and Management 1. Project Coordination and Management Units (PCMU) established in each participating country. 2. Systems established for information exchange and coordination between the national PCMUs, PATTEC Focal Points and the regional PATTEC office.

- Land Use Plans produced for each cleared area (8 parcels). - 36,000 Standard Land Use Manual (SLM) Guideline pamphlets for the 6 countries distributed. - At least 14 new projects included in national plans and budgets.

- Project Land Planning Reports

- National plans and budgets.

- PCMUs established and staffed by PY1 - 6 environmental audits carried out/year.

viii
ACTIVITIES A. Suppression & Eradication 1.1 Community engagement. 1.2 Baseline data collection TORs prepared and commissioned: Household, Environmental, Land cover, Entomology and Parasitology surveys. 2.1 Identification and agreement of appropriate indicators. 2.2 Monitoring of agreed entomological, parasitological and environmental indicators. 3.1 Construction of insectary buildings. 3.2 Procurement and installation of Gamma radiation source, tsetse production units and other equipment. 3.3 Production of sterile male flies. 4.1 Training of village level field technicians and Paravets. 4.2 Procurement and deployment of traps, targets, pour-ons and SAT for suppression of tsetse. 4.3 Early diagnosis and treatment of infected people 4.4 Treatment of cattle 4.5 Sequential procurement and release of sterile male flies. 4.6 Deployment of barriers where required around eradicated and suppressed areas. 5.1 Adaptive research: Continuous refinement of bait and SIT technologies. 6.1 Development of plan for suppression and eradication of tsetse and tryps in whole country. B. Capacity Building 1.1 Development and installation of database management system and GIS hardware and software. 1.2 Acquisition, checking and incorporation of data. 2.1 Training, workshops, learning by doing for tsetse staff. 3.1 Training and learning by doing for environmental staff. 3.2 Support national environmental agency to carry out periodic environmental audits of the project 4.1 Strengthen training centre: equipment, rehabilitation, etc. C. Sustainable Land Management 1.1 Prepare TORs and commission land use planning exercise to cover whole project area. 1.2 Monitoring and quality control of land use planning exercise and output. 2.1 Prepare TORs and commission writing of SLM Guidelines and supporting leaflets as training and reference material for technical and extension staff and local leaders. 2.2 Printing of SLM Guidelines and brochure. 3.1 Short training of local technical and extension staff. 3.2 Short training of community selected village-level technicians/leaders (paraprofessionals). 3.3 Promotion of village and farm level land use planing and land husbandry. 4.1 Advocacy and lobbying to promote complimentary development projects and research issues identified by land use planning study for incorporation into local and national plans and budgets. D. Coordination and Management 1.1 Recruitment of PCMU Co-ordinator, Statistics/GIS Specialist, Entomologist and supporting staff. 1.2 Establish PCMU office with appropriate information technology and communication facilities. 2.1 Establish regular communication between all levels. 2.2 Establish periodic reporting and meeting schedules. FINANCIAL RESOURCES Costs: Component A: UA million Component B: UA million Component C: UA million Component D: UA million Total: UA million

42.98 2.25 1.03 5.43 51.69

Source of financing: ADF Loan: UA million Governments. UA million Total: UA million

44.56 7.13 51.69

ix LOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROJECT GRANT Narrative Summary

Programme Sector Goal: - Contribute to enhanced food security and reduced poverty in 37 tsetse infested countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Project Sector Goal: - Contribute to improved food security and reduced poverty in the six participating countries. Project Objectives Strengthen the capacity of PATTEC and the participating countries to deliver the project and the programme by providing training and logistics

Measurable Indicators
- 50% reduction in poverty by 2015 - 8%economic growth achieved by 2015

Means of Verification
- National statistics. - WHO reports. - PATTEC Reports

Important Assumptions/ Risks

- 50% reduction in poverty by 2015 - 8%economic growth achieved by 2015

- Regional statistics. - PATTEC Reports

- Further projects implemented in all 37 affected countries until the whole tsetse infested area is covered.

OUTPUTS B. Capacity Building 1. PATTEC capacity enhanced. 2. Regional and National capacities to eradicate Tsetse flies and Trypanosomiasis strengthened. 3. Training facilities strengthened. 4. An integrated (including GIS) information management system established within each participating country PCMU and PATTEC.

- 7 sets of computers and internet connection bought and installed for PATTEC HQ and country focal points by PY1. - 5 research themes executed by the Research institution by pY6 - 6 tsetse & trypanosomiasis project proposals prepared and ready for appraisal by PY2. - PATTEC HQ and Country Focal Points equipped and functional by PY1. - Operational research functioning on identified needs by PY3 - 6 tsetse & trypanosomiasis project proposals prepared ready for appraisal by PY2. -600 technical staff trained by PY6 -1,800 extension staff trained by PY6 -3,600 village technicians by PY6 -1,200 village elders trained by PY6 -out of all the above at least 30% will be women.

Progress Reports -

Progress Reports

ACTIVITIES Capacity Building 1.2 Procurement of office and IT equipment, for PATTEC HQ. 2.1 Procurement of office and IT equipment for country focal points. 2.2 Workshops to foster coordination among countries.

FINANCIAL RESOURCES Costs: Component B: UA million Total: UA million Source of financing: ADF Grant: UA million Governments UA million Total: UA million

3.27 3.27

2.94 0.33 3.27

x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. PROJECT BACKGROUND

Trypanosomiasis is a serious disease affecting people, livestock and wildlife in Africa. Attempts have been made to control the disease and its vector, the tsetse fly, since the early part of last century. The socio-economic consequences are serious with current estimates for losses in livestock and agricultural productivity alone estimated at US $1.3 billion every year. In spite of the huge effort and investment by affected countries and donors to address the problem, there is resurgence and the incidence of the disease is increasing, with devastating impacts, due to re-infestation of tsetse with the break down in control measures as a result of budgetary constraints, natural disasters and conflicts. The situation has been exacerbated by drug resistance and supply limitations. Against this background, the African Heads of State and Government decided in 2000 to make a fundamental change in direction from never-ending, nationally-focused control to once-and-for-all, continent-wide eradication of tsetse and trypanosomiasis (T&T). A trypanosomiasis-free Africa is also considered as an important input to the success of the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) programme as it will enable the economic exploitation of the vast fertile lands of the humid and sub-humid zones. Following the decision of the Heads of State and Government was the establishment of Pan-African T&T Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) under the African Union to coordinate this initiative and the development and approval of a Plan of Action in 2001 to guide the effort. Since its creation, PATTEC has collaborated with all the 37 affected sub-Saharan African countries to prepare national strategies and programmes in line with the Plan of Action. In addition, as part of its resource mobilisation efforts, PATTEC contacted the Bank in 2002 on behalf of the affected countries for financial support. The Bank in collaboration with PATTEC and representatives of some of the affected countries transformed the PATTEC Plan of Action into a continent-wide Framework Support Programme for the Eradication of T&T in Sub-Saharan Africa following an identification (February 2004) and a preparation (May 2004) mission to these countries. The Appraisal Report covers Phase I Project under the Programme and follows from the earlier works and the outcome of the Bank mission and two workshops in West and East Africa from 7 August to 1 September 2004. The project has been appraised jointly by representatives from the six participating countries of Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana, PATTEC and the Bank Group. The project has been designed in line with the countries national tsetse eradication strategies and is high on the priority list of development activities for each of these countries Country Strategy Papers. It is also consistent with the strategy for the continent-wide Programme. 2. PURPOSE OF THE LOAN

An ADF Loan of UA44.56 million and an ADF Grant of UA2.94 million amounting to 86.4% of the total project cost, will be used to finance 98% of the foreign exchange (UA36.20 million) and 63% of the local cost (UA11.30 million). The project will cover an area of 215,000 km2 with about 14.8 million people in the different project areas in the six countries.

xi 3. SECTOR GOAL AND PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The Project sector goal is to contribute to poverty reduction and food security improvement in the six countries. The Project objective is to create sustainable tsetse-and-trypanosomiasisfree areas in the six countries in support of the eradication of T&T in sub-Saharan Africa by integrating suppression, control and eradication technologies while ensuring the reclaimed areas are equitably, sustainably and economically exploited. 4. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT COMPONENTS

To achieve the project objective, the project will be implemented along the lines of the following inter-related technical and support components: i) Suppression and Eradication Component is based on a co-ordinated, area-wide, sequential and integrated strategy using a combination of relatively simple and environmentally friendly technologies such as traps, targets and pour-ons to suppress fly population to low levels before applying the sterile insect technique (SIT) to clear the remnants of the tsetse populations and comprises four sub-components - (i) community involvement, (ii) baseline data collection and processing, (iii) mass-rearing of tsetse flies, and (iv) sequential release of gamma-radiated sterile males. The outputs include: about 190,900 km2 land area suppressed, about 130,000 km2 eradicated, gender disaggregated benchmarks and appropriate indicators for monitoring T&T prevalence and environmental impact generated, an insectary built in Burkina Faso, all the villages at risk in the project area systematically screened for sleeping sickness, all diagnosed cases of humans and livestock treated, methodology and technique for tsetse suppression and eradication refined and adapted, and strategic plans accessible to both men and women for suppression and eradication of T&T developed. in the six participating countries. ii) Capacity Building Component, involving three subcomponents, namely, (i) an integrated data information system, (ii) rehabilitation of sub-regional training facilities, and (iii) strengthening of national and regional capacities, is viewed as the main strategy for providing technical skills and experience to implement the project in a coordinated and sustained manner. Its outputs include: an integrated information management system established in each of the six PCMUs; regional and national capacities of both men and women to co-ordinate eradication of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis strengthened through training of 600 technical staff, 1,800 extension staff, 3,600 village technicians and 1,200 village leaders; national capacity for environmental audit in each of the six countries strengthened; and one training facility at ELAT in Burkina Faso rehabilitated. iii) Sustainable Land Management Component, comprising (i) land use planning, and (ii) institutional strengthening, aims to guide the agricultural intensification and expansion expected as a result of tsetse eradication, so as to improve productivity and sustainability, reduce possibilities for tsetse re-infestation and mitigate any potentially adverse environmental impacts as well as ensure the efficient and sustainable utilisation of the reclaimed land. Its outputs include: broad-based land use planning guide for securing land tenure, especially for the poor and women whose land rights are ignored, for each of the six countries, sustainable land management guideline for each country, and training leaflets and reference materials for both community selected leaders and extension and technical staff of all sexes.

xii

iv) Project Coordination and Management Component involves the setting up of a Project Coordination and Management Unit (PCMU) in each participating country; and establishing strategic systems for information exchange and coordination between the national PCMUs, PATTEC Focal Points in each country and the AU/PATTEC Office in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 5. PROJECT COST AND SOURCES OF FINANCE

The total project cost is estimated at UA54.96 millions (USD80.11 millions) net of taxes and customs duties. Out of this total cost, UA37.08 million (USD54.04 million) will be in foreign currency and UA17.88 million (USD26.07 million) will be in local currency. The project will be jointly financed by the African Development Fund (81.1% for the loan and 5.3% for the grant), and the participating governments. The ADF loan will be utilised to finance all four components, while the ADF grant will fund part of the Capacity Building Component. The total ADF contribution representing 86.4% of total costs, will cover 98% of the foreign exchange costs and 63% of the local costs of the project. The contributions from the participating governments will mainly comprise salaries of the national staff and part of the operating costs of the project. 6. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

The project will start in 2005 and run for over six years. The project will be coordinated and managed by each of the participating countries through Coordination and Management Units run by appointed/designated government staff and located within the appropriate line ministry. The country level activities will be co-ordinated at project level by PATTEC through its regional office in Addis Ababa, and its Focal Points in each of the participating countries. Technical assistance will be required to provide technical input to tsetse mass rearing facilities, annual audits, mid term review, and establishment of IT systems. 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions: Tsetse and trypanosomiasis constitute a major constraint to the attainment of food security and middle income status in the six participating countries. Trypanosomiasis affects both humans and livestock, resulting in deaths if the cases go untreated, reduced production and productivity of the affected animals, debilitation and incapacitation resulting in reduced labour productivity in the affected human populations. The presence of T&T is responsible for the intense human population pressure on the highlands and tsetse free areas and reduced agricultural (crop and livestock) production and reduced revenue from tourism. The project will free 13million hectares from T&T. It will also train 600 technical staff, 1,800 extension staff, 3,600 village technicians and 1,200 village leaders. It will enable an estimated increase in production of crops and livestock by 19,000 MT of meat, 99,000 MT of milk, 7,000 MT of sorghum and 15,336 MT of various crops in the project areas. Momentum for action is building in a number of affected countries to remove the disease. Removal of the constraint of T&T is needed for the success of other programmes and particularly NEPAD.

xiii Recommendations: It is therefore recommended that the following loans from ADF resources, not exceeding the stated amounts be granted: i) to the Government of Ethiopia UA9.55 million; ii) UA6.55 million, to the Government of Kenya; iii) UA6.55 million to the Government of Uganda, iv) UA5.93 million to the Government of Mali, v) UA9.34 million to the Government of Burkina Faso, and vi) UA6.64 million to the Government of Ghana. It is also recommended that a grant not exceeding the stated amounts be granted: i) UA1.5 million to AU PATTEC; UA0.24 to the Government of Ethiopia; ii) UA0.24 million, to the Government of Kenya; iii) UA0.24 million to the Government of Uganda, iv) UA0.24 million to the Government of Mali, v) UA0.24 million to the Government of Burkina Faso, and vi) UA0.24 million to the Government of Ghana for the purpose of implementing the project as described in this report, and subject to the conditions specified in each loan agreement. It is further recommended that the Bank take the lead to mobilise resources from other bilateral and multilateral sources to finance the continent-wide program.

ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE PROJECT

1.1 Trypanosomiasis is a disease which has devastated the African continent for over 100 years and is caused by a blood parasite, known as Trypanosoma and is transmitted mainly by tsetse flies, known as Glossina, to both humans and livestock. The disease is fatal if left untreated and kills an estimated 3 million herd of cattle every year in 37 affected SubSaharan African countries. An estimated 46 million cattle are at risk of contracting tsetsetransmitted trypanosomiasis and about 155 million cattle are excluded from 9 million km2 fertile and lush pasture lands because of the disease. In none-fatal cases, trypanosomiasis debilitates and diminishes productivity of livestock. On the human side, tsetse transmitted sleeping sickness is a disease which only affects human beings in Sub-Saharan Africa where it is endemic and populations exposed to the bite of the fly loses productivity and may die if not treated. An estimated 60 million people are at risk of contracting the disease. Countries are only able to screen 3-4 million of those at risk, and treatment is limited which results in the deaths of 80% of those infected. The incidence of trypanosomiasis is rapidly worsening, from 10,000 cases diagnosed in the 1970s to 40,000 cases in 2002. WHO estimates (2003) that about 50,000 new cases occur annually. The disease also affects the very fabric of rural livelihood, as it disrupts the way farmers manage their livestock, the area they cultivate and the number and types of animals that they keep as well as their settlement patterns. 1.2 The impact of the disease has had far-reaching implications in the affected countries, particularly the drive toward increasing agriculture and rural production, frustrating efforts to attain food security and reduce rural poverty. Trypanosomiasis is unique among animal diseases because it constrains agricultural production in areas that hold the continents greatest potential for increased production. It limits the expansion of national herds, the rearing of high productive breeds of livestock, and the practice of mix-farming, by obstructing access to areas with good grazing and crop lands. Animals in trypanosomiasis infested areas have lower calving rates, lower yields of milk and meat, higher rates of calf mortality, and require frequent treatment and disease prevention. The off take of milk and meat is reduced by at least 50%. The constraints are more pronounced in areas where farmers practice mixed crop-livestock farming systems. The disease also reduces the work efficiency of oxen for cultivation and transportation. Where tsetse has infested fertile lowlands, people and their livestock concentrate in adjacent tsetse free highlands, causing land pressure, environmental degradation and progressive decline in average farm size, labour productivity and farm yield. The social and economic consequences are serious with losses in livestock and agricultural productivity alone, currently estimated at US$1.3 billion a year (PAAT). The FAO reports that if trypanosomiasis were to be eradicated, 40 percent of the population in sub-Saharan Africa would benefit and 55 000 deaths per year from sleeping sickness would be avoided. 1.3 Attempts have been made to control the disease and its vector, the tsetse fly, since the early part of the last century. These efforts have largely focused on controlling the T&T to manageable levels, or simply pushing back the fly boundaries towards adjacent territories. However, the impact of the disease is on the rise in most African countries because of reinfestation from adjacent areas. Other reasons relate to political instability and the forced movement of populations as a result of conflict, poor coordination of disease and vector control measures between governments, donors, research institutes and international organisations; and limited support from policy makers. There is no vaccine against the disease and no new drugs are being developed. The main drug for sleeping sickness, which is in production, is highly toxic and most of the drugs have been rendered largely ineffective due to drug-resistance. The future availability of even these partially effective drugs is

2 uncertain because companies which produce them have threatened to discontinue production given the low and deteriorating purchasing power of affected consumers in the only market in Africa. The persistent negative effects of trypanosomiasis are a major concern to all interested in the development of the continent as these are impacting on sustainable agricultural and rural development. The technology now exists to address this problem. Moreover, it has been recognized that elimination of T&T from the continent will contribute to achieving the objective of one of the three pillars of the New Partnership for African Development Programme (NEPAD), which is extending the area under sustainable land management and reliable water control systems. 1.4 Against this background, the African Heads of State and Government decided to once and for all eradicate the disease by eliminating tsetse flies in the 37 affected countries and in July 2000, at the OAU summit in Lome, established a Pan African T&T Eradication Campaign Unit (PATTEC), within the African Union, to operationalise the campaign. PATTEC then prepared a Plan of Action to guide the process, through effective sequencing and coordination of interventions and is collaborating with all 37 affected countries through the established network of country based Focal Points. Countries have also prepared national strategies and programmes in line with the Plan of Action. PATTEC contacted the Bank Group, in 2002, on behalf of the 37 affected countries, for financial support. The Bank and PATTEC collaborated to develop a continent-wide framework of support. Following a series of meetings, an Identification Mission was fielded in February 2004 and a Preparation Mission in May 2004. It was found that the project concept and design was appropriate, and so an Appraisal mission was fielded in August 2004, to appraise the project covering six countries, namely: Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Kenya, which were selected on the basis of readiness to implement the programme, state of existing facilities and expertise, availability of information, amongst others (see section 4.2). The missions included workshops and wide consultations with government representatives, researchers, farmers, donors, and other stakeholders. This Appraisal Report was prepared based on information from these missions and from the available literature.
2 2.1 AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT SECTOR Structure and Performance

2.1.1 Agriculture dominates the economies of Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali and Uganda and impacts considerably on the incomes of the poor people as over 70% of them live and work in rural areas. Most of these farmers are smallholders who depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. Agricultural development is, therefore, an important factor in meeting the Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty in these countries by 2015. In economic terms, the sector contributes almost half (40-48%) of the total GDP, employs over 80% of the labour force and provides the majority (75-90%) of the export earnings of these countries. It is also the primary source of raw materials (over 70%) required to drive their mainly agro-based industrialisation efforts. The livestock sub-sector accounts for about 310% of the total GDP and 10-26% of the agricultural GDP of the participating countries and there is potential to increase its contribution to the overall economic growth. World Bank estimates that per capita economic growth of about 3.6% per year is needed to reduce the number of poor people by half by 2015. Faster agricultural growth is essential to achieve the income growth target in the six countries as agricultural output constitutes a major percentage of the total output. For a per capita income to grow at 3.6% and with a population growth rate of 2.4% per annum, agricultural GDP would have to grow at about 3.5% per year, so as to achieve food security, poverty reduction and sustainable economic growth. Economic growth is higher in urban than in rural areas and this disparity has been promoted by both

3 governments and donors through the allocation of public investment resources mainly to urban areas and ignoring the growth potential of rural areas, especially in the agriculture sector. 2.1.2 In recent years, growth in the sector has lagged due to the persistent presence of pests and disease, drought, inadequate extension and research support, and poor rural infrastructure. Also, agricultural productivity has been unable to maintain steady growth because of limited access of the rural people, especially women and youth, to productive assets and in particular fertile land, due to population increases, tenure systems, cultural practices and the presence of T&T. Over 90% of the farm holdings (for both crops and livestock) in these countries are less than 2 hectares in size. There are some large farms (and ranches) and plantations, particularly for coffee, cotton, rubber, oil palm and coconut and to a lesser extent, rice, maize, sorghum, millets, pulses and pineapples. Most farmers in these countries still depend on the hoe technology to cultivate their land. Mechanised farming is little developed, with bullock farming (oxenisation) practised on a large scale in some parts of Ethiopia and Kenya, and is expanding into other regions. Livestock farming is also underdeveloped and is still subsistence-oriented. Therefore, the plight of the poor farmers in these countries has worsened as a result. 2.1.3 Today, most smallholder farmers are still unable to access the basic services and productive assets which could help them to increase their productivity and forge a sustainable livelihood from agriculture. The sector average annual growth rate of 2%, during the last two decades, is outstripped by the human population growth rate of about 2.4% per annum in most of these countries. This has been exacerbated by the restricted use of over 1.2 million km2 of fertile lands, in the six countries, which is infested by T&T. The presence of T&T has influenced the pattern of settlements, the type of livestock husbandry, the degree of integration of crop-livestock farming, and the intensity of crop and livestock farming in the region. As a result, the land available for agriculture has been limited to the areas with minimal or zero T&T presence. Fluctuation in prices of key agricultural commodity exports such as cotton, tea and coffee, the high costs of inputs and the unstable weather patterns have also affected the sectors contribution to household incomes and economic growth. 2.2 Land Tenure and Land Use

Land is one of the primary resources for agricultural production. Secure access to land is essential for people to invest in and build sustainable agricultural production systems. All participating countries have a combination of customary systems, operating alongside statutory systems. Customary systems are highly varied and often complex. Most of these systems provide limited security of tenure and flexibility to adapt to social change in the community. Customary systems are, however, under pressure in many places from increasing populations and commercialisation as well as the need for secure individual rights among both women and men, and for an efficient and open land market. While the need varies in each of the participating countries, all of them are working on some form of land policy or land tenure reform programme. The effectiveness of statutory based land tenure and land administration systems also vary from country to country, depending on the degree of acceptance by traditional customary authorities and its people, and the openness and effectiveness of the land administration systems. In spite of the apparent under-utilisation of land in some countries, almost all land is owned by some group or individual. Therefore, removing T&T opens up opportunities and increases the value of the land for agricultural production.

4 2.3 Poverty and Food Security

2.3.1 The six countries, on average, under the project lag behind Africa and the rest of the world in the fight against poverty, in absolute and relative terms. Some key socio-economic indicators for the six countries collectively indicate a worse situation for its 171 million people in comparison to the aggregate levels for the whole of Africa (c.f. Socio-economic Indicators Table). These are mainly health and nutrition indicators, education indicators and life expectancy. In Ethiopia, about half of the rural population is chronically food insecure, living below the food poverty level of 2,200 kilocalorie equivalent per adult per day. More than 85% of the population in Uganda live in rural areas and depend on agriculture for livelihood, account for most agricultural output, but earn less than 50% of the national income. Poverty is mainly a rural phenomenon as 48% of the rural population is below the poverty line. 2.3.2 The economies of the participating countries are characterised by low per capita incomes (GNI/capita US$ 210 compared to US$650 for Africa), high population growth rates (2.4% compared to 2.2% for Africa), rural poverty and low standards of living. The poor populations of the participating countries have poor access to food and safe water supply. The populations have lower school enrolment ratio than the average for the whole of the continent and they are worse off now than they were 30 years ago. Average per capita income is USD 210, which is more than 300% below the average level for Africa at USD650. The high incidence of poverty is compounded, as in many sub-Saharan countries, by the adverse effects of inadequate policies, natural and man-made calamities, environmental degradation, weak institutions and declining non-oil commodity prices. 2.3.3 Their economies have been liberalised, with foreign trade accounting for about 25% of national GDP. However, most of these countries (Burkina Faso cotton, Ethiopia coffee, Ghana cocoa, Uganda coffee, Mali- cotton) are heavily dependent on one or a few export commodities whose world prices and demands are stagnant or declining, resulting in falling export earnings. Because frequent drought and floods, unavailability of high-yielding planting materials, limited opportunity to introduce high-yielding livestock breeds, and difficulties experienced by farmers in accessing credit to procure productivity enhancing inputs, and the limited access to productive land due to the presence of T&T, among other human and animal diseases, the participating countries are compelled to rely on animal and food imports to meet the growing demands and changing life styles amongst their populations. This has severe impact on the balance of payments of the countries concerned at the national level while making food security at the household level increasingly precarious. 2.4 Gender

2.4.1 Women play a prominent role in agriculture and food security, notably in cereal and vegetable production, as well as in livestock rearing (mainly small ruminants and poultry). Most men are involved in the production of cash crops and management of cattle. The majority of women, who are engaged in agricultural activities, have little access to extension services, training and research, credit, health and to market information. Due to their numerous domestic burdens, they do not have sufficient time to develop productive activities, to initiate new activities or to benefit from available training opportunities. As in the whole of Africa, women play significant roles in rural economic activities, but they continue to share a high burden of rural poverty because of their vulnerable socio-economic position. They are less educated than their male counterparts. Social, cultural and religious restrictions limit womens access to advisory services, natural and financial resources, and decision-making processes at community and household levels. There are growing numbers of de facto women

5 headed households due to civil conflicts, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and the male labour migration to cities in search of off-farm employment. 2.4.2 Women in rural areas, in particular, have reduced access to economic assets such as land, credit, human (education and health) and social capital (ability to participate in major decision making). These constraints combined with time-consuming domestic duties, limit their economic empowerment. However, they also produce the bulk of food consumed in the household and contribute to household expenditures using revenue generated from trading and small-scale agricultural processing activities. The issue of land for farming by women in the rural communities is worsened by the occupation of vast expanse of the fertile land by tsetse and trypanosomiasis, as there is high demand on the limited available land. In addition, women in these countries, carry out several micro and small-scale rural enterprises, besides farming to supplement their incomes. These investments are usually in the area of petty trading and several forms of household based processing with the women switching between one and the other depending on what they perceive as their comparative and competitive advantage. Food processing is probably the most popular enterprise including marketing. Women contribute over 80% to agricultural production, storage and processing. 2.4.3 Women and children are often the most exposed to sleeping sickness as they are responsible for food production and harvesting as well as fetching water and collecting firewood for cooking. Since these are outdoor activities, women and children are more exposed to fly bites. Infection from the disease also causes abortions and peri-natal deaths as the parasites cross the placenta of expectant mothers. Irreversible neurological damage affects both men and women in the second phase of the disease and pain is a constant, debilitating feature of sleeping sickness. 2.5 Sector Policies and Strategies

2.5.1 Agriculture sector policies and strategies of the participating countries are reflected in their respective Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and their Rural Development Strategies (RDS), which are in conformity with the Banks Country Strategy Papers (CSPs) for these countries. Their agricultural and rural development policies and strategies focus on sustainable agriculture and rural development to achieve economic growth and food security as well as reduce poverty. This involves deliberate strategies to focus the increase in production among smallholder rural producers, so as to increase their incomes, and ensure food security at household level. Agriculture sector strategies call for diversifying the agricultural economic base for the rural subsistence farmers, increasing productivity, and generating employment. 2.5.2 The sector policies and strategies of each of these countries put emphasis on (i) increased food security through widening of the sources of household incomes and living standards of farmers; (ii) increased supply of agricultural raw materials for the local industries; (iii) expansion of local manufacturing industries to supply the rural areas; (iv) diversification of the production base for export to enhance foreign exchange earnings capacity; (v) sustainable natural resource management; and (vi) reduction in pest and disease prevalence. The following are the priority intervention areas: (i) liberalization of prices and markets for agricultural produce, inputs and services, (ii) promotion of the private sector, (iii) restoration and maintenance of soil fertility, (iv) development of irrigation schemes, and (v) development of agricultural, forestry and fishery production and improvement in livestock productivity. The overarching goal of these policies and strategies is improved quality of life of the people through increased household income, food security and nutrition, gainful

6 employment and sustainable use of the natural resource base. The Governments have, accordingly, embarked on a strategy to control and eradicate T&T in the affected parts of the country in order to free as much fertile land as possible for increased agricultural production. 2.6 Sector Constraints and Opportunities

2.6.1 Constraints: Constraints to agricultural and rural development in the participating countries are both exogenous and endogenous to the sector. The exogenous factors include, among others, (i) economic growth rates (about 2.4 during the last 5 years) which lag behind average population growth rates of over 2.6% per year; (ii) poor roads, transport and infrastructure to support production and marketing, especially in rural areas; (iii) the unfavourable terms of trade for most primary agricultural commodities, and (iv) the persistent instability and civil unrest in the region. These factors are being addressed at a higher level and by related or relevant sector programmes. The endogenous factors include: (a) dependence on rain-fed agriculture; (b) inaccessibility to appropriate technologies; (c) high incidence of crop and livestock pests and diseases, and (d) limited access to primary health care services in rural areas, a constraint compounded by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Countries are addressing these constraints with the support of the Bank Group and other financiers. 2.6.2 Opportunities: The agriculture sectors in the six participating countries have recently shown variant degrees of vibrancy, diversification and growth, especially as producers and traders are taking an increasing advantage of changes and improvements in the policy environment and relative economic stability. In addition, a combination of satisfactory weather, adaptive mix of livestock breeds and crop varieties, and good soils provides a very attractive agro-ecological environment for increased agricultural production and productivity in some parts of these countries. These circumstances provide an excellent opportunity to build upon the gains already made in a sector whose performance is recognised as critical to the state of the national economy and fundamental to the reduction of poverty and food insecurity. Also, the establishment of NEPAD and other regional and sub-regional bodies have created opportunities for regional and international trade in agricultural products. 2.6.3 The policy environment and marketing opportunities in each of the participating countries have improved and are designed to stimulate: (a) a competitive agriculture, with lower unit costs of production and marketing, in order to overcome the disadvantages of high transaction costs; (b) a technology-based agriculture, with adoption of appropriate, improved husbandry and farming practices; (c) a diversified agriculture, with commodities of higher value and higher income-elasticity of demand especially fruits, vegetables and livestock products; (d) an agriculture sector feeding the agro-based processing industries with raw materials for value addition; (e) an export-promoting agriculture, with increased regional trade in traditional products and international trade in livestock products with the quality and reliability of supply and standards that are required for export; and (f) an agriculture in which total productivity is increased, both for unit of land and labour. Opportunities exist to achieve each of these aspects, provided that appropriate investments are made at the level of the individual production units (principally smallholder farms); at the level of participants in the input supply, processing and marketing chains; at the level of both public- and privatesector institutions to provide timely and appropriate support services, and at the national level to, for example, clear the vast fertile land of T&T.

7
3 LIVESTOCK, CROPS, HEALTH AND NATURAL RESOURCES SUB-SECTORS

3.1

Livestock Sub-Sector

3.1.1 The rich and diverse livestock population of the six participating countries is estimated as 66.9 million head of cattle, 107.3 million shoats, 9.2 million equines and 2.5 million camels. These countries have the potential to produce at least 1.4 billion metric tons of meat from cattle, sheep and goats. In addition, these countries have rich traditional knowledge of livestock farming. Just as elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa, livestock in these six countries are kept in different production systems with different potentials for growth, different resource endowments, and varying constraints, including unpredictable rainfall, diseases and market prices. The principal production systems are the pastoral, agropastoral (crop-livestock) and intensive (industrial) systems. Herd mobility is a major characteristic of the pastoral system, whereby the animals and their owners move in search of water and pasture but usually return to the same homestead (transhumance) or move but never return (nomadism). The pastoral system is practised mainly in the arid and semi-arid zones, where rain-fed agriculture is difficult because of the extremely short length of the growing period. 3.1.2 The agropastoral system is generally sedentary and is mostly found in the sub-humid zone, where the length of the growing period is sufficient for crop production. Those who practice this system keep livestock and grow crops for food and export. Both crop and livestock subsystems interact for mutual benefit. There are many variants of the agropastoral system. The intensive systems generally involve dairy, poultry and pig production on commercial farms. There are also sheep and cattle fattening operations in most of the humid and sub-humid zones. However, this activity is periodic depending on the demand. Because monogastrics and dairy animals produce perishable consumables, there is a tendency to concentrate them in the proximity of the market. In addition, in developing countries where cooling, storage and transport problems complicate the distribution of meat, milk and eggs to urban populations, the production units of the intensive systems (pig, poultry, fattening operations, dairy production) tend to be located in areas of high population and land pressure (urban and peri-urban areas). These units tend to import feed from wherever is the most economic and convenient. 3.1.3 There are at least two categories of livestock in a tsetse-infested environment. There are those that can easily succumb to trypanosomiasis and are, therefore, described as trypanosusceptible livestock and those that are tolerant of trypanosomiasis and are often referred to as trypanotolerant livestock. Amongst the trypanotolerant cattle in the region are the NDama and a group of Bos taurus shorthorn cattle of West and Central Africa. The NDama cattle originated from the Fouta Djallon Mountains and have since emigrated westward to Senegal and The Gambia and eastward to the Democratic Republic of Congo. The shorthorn cattle are common in the West and Central coast of Africa, from Cote dIvoire to Cameroon. There are also some breeds of sheep and goats in the region that are trypanotolerant such as the Dwarf sheep and goats of West and Central Africa. The trypanosusceptible livestock are commonly found in the hot and dry arid and semi-arid areas. 3.1.4 Livestock is strategically important to all the six participating countries as it contributes to both the rural and national economies in terms of meat, milk, hides and skins, draught power, manure to maintain soil fertility, and foreign exchange from export of agricultural products to neighbouring countries and beyond. However, the actual economic benefits derived from the livestock are incongruent with their potential. This is because of the underdevelopment and under-utilisation of the potential of the industry due to the high

8 prevalence of diseases, inadequate feed supply and poor nutrition, poor management of the available genetic resource, and poor market infrastructure. Although other animal diseases also cause heavy losses of domestic livestock, there is evidence that tsetse-borne animal trypanosomiasis has had the greatest influence on the distribution and performance of livestock in Africa (see section 3.5). However, despite the huge and diverse population of livestock in these countries, most are still unable to satisfy their local demand for animal products because of low productivity. Consequently, their import bills on livestock and related products are increasing. For example, Malis import bill on milk and milk products has risen from FCFA 11 billion (US$20 million) to 13billion (US$24 million) between 1994 and 1997, while that of Burkina Faso went from FCFA 7 billion (US$12 million) to 9 billion (US$17 million) between 1996 and 1998. In addition, Ghana imported, in 2000 alone, frozen milk products valued at about Cedis 13 billion (US$2 million), and processed and frozen meat and poultry products valued at approximately 93 billion (US$15 million). 3.2 Crops Sub-Sector

3.2.1 Crop production is predominantly rainfed in the participating countries. The crop subsector is very closely linked to that of livestock, evidenced by the large number of small-scale operators who practice mixed farming. This system of farming contributes considerably to food security since it broadens the economic base at household level. Crops grown are mainly food crops such as cereals (millet, sorghum, maize, rice, wheat, tef, fonio), other food crops such as leguminous (cowpea, pulses, lentils, beans), roots and tubers (cassava, yam, sweet potato), fruits, vegetables and cash crops (peanut, sesame, soybean, cotton). The increase in crop production is more linked to the increase of area cultivated than to yield increase and so remains relatively low, below 1ton/ha for most cereals. Limitation use of oxen for cultivation, which is affordable by smallholder operators, has negatively impacted on productivity and crop diversification such as labour intensive crops and, hence, food security and poverty in these countries as a result of the presence of T&T. 3.2.2 In West Africa, the Cereal-Root Crop Mixed Farming System is characterised by relatively low population density; abundant cultivated land; lower altitude; higher temperatures; and the presence of a tsetse challenge that limits livestock numbers and prevents the use of animal traction in much of the area. Although cereals such as maize, sorghum and millet are widespread, wherever animal traction is absent root crops such as yams and cassava are more important than cereals. Intercropping is common, and a wide range of crops is grown and marketed. Sorghum and millet come first in terms of annual cereal production. In Burkina and northern Ghana, the production of maize comes in third position but in Mali rice production is more important than maize. Most of the cereals produced are used for own consumption. In Burkina Faso and Mali, cotton dominates the industrial crops and is the main income-generating crop. The main source of vulnerability is drought. Agricultural growth prospects are excellent and this system could become the bread basket of region and an important source of export earnings. The success of the Onchocercosis Control Programme (OCP) has opened up large areas of cultivated land to farmers. Livestock populations are likely to expand, especially in the southern fringes of the farming system, as tsetse pressure is reduced. Crop-livestock integration is based upon increased cultivation of fodder crops, with cut and carry feeding systems. In the long run, such integration might involve pushing the frontier of animal traction southward into the tsetse-prone zone. Introduction of animal traction could facilitate the replication of successful models for the expansion of cotton production that were promoted by the former cotton parastatals. Whilst land has been plentiful up to the present time, local population growth and immigration will increase future pressure on land resources. In the absence of corrective

9 measures, soil fertility problems can be expected - as in the other more densely settled farming systems. 3.2.3 In East Africa, the Maize Mixed Farming System is the most important food production system. Population density is moderately high and average farm sizes are rather modest - often less than 2ha. The farming system also contains scattered irrigation schemes, but these are mostly small-scale. Where a bimodal rainfall pattern occurs farmers have two cropping seasons, but in the drier areas they usually harvest only once a year from a given field. The main staple is maize and the main cash sources are migrant remittances, cattle, small ruminants, tobacco, coffee and cotton, plus the sale of food crops such as maize and pulses. The whole system is currently in crisis as input use has fallen sharply due to the shortage of seed, fertiliser and agro-chemicals, plus the high price of fertiliser relative to the maize price. As a result, yields have fallen and soil fertility is declining, while smallholders are reverting to extensive production practices. Crop-livestock integration is strong; oxen often prepare land, dung is collected and used to manure the fields, and animals are increasingly stall-fed on crop residues supplemented by cut fodder from fodder trees, hedges or forage plots. The East African Highland Perennial System of Ethiopia and Uganda supports the highest rural population density (more than one person per ha of land) in the region. Land use is intense and holdings are very small (average cultivated area per household is just under one ha, but more than 50 percent of holdings are smaller than 0.5 ha). The farming system is based on perennial crops such as banana, plantain, enset (false banana) and coffee, complemented by cassava, sweet potato, beans and cereals. The main trends are diminishing farm size, declining soil fertility, and increasing poverty and hunger. People cope by working the land more intensively, but the returns to labour are low. 3.2.4 The most common constraints on the sustainable development of the crop sub-sector are: the shortfall and irregularity of rainfall, with a falling trend, inadequate water management, the degradation of natural resources and declining soil fertility, the predominance of extensive production methods with little intensification of farms, strong demographic pressure on farmlands, rural-urban migration, which deprives the rural environment of its life blood, the low level of rural incomes and difficulties of access to bank financing, insufficient processing of agricultural produce, bush fires, remoteness and the high costs of internal and external transport, as well as socio-cultural forces which tend to marginalize youths and especially women in rural society. Despite these constraints, there are potentials and assets which could lay the foundation for accelerated and sustained growth of the rural sector, in particular: the availability of agricultural and irrigable land, the existence of surface and groundwater resources, biological diversity and the strong determination of the rural communities and government, backed by Donors, to consolidate grassroots development 3.3 Health Sub-Sector

3.3.1 The African human trypanosomiasis (AHT) is a very debilitating and often fatal disease in which parasites (Trypanosoma) are transmitted to humans by the tsetse files (glossina) that are found in shaded habitats immediately adjacent to rivers and lakes, vast stretches of wooded savannah and dense forest areas. Early, debilitating, phases of the disease cause bouts of fever, headaches, joint pains and itching. When the parasite infests the brain, disturbances of the sleep cycle, that give the disease its name, are the most important feature. The illness also causes confusion, sensory disturbances and poor coordination. If these characteristic signs are not treated or there is no treatment before the patient moves into

10 this second phase, neurological damage is irreversible even after treatment and the disease is fatal. 3.3.2 Countries with high prevalence include Angola, the DRC, Uganda and Sudan, while Cameroon, Congo, Cote dIvoire, Central Africa Republic, Guinea, Mozambique, Tanzania and Chad are countries with relatively high and increasing prevalence, and Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Togo and Zambia have low levels of endemicity. The epidemiological status of Burundi, Botswana, Ethiopia, Liberia, Namibia, Rwanda, Senegal and Sierra Leone is unknown. Each group of countries under this project has differing disease burdens and this warrants a dual public health approach. In Central and West Africa the chronic form of AHT, caused by T.b. gambiense, may infect people for months or even years without their being any apparent symptoms. By the time the symptoms emerge, the disease is already at an advanced stage. Since treatment is difficult, the most effective public health approach is to ensure that diagnosis occurs as early as possible. Acute AHT is caused by T.b. rhodensiense and is primarily in East and Southern Africa. Infection emerges after a few weeks of exposure to fly bites. Front line health care can therefore act more quickly and make the necessary clinical referrals for appropriate case management. AHT usually strikes working age adults. 3.3.3 T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei brucei are the causative agents of the animal disease. These trypanosomes are considered non-pathogenic to humans and thus do not constitute a public health problem, while T.b. gambiense and T.b. rhodensiense also infect cattle. Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, camels, dogs, cats and monkeys are susceptible to African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) and may suffer syndromes ranging from mild subclinical or chronic infection to acute fatal disease. An important feature of the tsetse fly is its focal nature it tends to occur in circumscribed zones and the prevalence rates of the disease tend to vary greatly from one geographical area to another. The disease is also mechanically transmitted by tsetse flies and other biting flies through transfer of blood from one animal to another. Therefore, removal of the tsetse without treatment of infected cases may only perpetuate the infection. Contact between tsetse flies and humans is associated with cultivation, herding, fishing, hunting and collecting firewood. 3.3.4 Because AHT is a communicable disease, systematic population screening is necessary, particularly in West and Central Africa where T. gambiense which uses humans as its major host but also infects pigs and has a very long incubation period. Diagnosis must be made during the long, asymptomatic first phase to preclude the onset of irreversible neurological damage and to prevent transmission. Hospital-based care is essential for T. rhodensiense since diagnosis entails examination of cerebro-spinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture. First phase treatments are well tolerated but are often in short supply in health centers. During the advanced stages of the disease, the parasites are resistant to available drugs and it is estimated that 3 to 5% of patients treated in the last stage of illness die from the treatment itself. have developed resistance. Moreover, no vaccine is currently available for the disease, and the causative agents are able to evade the immune system of the host because of their enormous potential for antigenic variation. The future availability of even these partially effective drugs is uncertain since companies which produce them have threatened to discontinue production given the low deteriorating purchasing power of affected consumers in the only market, Africa.

11 3.4 Natural Resources Sub-sector

3.4.1 The natural resources of land, soil, water, vegetation, wildlife, etc. provide the basis for many human enterprises including agriculture, forestry, fisheries, wildlife reserves, tourism, etc, and taken together, constitute the natural environment. Trypanosomiasis affects the natural resources sector directly through the effects of the disease on humans and susceptible animals. It restricts the spread of certain human controlled activities such as agriculture, livestock rearing and tourism. Related indirect effects include the protection of infested areas through exclusion of people and their animals as well as the effects of mans attempts to control the tsetse fly by eliminating wildlife, destruction of the tsetse habitat and pollution from pesticides. 3.4.2 All six participating countries have decentralisation programmes which have shifted responsibility and some resources to districts and then community or village levels for planning and implementation of development which is frequently based on the available natural resources. The resources tend to lag behind the responsibilities given to district councils by decentralisation. A range of institutions exists at village or community level which have a variety of functions including planning and allocation of land within the village, planning and implementing projects and resolving local issues. These institutions are crucial for or at least influence most of the decisions taken on use of natural resources in rural areas. They lack skills, expertise and information, and, therefore, will require training, on a regular basis, to improve their capacity. National physical planning departments exist in all six countries though capacity is limited and they generally concentrate on urban areas and, in some cases, provide planning support to districts. The key to successful planning of natural resource-based development invariably is involvement of local institutions and communities. 3.4.3 All six countries have reasonable natural resources information at least at a reconnaissance scale, for most of the land area in each country. Much of this has now been digitised. Districts and regions all need technical support to enable them to make sound assessments of natural resources and options for development using the information available, supplemented by satellite imagery and geographical information system (GIS) technology. A range of national and international research based institutions, universities, and private companies are available which may be used in each of the countries to provide support with natural resources survey and planning. All the six participating countries have agricultural extension services, usually based in the district councils after decentralisation, which support farmers and village institutions with land use planning, and land, animal and crop husbandry. These invariably lack resources and can nearly always benefit from training and technical materials. Kenya, Mali and Uganda are currently experimenting with publicprivate sector extension service delivery mechanisms. 3.5 Impact of Trypanosomiasis on Rural Development

3.5.1 Tsetse and trypanosomiasis have direct impacts on livestock productivity, livestock management and human settlement. The presence of T&T affects livestock production directly through the vector-borne disease, trypanosomiasis, and indirectly by impacting on the production of livestock feed and provision of labour. African human trypanosomiasis has a major impact on the development of rural areas by decreasing the labour force and hampering production and work capacity. Further, some 1.2 million km2 in higher rainfall areas or 31% of the land in the six participating countries cannot be used for livestock production because of trypanosomiasis. WHO estimates that the average rural inhabitant would lose about 10 years of income because of premature death from the disease. The

12 problem also influences the decision-making process of the farmer as well as its profit margin. The choice of species/breed to raise is determined by the level of tsetse challenge, the degree of tolerance of the disease by the breed, the financial outlay of the farmer, and the market opportunities for inputs and outputs. It also influences the decision to use draught power on the farm, the opportunity of integrating crops and livestock, and the level of intensification of the farming system. African animal trypanosomiasis reduces the potential to extend the application of draught power to farming communities and so increases the drudgery of men, women and children in the region. Therefore, trypanosomiasis remains a major obstacle for the development of an entire region of the continent. In countries such as Angola, DRC and Sudan, the operational capacity to respond to the epidemic is largely surpassed and in certain endemic areas the observed prevalence is high (over 20%). 3.5.2 In addition, trypanosomiasis has been shown to affect livestock productivity and herd dynamics by influencing birth rate, mortality and off-take. Trypanosomiasis causes a reduction of 1-12% and 11-20% in calving rate and of 0-10% and 10-20% in viability in tolerant and susceptible breeds of cattle, respectively. Cattle in tsetse-infested areas also suffer from about 26% reduction in growth rate. Trypanosomiasis is equally responsible for advancing the age at first calving of heifers by about 18%, extending the calving interval, and increasing annual culling and cow replacement rates. All these factors tend to decrease the rearing proportion in the herd and so extend the generation interval, thereby reducing the expected genetic gains in the herd. Although cattle maintained under prophylaxis are about 80% as productive as those raised in tsetse-free areas, they are not as profitable because of the huge cost of maintenance of the herd, which includes purchase of trypanocidal drugs, treatment and care for sick animals, including the cost of morbidity (reduction in animal production) and loss in animals from mortality. If infected cattle are left untreated, they would all die from trypanosomiasis. According to ten-year studies in Burkina Faso and Ethiopia, trypanosomiasis reduces meat and milk off-take in cattle by 9-38% and 5-31%, respectively, depending on the level of challenge and the degree of tolerance of the breed. Similarly, it is responsible for reducing annual herd growth by 1-6%. In addition, the livestock husbandry system practised (e.g. sedentary, transhumant, etc.) tends to influence the level of meat and milk off-take and herd growth. Trypanosomiasis also affects animal traction performance. Studies also show that oxen in the high risk areas are 38% less efficient than those in the low risk areas. Lambing and kidding rates in infected sheep and goats are also reduced by 4-38% and 21-37%, respectively, depending on the level of challenge and the degree of tolerance of the breed. 3.5.3 The cost of maintaining animals in a tsetse-infested environment is enormous and takes away limited financial resources from other investments in the sub-sector, including modernisation of the industry. The control and treatment of livestock diseases are constrained by poor diagnostic facilities, limited public awareness campaigns, and uncontrolled stock movements. In addition, the presence of T&T has had considerable impact on the feed resources available for livestock production in the six countries by limiting access to fertile land and lush pastures and obliging farmers to invest on a small-scale, thereby limiting the carrying capacity of the land. Consequently, many pastoralists suffer heavy livestock mortality and diminished productivity, and are prevented from making use of large areas of grazing land, due to the presence of tsetse. The threat of trypanosomiasis has forced most of Africa to stock the well adapted but low-producing local livestock breeds, which are relatively trypanotolerant and are generally more capable of surviving infections of trypanosomiasis, compared to the more productive exotic breeds, which easily succumb to the disease.

13 3.5.4 Trypanosomiasis also has indirect impacts on crop agriculture (area cultivated, types of crops, yield, and efficiency of input use as it hinders the development and spread of draught animal power-based technologies which could otherwise increase food production and relieve drudgery. It affects the availability and health of animals that provide animal traction. Additional traction capacity can allow farmers to expand the area they cultivate, increase yields of existing crops, grow a different mix of crops, or allocate labour, land and fertilizer more efficiently. More important than its direct impacts on meat and milk production is its impacts on the development of integrated crop-livestock production systems. When all of the interactions between livestock and crop production are considered, trypanosomiasis reduces the total value of agricultural production by 5-10%. It is estimated that a 50% increase in the livestock population would increase the total value of agricultural production by 10%. Trypanosomiasis also incapacitates the farmer, thereby reducing labour productivity and profit margin from keeping livestock. Many communities are losing their domestic animals to trypanosomiasis and are giving up livestock production altogether. Farmers concentrate on crop production, preferring to settle in more elevated areas where they are comparatively safe from the diseases commonly found in low-lying areas. Other communities persist with livestock production and settle in areas where the limited vegetation cover is relatively tsetse-free. This pattern of settlement and separation of crop production from livestock production is expanding. Increasingly, more productive and sustainable mixed farming systems are only found in areas free of T&T. The disease and its threat have caused depopulation of large areas of good pasture and agricultural land, and has led to overcrowding in the limited tsetse-free areas. This has created problems key to which is competition for land, which sometimes leads to conflict, overgrazing, land degradation and a variety of ecological disruptions. 3.6 Institutional Framework

3.6.1 Regional and International Institutions: The Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Campaign (PATTEC) is a regional institution within the Commission for Agriculture and Rural Development of the African Union (AU) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, which was set up in 2000 by the African Heads of State and Government to oversee and coordinate the initiative of eradicating T&T from Africa. It is headed by a Coordinator, who is assisted by a Deputy Coordinator and the technical staff of the Commission. PATTEC has focal points in each of the 37 participating countries, which will serve as liaison and coordination offices within the sub-region. Under the guidance of PATTEC, the 37 tsetse infested countries have committed themselves to collectively address the challenges brought about by the presence of trypanosomiasis in order to contribute to increased food and agricultural production and productivity. PATTEC has, therefore, been mandated to consult and negotiate with national, regional and international development organizations and to mobilize resources to finance activities under the initiative. The PATTEC Office also takes responsibility in the development of work programmes, preparation of bankable project documents, training of personnel involved in intervention activities, preparation and dissemination of information on the initiative and assisting governments in the formulation of policies and strategies for the sustainable exploitation of reclaimed areas. With its limited core staff, PATTEC implements its activities in close collaboration with its affiliated institutions in the affected countries. However, PATTEC lacks appropriate information technology infrastructure to effectively deliver services to its member countries and partners. 3.6.2 The Inter-African Bureau for Animal Genetic Resources (AU/IBAR) is another regional institution of the African Union based in Nairobi, Kenya and responsible for coordinating interventions in the livestock sub-sector across Africa. AU/IBAR has a wealth

14 of experience in T&T control from its coordination of the FITCA project, which will be useful for the PATTEC programme. Key International Organizations involved in T&T problem in Africa include: the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) with offices in Ethiopia and Kenya, which has capacity for environmental impact assessment; the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Kenya with expertise in training, ecological studies and fly suppression; the International Trypanosomiasis Centre (ITC) in The Gambia with experience in the breeding of trypanotolerant livestock, training and studies, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) with expertise in SIT, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) with expertise in agriculture production and health issues, respectively. The WHO Programme for Surveillance and Control of African Trypanosomiasis (PSCAT) is responsible for coordinating public health issues, strengthening field activities for disease control and developing the network for the study of treatment and drug resistance. All these institutions are well equipped and staffed by highly trained professionals and would serve as a good source of information and technical assistance in the suppression and eradication exercise. They are engaged in basic research and the development and validation of technologies as well as vector control activities in collaborative programmes with Government and NonGovernment Organizations in T&T control and eradication in Africa. 3.6.3 Sub-regional Training and Research Institutions: Several universities, research and training institutions in the East and West Africa sub-regions have and continue to train technical and professional staff in various aspects of pest control and eradication as well as agricultural production, processing and marketing. There is still need for training of middle level staff (technicians) specifically in T&T control and eradication. The Centre International de Recherche-dveloppement sur lElevage en Zone sub-humide (CIRDES) is a sub-regional research centre based in Burkina Faso and responsible for research on livestock in the west African sub-region. LEcole de Lutte Anti-Tsts (ELAT) is an subregional training institution based in Burkina Faso that has a long history of training middle level staff for the West and East African countries. This facility is presently poorly equipped and is desperately in need of modern equipment and laboratory facilities. Institutions for training in Information Management Skills are available in all the participating countries at varying levels. Nevertheless, additional training will be provided on sub-regional basis to maintain a standard data management system. 3.6.4 National Agricultural and Health Institutions: The ministries of health, agriculture, animal industries and fisheries of each of these countries are responsible for formulating and reviewing national policies and plans for the agriculture sector, controlling and managing human, crop and animal epidemics and diseases, setting and enforcing standards and regulations for sector inputs, providing technical advice, supporting supervision and training to local governments in areas relating to decentralized services, designing, developing and maintaining a national information database on the different sectors, monitoring compliance with national policies, regulations and standards, coordinating, facilitating and supervising national development programs, and mobilizing financial and technical assistance resources for national development. They are, therefore, adequately experienced in managing donorfunded programmes. Summarised below are some key institutions involved in the implementation of T&T control and eradication as well as agricultural and rural development activities in each of these countries. 3.6.5 Burkina Faso: The Unit in charge of T&T control and eradication is within the Department of Veterinary Services of the Ministry of Animal Resources. The Department of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Health is responsible for the diagnosis and treatment of

15 cases of AHT in the country. The Ministries of Agriculture and Animal Resources are both responsible for formulating public policies and strategies in their respective domains. Each of these ministries is represented by regional directorates and technical support services at the district level. In addition, there is the Ministry of Environment and Water, which is responsible for issues relating to the environment, forests, wildlife and fisheries. In the performance of their duties, the Ministries seek the support of specialized organizations such as Environmental and Agricultural Research Institute, Water and Rural Infrastructure Fund, Agricultural Credit Bank, National Soils Agency, the National Council for Management of the Environment, National Artificial Insemination Center, community-based agricultural organizations and rural financial institutions. The Units responsible for implementing the government policies and strategies on control and eradication of T&T have skilled and experienced staff, who would require capacity building in terms of training and logistical support. 3.6.6 Ethiopia: The National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Investigation and Control Centre (NTTICC), the Mobile Trypanosomiasis Control Unit and the Trypanosomiasis Control Service are the institutions responsible for implementing T&T control and eradication projects in the country. They are part of the Department of Veterinary Services of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MOARD). In addition, MOARD has three other departments, namely, Animal and Fisheries Resources Development, Agricultural Extension, Technical Vocational and Education and Training, and Planning and Programming. It is the main body responsible for the regulation, policy formulation and enforcement as well as coordination of development programmes and projects in the country. The country is decentralised into autonomous regions and each region has a Regional Bureau of Agriculture. Agricultural Development Agents represent the frontline extension workers in the districts. The Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission is responsible for transferring and adapting the SIT technology for Ethiopia within the Southern Valley Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Project (STEP). There is a multiplicity of institutions in Ethiopia dealing with the problem of T&T. Although these institutions have both the staff and the experience, their capacity will require strengthening through training and logistical support. 3.6.7 Ghana: The Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Unit has the mandate to implement T&T control and eradication activities in the country. The Unit is directly responsible to the Director of Veterinary Services of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA). The Unit is decentralised to oversee T&T control and eradication activities in the southern, middle and northern regions of the country, with the central coordinating unit located at Pong-Tamale Veterinary Station. MOFA has nine technical directorates, namely, Animal Production (DLP), Veterinary Services (DVS), Crop Production, Fisheries, Agricultural Engineering Services, and Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation, amongst others. It is responsible for formulating, applying and enforcing agricultural policies and development plans as well as for monitoring and evaluation of national development programs. MOFA has ten Regional Agricultural Development Units and 110 District Agricultural Development Units, which are responsible for implementing agricultural projects at the various levels. While Subject Matter Specialists are based in the regions, the Agricultural Field Extension Agents are located at the district level. DVS has a central veterinary laboratory in Pong-Tamale in the Northern Region and regional veterinary laboratories in each region. DVS has also an Epidemiology Unit, which is responsible for disease surveillance. The Directorate is equipped with skilled and experienced professionals, however, training and logistical support will be required to strengthen its capacity.

16 3.6.8 Kenya: In Kenya the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MoLFD), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and that of Health (MOH) are responsible for policy formulation and technical supervision. MOLFD has three technical departments: Livestock Production (DLP), Veterinary Services (DVS), and Fisheries Development (DFD). Both DLP and DVS have a Division of Monitoring and Evaluation. They have a satisfactory base of skilled professional cadres, whose effectiveness is limited by inadequate training opportunities and logistical support for field operations. The outreach activities are handled by the National Agriculture and Livestock Extension Programme (NALEP), which is an inter-ministerial body responsible for operationalising the National Agricultural Extension Policy (NAEP). The Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) is responsible for research on crops, soils, water management, livestock production and disease control and management. The department of Veterinary Services of the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development is responsible for implementing T&T control and eradication activities in the country. KETRI, which is a division within KARI, is currently evaluating the SIT application in the Lambwe Valley. 3.6.9 Mali: The Unit Centrale de Lutte Contre les Mouches Tsts et les Trypanosomoses Animales (UCLT) of the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MLF) and the Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine of the Division de lEpidmiologie et de la Prvention of the Direction Nationale de la Sant of the Ministry of Health are responsible for implementing T&T control and eradication activities throughout the country. MLF is divided into three technical directorates Direction nationale de lappui au monde rural (DNAMR), Direction gnrale de la rglementation et du contrle (DGRC) et Direction nationale de lamnagement et de lquipement rural (DNAER). Other institutions attached to MALF include Planning and Statistics Unit, Training Centers, Rural Economic Institute, and Central Veterinary Laboratory. DNAMR is responsible for the technical, financial and administrative management of the livestock subsector, DGRC is in charge of health regulation and control, and DNAER is responsible for managing pastoral areas. These institutions have skilled and experienced staff, however, they will require strengthening in terms of training and logistical support. 3.6.10 Uganda: The Coordinating Office for Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda (COCTU) and Livestock Research Institute (LIRI) are specialised bodies of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries (MAAIF) responsible for implementing activities related to T&T control and eradication in the country. Also, the trypanosomiasis control unit within the Ministry of Health is responsible for implementing activities related to the human form of the disease. The Department of Livestock Health and Entomology of MAAIF is responsible for controlling the animal form of the disease. MAAIF comprises three sub-sectors, Crop Resources, Animal Resources and Fisheries Resources, and an Agricultural Planning and Policy Analysis Unit, and is responsible for formulating agriculture-related policies and strategies. LIRI is conducting research on the application of SIT and other control strategies in the country. These institutions are sufficiently staffed with qualified and skilled professionals but will need strengthening in terms of training and logistical support. 3.7 Donor Support and Lessons Learned

3.7.1 Tsetse and trypanosomiasis control in the six countries as in the other affected countries has had a long history of external support. Early attempts to control tsetse flies involved the application of draconian methods such as bush clearing, game destruction and insecticide application over vast expanse of affected land. These campaigns were heavily

17 sponsored by donors up to the early 1970s and succeeded in drastically reducing the prevalence and incidence of both animal and human trypanosomiasis in most of the affected countries. However, the approaches could not be sustained because (a) they were destructive of the environment, (b) the affected communities were not involved in their application, and (c) while they were supported by colonial administrations, the programmes were not priorities under post-independent administrations. Similarly, political upheavals in some of these countries, changed national priorities, poor institutional organisation, lack of involvement of the local communities, and failure to address the problem as a trans-boundary one, contributed to the reversal of the successes achieved in earlier campaigns against the disease. 3.7.2 In recent times, the Bank Group has supported tsetse control and trypanosomiasis treatment activities mainly through livestock development projects. For example, the Bank is supporting tsetse control in the Ugandan Livestock Productivity Improvement Project with a budget of UA 0.7 million and the Ghana Livestock Development Project with a budget of UA 0.5 million. Both projects were approved in 2002, with major activities involving the purchase of traps and insecticide-treated targets to control the fly populations. The Bank Group has funded the International Trypanosomiasis Centre (ITC) in The Gambia to breed cattle that are resistant to trypanosomiasis. However, trypanotolerant cattle are still susceptible to high levels of challenge and are themselves not that productive. In addition, the Bank has recently approved funding of a national land use planning study in Burkina Faso. The study will provide a framework for regional land use planning. The Bank Group supported a sister programme, OCP, which has successfully controlled onchocercosis in West Africa. 3.7.3 The Europe Union (EU) has financed various initiatives aimed at controlling T&T in Africa; the recent ones being the Regional Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Programme (RTTCP) in southern Africa, Farming in Tsetse Controlled Areas (FITCA) in East Africa (1997-2004) and the Programme de Recherche-dveloppement sur lElevage en Afrique de l Ouest (PROCORDEL) in West Africa. These initiatives have occupied various positions on the area-wide farmer-based scale of operations, but it is noteworthy that the RTTCP, which had the original objective of eradication of tsetse from the common fly belt of Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe, did not achieve this objective and so, the view was expressed at the end of the project that the farmer must go it alone. By this time much had been learned about the problem in the RTTCP region, but hopes for eradication had been abandoned and attempts at community-based tsetse suppression had met with only limited and localised success. The FITCA project involved Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda and succeeded in enabling farmers to improve their farming while controlling the level of challenge of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis as well as creating public awareness in the farming communities in the affected areas and training experts and farmers in the control of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis. During the project formulation it was noted that removal of T&T could result in increased farming activity that is likely to dramatically alter the ecosystem and the environment, so an Environmental Monitoring and Management System was introduced to monitor such changes. FITCA undertook baseline surveys in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia using remote satellite imagery and comprising natural vegetation, biodiversity, current land use and previous land use changes over time and household socioeconomic surveys. This information could be useful input for future projects in the areas affected. Secondly, FITCA has suppressed tsetse in certain areas of Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda, which could constitute target areas for eradication in future interventions.

18 3.7.4 Between 1998 and 2002, IFAD financed an integrated assessment of T&T control technologies and their impacts on agricultural production, human welfare and natural resources in the tsetse-affected areas of West, East and Southern Africa at a total cost of US$1.3 million. Case studies from this funding have indicated that vector control can generate benefits to farmers that exceed total costs by as much as a factor of ten, while preliminary assessment of impact on natural resources shows low short-term costs. The FAO financed T&T control in the Sikasso region of Mali with the participation of the beneficiary communities at the total cost of US$152,000 (1995-1997) and in the Didessa and Ghibe valley of Ethiopia (1986), where the effectiveness of targets against Glossina morsitans submorsitans was first demonstrated. The EU-funded FITCA project built on the success of this project and gradually expanded the area under control. These projects have demonstrated that tsetse control can be effective and be followed by settlement, increases in livestock numbers and productivity, introduction of improved livestock breeds, and by increases in crop production through increased use of draught power and integrated crop-livestock farming. ILRI has undertaken some studies in the Ghibe valley whereby the local communities have demonstrated their willingness to pay for the control of T&T using a combination of targets, traps and pour-ons, especially as they were able to realise benefits of these interventions on their farming activities. 3.7.5 Based on the unsuccessful previous attempts to sustain the control of T&T and the fact that this is a transboundary problem, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in collaboration with the FAO financed several pilot (T&T) eradication initiatives using gamma radiated sterile male flies in some affected sub-Saharan African countries like (a) Zanzibar, where the entire Uguja island (1,600 km2) was completely cleared of T&T in 1997, (b) Burkina Faso, where 3000 km2 of Sideradougou were eradicated of T&T in 1984, (c) Nigeria, where an area of about 1,500 km2 in the Nassarawa State was eradicated of T&T in 1988, (d) Mali, where about 2,000 km2 of the Niger basin in Bamako are planned to be eradicated with mass reared and delivered gamma radiated sterile male flies from an insectary in Burkina Faso, and (e) Ethiopia, where 25,000 km2 are programmed to be eradicated in the Southern Rift Valley. As per each of the project protocols, there is reduction in the apparent tsetse density in the target areas using a combination of simple and environmentally friendly technologies like impregnated traps and targets and live baits (pour-on) to at least 95% of its previous levels followed by the sequential release of gamma radiated sterile male insects (the sterile insect technique). The efforts in Burkina Faso, Nigeria and Zanzibar have demonstrated that SIT is a proven technology that can be used to effectively eradicate T&T from the African continent. They have also shown that the sustainability of this approach depends on the existence of natural barriers or the possibility of creating artificial barriers in order to prevent re-infestation, as well as the active participation of the communities in preventing re-infestation by tsetse flies from neighbouring areas. 3.7.6 Various other countries including Britain, France, Belgium, Sweden, Canada, Germany, USA and Japan are continuing to support a number of initiatives aimed to address the T&T problem in the 37 affected countries. Also, other international organizations such as the WHO and Global Fund for Agricultural Research and Foundations such as Bill and Melinda Gates, Rockefeller, and Turner Fund are financing various aspects of T&T control in Africa. With the resurgence of sleeping sickness and the problems of diagnosis and treatment of cases and inaccessibility of drugs, WHO and a Pharmaceutical Company have formed a partnership to build a sustainable programme to combat the disease. The Pharmaceutical Company has donated US$25 million for the next five years and would work closely with WHO on a three-prong strategy of drug donation, disease management, and research and development.

19

3.7.7 Lessons Learned: Among the lessons learned from previous interventions and which have been considered in the formulation of the present project, are: (a) sterile insect technique is an effective and efficient method for eradicating T&T, (b) sustaining the commitment of the international donor community is important, (c) it is necessary to use cheaper, ecologically acceptable and user-friendly technologies for the control and suppression of tsetse flies, (d) an integrated approach combining suppression and control technologies with the sequential release of gamma radiated sterile insects should be applied in the eradication of T&T, (e) putting emphasis on the use of local materials such as for the design and maintenance of traps and involving local communities at various levels including individuals, associations (dedicated tsetse committees) and second-tier beneficiaries like crop and livestock merchants, ranchers and tour companies are necessary for building sustainability, (f) the necessity of sustaining the interest of target communities in the programme by integrating economic activities with short-and medium-term benefits to the T&T eradication interventions, and (g) building natural or artificial barriers in the selected target areas and sustaining eradication efforts are necessary to prevent re-infestation.

3.8

The PATTEC Programme

3.8.1 The African Heads of State and Government demonstrated their commitment to the problem of tsetse and trypanosomiasis (T&T) in Africa by passing a resolution to liberate the 37 affected countries Africa during their July 2000 Organization of African Unity (OAU) Summit held in Lome (Togo) and endorsing the creation within the Commission for Agriculture and Rural Development of a Unit known as Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) with a mandate to assist in eliminating the scourge of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis from the African continent once and for all. A Plan of Action to guide the process of implementing PATTEC was prepared in 2001 and endorsed by the Heads of State and Government at their Summit in July 2001 in Lusaka, Zambia. PATTEC has since collaborated with the 37 affected countries to produce national strategies and programmes and consolidate their activities in line with this Plan. As part of its resource mobilization efforts, PATTEC approached the African Development Bank for possible financial support for this initiative. The Bank Group, in collaboration with PATTEC and some of the affected countries, developed, using the Plan of Action as a basis, a programme framework for the eradication of T&T to guide future investments. The design of the programme considers the fact that tsetse infestation (a) often stretches across territorial boundaries (transboundary), with several countries often sharing the same zone of infestation, and (b) is not continuous and uniform over the entire expanse of the tsetse belt, but occupies pockets, "islands" or discrete zones under the influence of ecological, geographical, physical or biological factors. The programme will, therefore, identify those zones which are physically and naturally isolated, such as by mountain ranges, water bodies or by limitations in factors connected with the preference and tolerance limits of the fly, such as, food availability, temperature, humidity, natural habitat cover; and, where the fly population can be isolated by artificial means as initial areas for intervention. 3.8.2 The programme strategy is based on the concepts of Integrated Pest Management and the Area-Wide Approach. The programme will be implemented in a sustained and continuous way through a series of interlinked and coordinated projects as depicted in Annex I. It shall be executed in phases, with each phase involving as many projects at a time as the available finances can support. The choice of countries for each phase will be based on the criteria of readiness to implement the initiative, among other considerations. The programme objective will be to eradicate T&T from the 37 affected African countries (see Annex IIb) and so

20 remove the constraint on agricultural production and human productivity and will have four inter-related components, namely, (a) suppression and eradication, (b) human resource development/capacity building, (c) sustainable land management, and (d) programme coordination and management. While the focus for the programme will be on the eradication of tsetse flies from specific areas at a time, surveillance, diagnosis and treatment of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock in each project area will also be undertaken. The programme will integrate all available technically feasible, cost effective and environmentally acceptable tsetse suppression methods (traps, targets, ground spraying or Sequential Aerial Technique) with the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). The implementation strategy is to systematically create T&T-free zones, beginning with identified areas in selected countries and expanding the areas of intervention in roll-the-carpet fashion through a sustained action in subsequent phases. The total cost of the programme is estimated at about USD 3.2 billion for a period of about twenty years. The finances to support the implementation of projects will be derived from the affected countries, the Bank Group and other donor partners. 3.8.3 The programme will be coordinated by PATTEC, who shall, in collaboration with the PATTEC Focal Points in each country, be responsible for the initiation of the development of new projects, implementation of capacity building activities, harmonization of national T&T policies and strategies, preparation and dissemination of publicity and public information materials on the campaign, monitoring of the programme implementation, harmonization of environmental audits, organization of meetings and workshops for sharing of experiences, etc. The office shall also mediate inter-regional and inter-state consultations and, in collaboration with the Bank, be involved in resource mobilization initiatives. PATTEC will be responsible for ensuring that the beneficiary countries meet their commitments to the programme, including making available appropriate infrastructure, information, scientific and support personnel and contributing in-kind for the field activities. Financial matters will be handled directly between the borrowing countries and the Bank. The Bank shall, in collaboration with the PATTEC Coordination Office monitor the implementation of each project in the programme. The Bank and PATTEC shall lead the efforts to mobilize resources for use in the implementation of the programme. The few countries, which have relevant facilities, e.g. tsetse mass-rearing centers, training and research facilities, and essential technical services, which they are prepared to share with other countries in the sub-region, will be treated as sub-regional or regional centers for purposes of the programme. It is estimated about 15 million people will be freed from the risk of contracting sleeping sickness to contribute to the continents agricultural and socio-economic development, and that 9 million km2 of fertile land will be made available for livestock and crop farming, among other uses. Local communities will benefit through increased income and improved food security, which will emanate from the opportunity to introduce high-yielding livestock breeds and expanded mixed farming. The methods developed and experience gained during T&T eradication campaign will be useful for future integrated and area-wide pest eradication campaigns on the continent and elsewhere. The current project is the first phase of this programme. 3.8.4 The PATTEC programme is similar to the campaign against onchocercosis in Africa which the Bank co-financed with the other donors, from 1974 to 2001. The Bank support to the onchocercosis campaign was UA8.5 million and the programme was successful. Lessons learned included the need to involve beneficiary communities, the need to build efficient partnership, with donors as well as with the private sector, including civil society, NGOs, and governments. The major achievement of the programme was the sustainability of the commitment of its donors, the communities and the governments for many decades.

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4 4.1

THE PROJECT Project Concept and Rationale

4.1.1 The proposed project will use a combination of relatively simple and environmentally friendly control methods to suppress fly population to technically prescribed low levels after which the gamma-radiated sterile male tsetse will be sequentially released every week, for a period of at least 14 months, to eliminate the flies in a given area. The choice of integrated suppression methods (traps, insecticide impregnated targets, pour-on, ground and aerial spraying)2 for use in each infested area will depend upon technical applicability, efficacy, simplicity, familiarity with techniques by the national technical team, environmental friendliness and cost effectiveness. Unlike past tsetse control efforts, the proposed project involves a co-ordinated, multinational, area-wide, sequenced and integrated set of activities to eradicate T&T from the target areas in the six countries. For effective coordination, the project will establish an integrated information system at national and international levels, using GIS and remotely sensed imagery which will guide the development and implementation of project activities. The project will cover an area of 180,000 km2 within six countries, three in West Africa (Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana) and three in East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda) selected based on criteria defined in section 4.2 and including sharing of common tsetse belts for trans-boundary collaboration and demonstrated commitment to the eradication of tsetse using SIT. The choice of regions for intervention was based on a joint FAO-PAAT/AU-PATTEC technical criteria, which includes natural barriers, national economic importance, and to a large extent a common tsetse infestation belt. 4.1.2 The rationale for the project lies in the urgency to sustainably eliminate the disease; in the availability of proven technologies; and in the high levels of commitment to address the T&T problem in a co-ordinated manner among the affected communities, the national governments of the affected countries, the national and international research organisations, international organisations and the donor community. T&T is a serious obstacle to poverty reduction and food security, so its removal is ideal at this point in time, when (i) the technology to eradicate it exists. (ii) commitment for co-ordinated and sustained action has been made by the African Heads of State and Government, and the African Union (PATTEC), when they signed the resolution in 2000 and adopted the Plan of Action in 2001; (iii) the Onchocercosis and Rinderpest Programmes which have succeeded as Pan-African efforts to control onchocercosis and rinderpest, respectively, in the continent, (iv) the success of Africas major social and economic development initiatives currently underway, such as NEPAD, could be compromised in the absence of a lasting solution to the T&T problem; and (iv) the mounting pressure for strategic and efficient use of limited available resources for
2

Traps consist of a supporting frame of 3-4 poles between which cloth panels coloured blue, black and white are attached, and a cage in which flies that move into the trap get trapped. Insecticide-impregnated targets consist of cloth screens stretched out between two poles or hung from a tree. Like with traps, the cloth screens are treated with an insecticide that kills the flies that come into contact with it. The cloth screens are either entirely blue or black or consist of blue, black and white panels; the choice of colour pattern is determined by the tsetse species being targeted.

Live bait technology: Refers to the application of insecticides onto cattle that serve as moving baits for the fly and from where the flies pick up the killer insecticide. The insecticides are usually applied in a thin strip along the back or sides (flanks) of the animal (= pour ons) but may also be applied onto the animal by spraying or dipping in dip tanks.

22 development of Africa. Given the difficulties experienced by people infected in obtaining an early diagnosis due to the lack of access to basic health care in many countries, there is also an urgent need for an integrated approach to screening and treatment. 4.1.3 The project design responds to the decision of African Heads of State and Government of 2000 to make a fundamental change in direction from never-ending, nationally-focused control to once-and-for-all, continent-wide eradication. The design has given due consideration to the following alternative approaches: either to (i) attack the disease directly, through drug treatment of animals and humans and/or provide protection through vaccination; ii) control the tsetse populations to allow farmers to keep livestock, and treat the disease in both humans and livestock; iii) eliminate the tsetse that transmits the disease, or iv) promote the use trypanotolerant livestock (see para. 3.1.3). Various countries have spent a lot of resources controlling tsetse and treating sick humans and livestock without sustainable results. These options were discussed with Government officials in the countries visited, as well as with stakeholders in those countries. The most fundamental choice was eradication in the most environmentally-friendly manner, rather than control. Eradication as mentioned above, is the only approach which would avoid repeating past failures. Associated with tsetse control are high levels of recurrent costs to maintain traps and targets and to purchase drugs for treatment. Government attempts to maintain them have been unsustainable. 4.1.4 The design of the project has drawn on the lessons learned from implementing similar projects in Burkina Faso, Nigeria and Zanzibar as well as the intervention efforts of the affected countries and the donor community to control T&T in Africa over the past decades. It has also benefited from the wealth of experience from the implementation of tsetse control in the six participating countries over the past decades as well as the success of such interventions in South Africa and Zimbabwe, where political commitment and sustained and coordinated effort succeeded. Key among the lessons are: the need for high level coordination nationally and among countries with common tsetse belts; and extensive community involvement in the suppression and eradication activities. Moreover, during the preparation of this project, local communities living in tsetse infested areas in the participating countries expressed strong support for the intervention and their willingness to participate. These potential beneficiaries provided the Project Preparation Team with information for the design of the Project. This community involvement will continue during the suppression process right from the start of project implementation. Representatives of the donor community contacted (American State department, European Union, World Bank, DFID, FAO, IAEA, KFW, German Development Agency) during project preparation also supported the project objective and design. The American State department has expressed strong interest as reflected in the resources allocated to ensure that the proposed project and future project activities are compliant with international environmental standards. In addition, the use of simple and user-friendly technologies will minimize environmental pollution. Once the trypanosomiasis constraint has been removed, the project will again work with local authorities and communities to apply best practices for land use planning and land husbandry, based on experience from implementing land resources studies and land use planning projects, to ensure sustainable and improved land productivity. Inclusion of land use management component in the project will in addition to ensuring environmental management of lands cleared of tsetse and the disease, contribute to sustaining the interest and continuous involvement of the target communities. 4.1.5 A number of options were analysed under the suppression and eradication component. Interventions to eradicate the tsetse could be targeted at national level, by mobilising resources and applying the quickest method of eradication such as aerial spraying, with the

23 aim of eliminating the fly in the shortest possible time. The option of unilateral use of spraying is desirable, but would have devastating environmental implications. A number of countries, such as Cameroon and Nigeria, used it and achieved short-term successes, but the challenge of sustainability remains. In addition, it would require larger capital investments for meaningful impacts and for erecting barriers to prevent re-infestation from adjoining areas. The second option considered was the use of control techniques without application of SIT, with a view to simply intensifying the control activities on the ground. This option was rejected, as these would require the involvement of a large number of conventional control equipment for longer periods of time in the countries to eradicate T&T. In fact, such a strategy would also require high levels of investments with no guaranteed sustainable results, as was experienced in Cameroon. Further, efforts to totally eradicate the flies using conventional techniques have been attempted but could not be sustained, as elaborated above. The third and proposed option is to apply integrated methods for suppression and eradication, which include the sequential application of the gamma-radiated sterile males (SIT) as the last method. This will be accompanied by building capacity in PATTEC and related national key institutions in the countries as reflected in the capacity building component. Capacity to coordinate and protect the cleared areas proved successful in South Africa and Zimbabwe for many years. 4.1.6 The project will seek to complement and add value to existing projects and programmes in these countries without duplicating these structures. It will contribute to each countrys overall sustainable agricultural and rural development programme which is in line with relevant country policies and strategies, including poverty reduction strategies, agricultural sector policies, livestock sector policies, wildlife, land tenure and land reform programmes, and decentralisation. The project is also in line with key policies of the Bank Group and in particular, poverty reduction, the communicable diseases policy guidelines, as well as agricultural and rural development policy. The successful execution of this intervention will reactivate development activities in other sectors like roads. Once the tsetse has been removed and land management systems have been put in place, follow up investments in agriculture production and agro-processing would be sought. 4.2 Project Area and Project Beneficiaries

4.2.1 Project Area: The project will be implemented in six regional member countries (RMCs) affected by the T&T problem. These countries are: Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya. The location of the project areas is shown on the Map in Annex II. Table 4.0 below shows the total project area in each country that will be suppressed and that which will be eradicated. The total infested area in the six countries is 1.04 million km2 and represents 11.5% of the total T&T infested area in sub-Saharan Africa. The choice of the six countries was based principally on regional selection for intervention by the PAAT/PATTEC group as well as on the following technical and socio-economic factors: These considerations included, among others, (1) countrys readiness to implement the activities under the PATTEC programme a) level of mobilisation to suppress and eradicate T&T; b) availability of expertise and facilities; c) availability of data and information on the density and distribution of tsetse; d) possibilities for a quick success in tsetse eradication; (2) facilities for regional technology transfer and integration such as: a) tsetse mass rearing laboratory; b) training; and availability of experts; and (3) probability of achieving the highest socioeconomic effectiveness of removing the flies. 4.2.2 The specific project areas within each country were selected on the basis of criteria developed jointly by PATTEC and PAAT during the PAAT/PATTEC Harmonization

24 workshop held in Rome in 2002. Key among these criteria are (i) the existence and extent of zones of tsetse infestations that are naturally isolated or that can be made artificially isolated such as the close proximity of the tsetse belt to tsetse-free areas; ii) the severity of the impact of the problem; iii) the desire for intervention by the local communities; iii) the opportunity for maximizing the socio-economic returns upon removal of T&T; iv) factors contributing to increased feasibility and early success of project activities like natural barriers or possibility of artificial confinement. 4.2.3 In East Africa, the project will cover 65,000 km2 of the southern lowlands of Ethiopia, 24,000 km2 of the densely populated Lake Victoria Basin and the less populated South Rift belt of Kenya and 29,000 km2 of the Lake Victoria Basin of Uganda. The project area in Ethiopia is surrounded by highlands where most farmers live due to tsetse infestation of the lower altitudes. Land pressure in the highland has forced some farmers to low land areas leaving their cattle behind. The Government of Ethiopia under the FITCA and STEP projects have already suppressed around 14,600 km2 of the target area and the project will build on this to suppress the remaining 50,400 km2 but eradicate only about 30,000 km2. Both Kenya and Uganda share the Lake Victoria basin which is densely populated and very productive. The Project area will cover 10,000 km2 in the densely populated Lake Victoria Basin, 8,000 km2 in the South Rift Belt (Lake Bogoria area), and 8,000 km2, in the Mweya/Meru area in the Central Kenya Fly Belt. The Government of Kenya has already suppressed 2,000 km2 under FITCA and the project will suppress an additional 22,000 km2 and eradicate 15,000 km2. Similarly, the project will capitalise on 2,000 km2 area already suppressed by the FITCA project in Uganda by suppressing an additional 27,000 km2 and eradicating 15,000km2.
Table 4.0: Areas to be suppressed and eradicated in each country
Country Area already suppressed (km2) (a) 14,600 2,000 2,000 4,500 0 0 23,100 Area to be suppressed TOTAL AREA OF Area to be (km2) PROJECT (km2) eradicated (km2) (b) (c=a+b) (d) 50,400 65,000 30,000 22,000 24,000 15,000 27,000 29,000 15,000 32,500 37,000 15,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 15,000 190,900 215,000 130,000

Ethiopia Kenya Uganda Mali Burkina Faso Ghana Grand Total

Note: The total project area is 215,000 km2, of which 23,100 km2 has been suppressed and 190,900 km2 will be suppressed, and 130,000 km2 eradicated during the six years of project implementation. 4.2.4 In West Africa, the project area covers a large area stretching across the west African cotton belt from the northern limits of the fly belt in Mali and Burkina Faso to Ghana. The Mali government has already suppressed 4,500 km2 around Bamako with some support from IAEA, and will continue to cover an area of 11,000 km2 towards the north east. The project will suppress a further 16,500 km2 eastwards to the border with Burkina Faso, and eradicate tsetse in the 15,000 km2 around the peri-urban Bamako area. The cotton belt area is a mixed farming area which will benefit greatly from oxenization once tsetse is removed. The selected project area in Burkina Faso covers an estimated 40,000 km2, while that of north-eastern Ghana is about 20,000 km2. The latter is a predominantly livestock area.

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4.2.5 Beneficiaries: The primary beneficiaries of the project will be the farming communities living in tsetse infested areas with an estimated 14.8 million farm families. The primary beneficiaries will comprise an estimated 242,850 small-scale farmers practicing mixed farming of whom 45% will be women. Most of the project livestock beneficiaries will be owners of small ruminants, animals with which women have the most experience and have traditionally owned. A number of service providers will benefit through training. This will include Agriculture Extension Agents and Subject Matter Specialists. Secondary beneficiaries will be those living in the peripheries and are also at risk. Second-tier beneficiaries will include tour companies, crop and livestock merchants, ranchers, hunters, etc. Suppression of tsetse will improve the health of humans and livestock, reduce socioeconomic losses and allow farmers to upgrade to more productive livestock breeds. Increased oxenisation will expand the cropped area and improve crop husbandry and yields. The fertility recycling benefits of mixed farming will enhance productivity and sustainability of yields and soils. Incomes will increase and livelihoods improved. Eradication will complete the job and remove the need for and costs of continuous suppression. 4.2.6 Small scale farming system is more widespread and accounts for most of the production in the project area. Communal grazing is practised extensively in each of these countries because of vast rangelands. These areas have an established tradition of group formation. Most farmers in the project area belong to community groups or co-operatives around income generating activities. There are no restrictions to women joining these groups. In the project areas, men and women have highly differentiated economic responsibilities within the family. Women assume about 70% of the care of the small ruminants, pigs and poultry. In addition, the existing health centres in countries where sleeping sickness is endemic have limited facilities for screening purposes. 4.3 Strategic Context

4.3.1 The sector goal for rural development in the participating countries is to attain food security and reduce poverty. In the six countries, the strategy calls for diversifying and enhancing the agricultural economic base for the rural subsistence farmers, and generating employment. This strategy will contribute to poverty reduction as more resources will be available to fund development activities. Increased incomes for farmers will also contribute to poverty reduction of the small-scale livestock operators. Given the potential for generating additional income from high productive animals and increased crop production, the project is in line with the Agricultural Development Strategies in these countries. 4.3.2 The project will contribute to the national goals of improving living standards of the rural population and the key sector issues of rural poverty reduction; food security; generation of employment and support for women. It is, therefore, consistent with the Governments Development Strategies as well as the Bank Groups strategy for the agriculture and rural development in its Regional Member Countries (RMCs). The project objective conforms with the Bank Group Operational Guidelines on communicable diseases, which ranks sleeping sickness as the second priority communicable disease for Bank intervention. This is a regional initiative in the agriculture and rural development sector that is consistent with the Banks regional integration policy. The goal of the project is consistent with the Banks Vision Statement. On completion, the project will ease up on land pressure, especially in Ethiopia, Mali, Ghana and Uganda which have high population densities; decrease land degradation in settlements where farmers have migrated as they escape from tsetse infested areas; increase the amount of fertile land available for agricultural production.

26 For tsetse infested areas that are located close to urban centres, removal of flies will increase production and reduce the cost of moving produce, since production centres would have shifted closer to market centres, hence the products will be more competitive on the market. 4.3.3 Investing in the removal of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis from Africa is both technically and economically justified. It is also consistent with the Bank Country Strategy Papers of the affected countries in that the intervention directly addresses poverty reduction. Further, it is consistent with the Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty in the year 2015, the goal of NEPAD agriculture sector plan, the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Plan, of expanding the area under sustainable land management. 4.3.4 The necessity for a T&T eradication campaign has been recognised by various international organisations, including the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the FAO, International Atomic Energy (IAEA) and World Health Organisation (WHO), all of which have passed resolutions declaring their willingness to support the implementation of the objectives of the PATTEC initiative. 4.4 The Project Objective

The overall sector goal is to contribute to poverty reduction (halving the number of people living below the poverty line by 2015) and improved food security. The objective of the project is to create sustainable tsetse-free areas in six countries in support of the eradication of T&T in sub-Saharan Africa by integrating suppression, control and eradication approaches while ensuring the reclaimed areas are sustainably, equitably and economically exploited. 4.5 Description of Project Components

4.5.1 The project has three inter-related technical components and a support component and is designed to be implemented over six years with the same sequencing of field activities and modus operandi across the different project areas in each country in order to achieve the project objective of sequentially creating tsetse-free zones and ensuring their sustainable exploitation. The six years are made to provide sufficient time for capacity building to take effect and for the suppression and eradication activities to be implemented. Within this time period, PATTEC will initiate and coordinate the preparation of subsequent phase projects in order to ensure sustainability and continuity of the programme. The field activities would include baseline data collection and analysis, suppression of tsetse population to at least 95%, monitoring of tsetse population to ensure suppression level is acceptable, serial release of sterile males every week for 61 weeks (14 months), setting up and monitoring of artificial barriers where there are no natural ones, monitoring of tsetse population to ensure no residual populations are still existing in the project area, and application of sustainable land management options. 4.5.2 The components and their outputs are:

(A) Tsetse Suppression and Eradication Component, comprising four subcomponents of (i) community involvement, (ii) baseline data collection and processing, (iii) mass-rearing of tsetse flies, and (iv) serial release of gamma-radiated sterile males, and aimed at suppressing approximately 190,900 km2 and eradicating about 130,000 km2 in the six participating countries. The component will also generate gender disaggregated benchmarks and appropriate indicators for monitoring T&T prevalence and environmental impact, establish an insectary in Burkina Faso, systematically screen populations in all the villages at risk in the project area and treat cases of sleeping sickness, diagnose and treat animals suffering

27 from trypanosomiasis, refine and adapt the methodology and technique for tsetse suppression and eradication in each of the six countries, and develop a strategic plan accessible to both men and women for suppression and eradication of T&T in each of the six countries. (B) Capacity Building Component, involving three subcomponents, namely, (i) an integrated data information system, (ii) rehabilitation of sub-regional training facilities, and (iii) strengthening of national and regional capacities, is viewed as the main strategy for providing technical skills and experience to implement the project in a coordinated and sustained manner. Training of farmers and community groups will be arranged in a participatory manner with gender considerations, with beneficiaries agreeing on appropriate training themes and institutions. It is expected that this component will generate the following outputs: an integrated information management system established in each of the six PCMUs; regional and national capacities of both men and women to co-ordinate eradication of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis strengthened through training of 600 technical staff, 1,800 extension staff, 3,600 community based health workers and 1,200 village elders; national capacity for environmental audit in each of the six countries strengthened; and one training facility at ELAT in Burkina Faso rehabilitated. (C) Sustainable Land Management Component, comprising (i) land use planning, and (ii) institutional strengthening, aims to guide the agricultural intensification and expansion expected as a result of tsetse eradication, so as to improve productivity and sustainability, reduce possibilities for tsetse re-infestation and mitigate any potentially adverse environmental impacts as well as ensure the efficient and sustainable utilisation of the reclaimed land. The component is expected to produce the following outputs: broad-based land use planning guide for securing land tenure, especially for the poor and women whose land rights are ignored, for each of the six countries, sustainable land management guideline for each country, and sensitizing community selected leaders, extension and technical staff of all sexes. (D) Project Coordination and Management Component will involve setting up of a Project Coordination and Management Unit (PCMU) in each participating country; and establishing systems for information exchange and coordination between the national PCMUs, PATTEC Focal Points in each country and the AU/PATTEC Office in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A. Tsetse Suppression and Eradication

4.5.3 Community Involvement: This subcomponent aims to promote partnerships with the communities for the simple application of trap and target technologies for the suppression and control of tsetse flies since individual action alone has been shown to be ineffective. The project will draw from experiences and lessons of community involvement in the RTTCP, FITCA and several individual country tsetse control programmes. The project will explore the possibilities of involving second-tier beneficiaries such as crop and livestock merchants, ranchers, and plantation and tour companies in the deployment and maintenance of traps and targets. The project will also make use of existing village associations or committees or create dedicated tsetse committees which could be responsible for approaching individuals or mobilising many groups as possible for participation in the project. It is envisaged that the communities will be the agents for controlling tsetse flies and ensuring that their land is not re-infested after the tsetse flies have been eradicated. Construction, deployment, maintenance and monitoring of traps and targets, and facilitating and ensuring that they are not stolen or damaged will make use of the standard council information and communications systems and networks, and will be implemented by the various sensitised and trained participants (under

28 Capacity Building Component) in the communities, including district councils, village leaders, elders and extension staff. A local tsetse suppression and eradication team will be formed with specialists and community leaders and elders. Similarly, farmers will be encouraged to establish farmers groups, where they do not yet exist, to build and manage their own crush pens and to monitor and service traps and targets in their communities. After establishing confidence with the communities, through community commitment, they will be invited to select animal health assistants (paravets) and form their own trap production and deployment teams who will be trained under the capacity building component. 4.5.4 Baseline Data Collection and Processing: Following the sensitisation and awareness creation in the project areas, baseline data will be collected in the following areas: land use and land cover surveys to assess natural vegetation, current land use and previous land use changes over time using remote satellite imaginery backed by ground truthing of 4 selected villages of 5 km2 radius in each project area; gender disaggregated household socio-economic surveys designed to assess the amount of land an average family cultivated and the number of animals owned, farming systems and production data; environmental surveys to assess biodiversity, pesticide residues; entomological surveys to assess breeding sites, tsetse species distribution and abundance with seasonal variations; and, parasitological survey to determine the incidence and prevalence of trypanosomes. The data produced will be quality checked and taken into the integrated (including GIS) data management system. To conduct the different surveys , the project will recruit consultants (15 person/month per country). 4.5.5 Monitoring and Management of Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis and the Environment: Appropriate indicators and monitoring systems for tsetse prevalence, trypanosomiasis incidence and environmental impact will be established from the knowledge gained during baseline data collection and in consultation with local and regional experts. Regionally acceptable indicators will be used as far as possible for consistency and ease of comparison. The PCMU will ensure that monitoring of indicators is carried out in a systematic and regular way and that data are quality checked and entered into the integrated database system. The PCMU will compile, synthesise and analyse data on a regular basis and feed the information obtained into the ongoing refinement of strategies for tsetse suppression and eradication. Annual reports will be provided to the national agency responsible for the environment. The system will be set up and should begin to provide this information by the end of year two. The project will recruit consultants (8 person/month per country) to prepare indicators and protocol and to monitor regularly the activities of the project. 4.5.6 Construction/rehabilitation of Insectaries and Mass-Rearing of Tsetse Fly Colonies: In parallel with the preparatory activities indicated above, the project will finance the construction of a mass-rearing insectary in Burkina Faso. The project will provide equipment to the two insectaries in Burkina Faso and Ethiopia as well as to the existing small insectaries in Kenya and Uganda, and will support the rehabilitation of an insectary in Ghana. Once completed, each insectary will be fully equipped and staffed to allow the scaling up of breeding colonies to the capacity required for producing the over one million sterile males required per week. Technical assistance will be provided to the insectaries in Ethiopia and Burkina Faso to assist in improving the techniques for mass rearing, including building and maintaining breeding colonies, feeding of breeding colonies, sterilisation of pupae or adult insects using gamma radiation doses without impairing their locomotory and sexual activities, and fly release. In addition, the Governments of Burkina Faso and Ethiopia will make available an Entomologist, a Veterinarian, a Parasitologist, a GIS Expert, an Entomologist/Nutritionist, and a Radiation Expert as well as general support staff for the insectariums.

29

4.5.7 Suppression Activities: Fly suppression with insecticide-impregnated targets and traps supplemented by insecticide treatments of cattle (pour-on) will commence after the conclusion of the baseline survey and continue until tsetse population levels have been reduced to 95% or more before releasing sterile male flies. The project will provide the trap production and deployment teams with the materials to construct the traps and targets according to precise specifications and under the supervision of project technical staff. Members of the trap production and deployment teams will work with project staff in deploying the traps and targets, which will be deployed at a density of 4 per km2 to ensure efficiency of suppression. A higher trap/target density will be used in thick vegetation where tsetse flies are abundant, or where stocking densities are less than 10 cattle/km2. Necessary information will be obtained from the results of the baseline surveys. Traps will be deployed during the first four months and will be gradually replaced by targets as tsetse populations reduce. Pyramidal traps will be used to monitor fly population in the project areas. 4.5.8 Eradication Activities: During the eradication process, traps and targets will be removed except those serving as barriers and controls. Helicopter or fixed wing aircraft will drop sterile males in the suppressed area. The project has made budgetary provision to enable Burkina Faso and Ethiopia to produce sterile male fly species for participating countries in their respective sub-regions. PATTEC will facilitate and coordinate, at sub-regional level, a mechanism of understanding between the concerned participating countries. Sterile male releases will be made weekly over a period of 14 months to ensure that they mate with the wild fertile females. Such mating is expected to produce zero offspring due to zygotic death resulting from the dominant lethal effect of the radiation on the genetic apparatus of the males. Post-SIT monitoring will be carried out for at least one year to ensure that no wild flies are present in the project area again. In pre-determined areas through which tsetse from outside could re-infest the project areas, artificial barriers will be mounted and monitored on a routine basis. These will primarily consist of a 5 to 10 km wide strip of insecticide treated traps and targets. Both barriers will be routinely monitored to verify their efficacy in preventing re-infestation. These barriers will be supplemented by selective bush clearing and ground spraying of known tsetse resting and breeding sites, wherever necessary. The monitoring information, coupled with the experience gained from implementing suppression and eradication activities, will be used to inform a continuous process of adaptive research. Ultimately, the research results will be used to refine the selection of appropriate trap/targetodour combinations, the building of breeding colonies, development/refinement of release mechanisms for sterile males (ground versus aerial releases, pupae versus adult insect releases, etc.) as well as insecticide deposition techniques. 4.5.9 Diagnosis and Treatment of Cases of Trypanosomiasis: Paravets will encourage livestock farmers to form associations and operate a revolving fund to purchase trypanocidal drugs and insecticides for treatment of cattle. The paravets will also supervise the treatment of animals with insecticides for tsetse and tick control. In parallel with suppression, community leaders will mobilise their communities at risk to be systematically screened for incidences of human trypanosomiasis by mobile medical teams from the Ministry of Health and patients provided with treatment in accordance with the national health care system in place. The project will facilitate the screening and treatment process by providing bicycles, screening kits and field allowances. Prophylactic treatment will be provided for livestock exposed under high tsetse challenge, while chemotherapeutic treatment will be administered to livestock showing clinical symptoms by veterinary staff or community-based paravets. B. Capacity Building

30

4.5.10 Establishment of an Integrated Data Information System: An integrated (including GIS) data information system will be established within the PCMU through recruitment of a qualified Statistics/GIS Expert, procurement and installation of appropriate hardware and software, development and installation of the database management system (DBMS), and acquisition of quality data. The DBMS will incorporate all data including geographical data, and will, therefore, be compatible with the GIS. The design and installation of the DBMS will be contracted out in collaboration with PATTEC and other participating countries so as to develop a system which will be standardised as far as possible across the region. GIS software will also be standardised across the region for ease of exchange of data. The equipment procured will include Global Positioning System (GPS), satellite receivers, computers, GIS software, digitising table, scanner, printer, data backup, etc. The data generated by the baseline surveys, on-going monitoring and field work will all be quality checked and taken into the DBMS. Digitising or image processing may be done in-house or outsourced from a suitable GIS and remote sensing service provider. Sufficient time and resources will be allocated to data acquisition. The integrated information system will collect, analyse and provide on a regular basis, the data and information necessary for managing and refining the tsetse suppression and eradication component as well as for monitoring environmental impact and preparing appropriate reports . 4.5.11 The PCMU in each country will collaborate with key GIS partner organisations for outsourcing data compilation, digitising, image processing and specialised GIS and remote sensing work. Services will be outsourced on a contractual basis. Suitable GIS partner organisations will be found in each country either from the relevant ministry, university department or commercial company. GIS/RS service providers in the participating countries include: the GIS Unit of the Department of Geology at the University of Addis Ababa; the Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing or the Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development in Nairobi; the Centre for Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Services (CERSGIS) at the university of Ghana; BEAGGES-SARL (Bureau d'Experts en Auto-Gouvernance et Gestion de l'Environnement au Sahel) which is a private company in Bamako; and SIGET which is a private company in Ougadougou. 4.5.12 Strengthening of Regional and National Capacities: Regional and national capacities of both men and women for co-ordinated eradication of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis will be strengthened through focused training of key staff, workshops and above all by learning by doing: that is, actually participating in the suppression and eradication activities in each country and learning from experience. Awareness of decision makers, stakeholders and the general public on the tsetse eradication campaign and opportunities for sustainable development will be promoted at every opportunity. Specific training will include training of: both male and female technical staff in skills needed for the mass-rearing of tsetse flies, including laboratory procedures for quality control and analysis of blood diets required for mass-rearing and diagnosis of trypanosomiasis; field staff in field techniques for use in monitoring tsetse populations, disease diagnosis, application of insecticides, field survey techniques and preparation of project documents; paravets and those in the communitybased trap production and deployment teams in tsetse suppression methods, as well as lab technicians, paramedical personnel and district health teams in screening and diagnosis and treatment of sleeping sickness cases. The project will finance local training sessions for 3,600 villages technicians, and 1,200 community leaders. Training sessions will cover aspects such as Paravets will receive training in identification of trypanosomiasis symptoms, application of pour-ons and provision of basic animal health care. Technical staff will be trained in tsetse control and trypanosomiasis surveillance techniques through short-term

31 professional visits and technical exchange programmes to increase their capacity. Training will be given in fields such as tsetse sampling, trap/target construction, deployment and servicing, tsetse mass rearing, sterile male release, ground/aerial insecticide applications. A number of institutions with the required capability are available (ILRI, KETRI, ICIPE, Universities, CIRDES, ELAT). 4.5.13 National capacity for environmental audit in the national environmental agency responsible for environmental protection, in each country will be also be strengthened through learning by doing. The environmental indicators will be selected in collaboration with the responsible national environmental protection agencies. The PCMU will prepare annual environmental monitoring reports and provide these to amongst others, the Fund, the Government, and the national environmental agency. The national environmental agency will carry out an environmental audit of the project to coincide with the mid-term and end of project reviews. Each PCMU will provide limited support to the national environmental agency to facilitate its work. 4.5.14 Rehabilitation of Training Facilities: The training facility Ecole pour la Lutte Anti Tsetse (ELAT) in Burkina Faso will be upgraded as a regional training centre. This will involve rehabilitation of the buildings and provision of training equipment as required. A Memorandum of Understanding would be signed between ELAT and PATTEC to enable staff of the participating countries to be trained at the centre. C. Sustainable Land Management Component

4.5.15 Land Use Planning: The project will finance broad land use planning investigation of the whole project area and the preparation of Sustainable Land Management (SLM) Guidelines for each country. Members of the local communities will be given basic training and provided with reference material to guide the planning and implementation of development activities in the project area. Both activities will start during the first year after completion of baseline data collection on land use/cover. The guidelines will be based on the findings of the broad land use planning investigations and draw on knowledge of best agricultural practices from within the country and elsewhere. Full attention will be given to addressing gender and environmental issues. Guidelines will be translated into the local languages of the different areas in each country. Simple single-sheet leaflets aimed at villagers will also be prepared and publicised to promote sustainable land management practices. 4.5.16 Institutional Strengthening: Land use planning and land husbandry technical staff in the project areas will be trained as trainers based on the SLM Guidelines. These trained technical staff will in turn train community and village level agricultural extension workers in the project areas. Both the trained technical staff and selected extension workers will conduct training of community-selected technically oriented leaders (e.g. paraplanners, like paravets). Because of the large areas covered by the project and the large numbers of people and villages, it will only be possible to train around one or two persons per village. All trained people will receive a copy of the SLM Guidelines and leaflets. Communities will be informed through the links established with communities during tsetse suppression, and the offices and information networks of the district councils or equivalent and the agricultural extension system. The SLM leaflets will be used to reinforce these messages. Public meetings will be held in selected areas. Communities will be encouraged to make and implement their own plans through their own local institutions according to accepted local procedures, and

32 with support from the local extension services where required. The government extension staff will provide extension and technical support to villagers as part of their normal work. D. Project Coordination and Management Component

4.5.17 The Project will be coordinated directly from the line Ministries responsible for Livestock and Agriculture in collaboration with the Ministry of Health through the existing Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Units (TTCUs) in each of these countries as the Project Coordination and Management Units (PCMU). The Government of each participating country will provide a functional office and appoint a Project Co-ordinator, an Entomologist, a Statistics/GIS Specialist, and a Project Accountant as well as provide the necessary support staff to the PCMU, if it is not already existing. The Government of Burkina Faso will provide sufficient land for the construction of the insectary. The Project will provide resources for the coordination and management of the project in each country, including training, monitoring and evaluation, supervision, preparation of audit and progress reports, studies and equipment. The project will provide office equipment and furniture, pick-up utility vehicles and motorcycles. The project will also cover the operating expenses relating to the vehicles and motorcycles (spare parts, fuel, lubricant, insurance), the offices (office supplies, miscellaneous supplies, various management expenses, etc) and staff operations (field allowances, meetings, etc). An internet connection will also be provided. The project will recruit short-term consultants to prepare an administrative accounting and financial procedures manual, install a computerised accounting and financial management system, perform annual audits of the accounts, and conduct the mid-term review. The PCMU staff will be trained through seminars and exchange programmes. 4.5.18 The Project will provide financial assistance to strengthen the capacity of PATTEC Office in the African Union, in Addis Ababa to provide an effective and efficient facilitating and co-ordinating function to the participating countries. This will be in the form of training, equipment, furniture and studies. As the link between PATTEC and the participating country, PATTEC Focal Points will be appointed from the lead Ministries by the Governments of the participating countries, if they do not already exist. The PCMUs and Focal Points within each country and sub-region and PATTEC will establish a reliable system for communication and information exchange between themselves. PATTEC will ensure that a regular reporting and meeting schedule and information sharing protocol is established during the first six months of the project, in agreement with all concerned. The PCMUs and Focal Points will liaise and co-ordinate on a sub-regional basis as required. 4.6 Production, Markets and Prices

4.6.1 The project will result in (i) increased off-take of livestock; (ii) increased milk production, and (iii) increased crop production, mainly food crops: maize, sorghum/millet, pulses, as well as cotton in the West Africa sub-region. Meat production is expected to rise from pre-project implementation levels of 145,000mt-Burkina Faso; 172,000mt-Ghana; 259,000mt-Mali; 549,000mt- Ethiopia; 456,000mt-Kenya; and 293,000mt-Uganda by 1,800mt-Burkina Faso; 1,300mt-Ghana; 2,100mt-Mali; 2,600mt-Ethiopia; 6,000mt-Kenya; and 5,500mt-Uganda starting in PY6. On the basis of current trends in average growth of livestock consumption of about 3%, imports will reach 7,840mt for the West African Countries and 246mt in the East African countries, by the year 2015. By the year 2020, the meat import levels would reach 9,089mt for the West African Countries and 286mt in the East African countries. Based on these projections, the projects total output will be readily absorbed in the markets of the West African countries, and will save on the import bill by

33 US$7.8 million. The three East African countries jointly, have a positive trade balance of 240.7mt for beef, hence the additional production of beef, 1% of the current levels would be exported to neighboring countries. 4.6.2 Milk production will increase from the pre-project implementation levels of 234,000mt - Burkina Faso; 35,100mt - Ghana; 578,280mt - Mali; 1,518.125mt - Ethiopia; 2,853,700mt - Kenya; and 700,000mt - Uganda by 5,500mt - Burkina Faso; 1,800mt - Ghana; 3,100mt-Mali; 8,300mt- Ethiopia; 51,200mt-Kenya; and 29,400mt-Uganda by PY6. Assuming that the current trends in milk consumption continue to grow at the population level of 2.4% per year, it is projected that, by 2015, imports will reach 585,700mt for West Africa and 97,000mt for the East African countries. This is equivalent to an import bill of about US$99.6m for West Africa and US$16.5million for East African countries per year. The increases in milk production due to the project will be absorbed in the markets of the respective countries, resulting in an import savings of US$16.9 million for all the six countries. 4.6.3 Crops: For crops, the expected increase in production of maize, sorghum/millet, pulses, and cotton in each sub-region, are: 16,770mt for Sorghum/Millet; 33,218mt for Maize; and 21,930mt for pulses all in East Africa. In West Africa, the envisaged increases of 16,646mt for Sorghum/Millet; 33,130mt for Maize; and 24,970mt of cotton in West Africa. Assuming that the current consumption of these products will increase by at least 2.4% (the population growth rate), then the increased output will be absorbed in the markets of the respective sub-regions. 4.6.4 Because of various factors favoring growth in the demand for food crops in East and West Africa (such as the sustained high population growth rate, the wide range use of agricultural products), the price elasticity of these products are low. It is therefore likely that demand for the livestock and crop products will continue to grow. Apart from the current trends, comparing the prices of imports and the cost of domestic production, it is evident that domestic production has comparative advantage over importation, especially with reduced trypanosomiasis drug purchases. 4.6.5 There are significant average annual price differentials between countries. There are also considerable differences within countries between different regions, indicating opportunities for trade between countries and within individual countries. In addition, within a year, prices vary widely from harvest time when prices are lowest to the following planting season when prices are at their highest. In Mali for instance, over the past six years the difference between the price during the harvest time and peak price fluctuate between 5% to nearly 60%. This also indicates profitable trading opportunities for farmers and traders who are able to hold stocks between the harvest months in January-March to the lean months of September-December. 4.7 Environmental Impact

4.7.1 The Project has been classified as Category I for environmental assessment purposes and accordingly a comprehensive Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) was carried out in order to: a) identify the environmental and social impacts that integrated tsetse fly eradication activities would have on the biophysical and social environment; b) assess the risks associated with such activities; and c) formulate appropriate mitigation measures for inclusion in the design and execution of the project. The ESIA Summary document with

34 reference N ADF/BD/IF/2004/109 dated 12 and 28 July 2004 for respectively English and French versions, has been distributed to Board members and posted on the Bank website. 4.7.2 Positive Impacts: The implementation of the project will reverse the negative impacts brought about by the vector of Trypanosomiasis, the tsetse fly, by eradicating it. This will result in tsetse and trypanosomiasis infested areas to become more favorable for agricultural and rural development activities, especially livestock rearing and crop production. Tsetse eradication therefore offers the opportunity for the development of sustainable agricultural production systems based on mixed farming. The planned rural development activities associated with the project, will also favor gender mainstreaming, as both men and women will actively participate in the activities. Given that tsetse infestation is occurs frequently in the dense, lush vegetation of riverine areas, its eradication would enhance other economic activities including fishing and tourism. 4.7.3 Potential Negative Impacts: The deployment of odor-baited, chemical impregnated traps and targets exposes the user (program officer or villager) to insecticides and other chemicals used as attractants. The potential health risk of such exposure are higher for villagers as their knowledge of the precautions to take and their ability to protect themselves is lower than that of the technicians. The environmental concerns for ground and aerial spraying include adverse impacts on bees and other non-target organisms as well as soil and water pollution. To avoid the negative impacts, the chemical suppression strategy will be well planned by skilled experts. 4.7.4 There is a risk that re-invasion will occur and thus jeopardize the project. Re-invasion of tsetse-free areas achieved by eradication with the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) can occur where the sufficiently suppressed fly populations are not isolated and artificial or natural barriers are neither available nor carefully maintained. Even in areas where suppression has been successful (e.g. case of Sidradougou in Burkina Faso), there has been rapid reinfestation due to lack of surveillance and natural barriers. The presence of wildlife in the vicinity may also trigger re-infestation since wildlife is also a suitable host for the tsetse fly. 4.7.5 Mitigation Measures: Among the measures envisaged for minimizing the potential negative impacts arising from pesticide, are: use of only those insecticides with very low toxicity, such as deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide. To reduce hazards of chemical mishandling, local communities will be supplied with safety equipment. This includes gloves, boots and overalls, first-aid material, as well as storage facilities for the products. Farmers will also be trained in tsetse control methods, which will help minimize and avoid insecticide contamination of handlers and the environment. Adequate pesticide formulations and application devices will continue to be improved through the operational/adaptive research component of the project in order to reduce the environmental impact as much as possible. 4.7.6 The release of sterile males is not expected to increase the risk of trypanosomiasis as they are fed with trypanocide-treated blood meal prior to release. The trypanocide will significantly inhibit the development of any parasites that are ingested should the flies feed on an infested host. Re-invasion of tsetse-free areas will be addressed by erecting artificial barriers to supplement natural ones. In addition, the activities under the Sustainable Land Management Component will help reduce the risk of re-infestation, given that human settlement and agricultural activities create unfavourable conditions for fly multiplication.. In areas contiguous with large concentrations of wildlife such as game and wildlife sanctuaries, the erected artificial barriers will protect re-infestation from the game parks. 4.7.7 Environmental Monitoring: The baseline information collected prior to the start of the control activities will be used to monitor indicators such as a) residual effects of pesticide use; b) land use changes and their implication on sustainability; c) effectiveness of control

35 strategies; d) level of community participation and their perceptions of the program benefits. Monitoring of pesticide impact will involve measuring residues in the environmental media, such as water, air, soil and bottom sediment and the biotic components such as plants, tissues of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and human tissues. The PCMU will use short-term consultancy to identify appropriate site-specific environmental and social indicators and prepare protocols for their monitoring. Compliance monitoring will be entrusted to the pertinent national environmental agencies.
4.8 Project Costs

4.8.1 The total project cost is estimated at USD80.11 million or UA54.96 million net of taxes and customs duties. This cost is broken down into USD54.93 million in foreign exchange (UA37.69 million) and USD25.18 million in local currency (UA17.27 million). Tables 4.1 and 4.2 below show the project cost by component and by category.
Table 4.1: Summary of the Project Cost Estimates by Component
Components Suppression and Eradication Capacity building Sustainable land management Coordination and management Base cost Physical contingency Price contingency Total project cost Million USD LC F.E. 15.80 38.74 2.98 4.44 1.08 3.00 22.86 1.17 2.04 26.07 0.32 4.02 47.52 4.00 2.52 54.04 Total 54.54 7.42 1.40 7.02 70.38 5.17 4.56 80.11 Million UA L.C F.E. 10.84 26.58 2.04 3.05 0.74 2.06 15.68 0.80 1.40 17.88 0.22 2.76 32.60 2.75 1.73 37.08 Total 37.41 5.09 0.96 4.82 48.28 3.55 3.13 54.96 % F.E. 71 60 23 57 68 77 55 67

4.8.2. The costs were estimated on the basis of existing August 2004 prices in six countries. A physical contingency of 10 % was applied on the works and equipment. A price contingency of 3 % on the local currency costs and of 2.5 % on the foreign exchange cost was applied on all the components. The physical (USD5.17 million) and price (USD4.56 million) contingencies amount to UA6.68 million, representing 12% of the total project cost.
Table 4.2: Summary of the Project Cost by Category of Expenditure
Categories 1. Works 2. Goods 2.1 Equipment 2.2 Vehicles 2.3 Motorcycles 2.4 Sterile male flies 3. Services 3.1Training 3.2 Short term consultants 3.3 Studies 3.4 Monitoring 3.5 Land use planning 3.6 Technical assistance 3.7 Fly releases 3.8 Baseline survey 3.9 Audit 4. Personnel 5. Operating expenses Base cost of the project Physical contingency Price contingency Total project cost Million USD L.C. F.E. 0.77 3.46 0.00 0.00 4.19 0.92 0.11 0.56 1.17 1.13 0.00 1.64 0.22 0.50 3.74 4.45 22.86 1.17 2.04 26.07 Total 1.54 15.56 0.78 0.18 12.58 1.13 0.48 1.23 0.53 0.14 1.62 6.56 0.86 0.84 0.00 3.49 47.52 4.00 2.52 54.04 Million UA L.C. F.E. 2.31 0.53 2.37 0.00 0.00 2.87 0.63 0.08 0.38 0.80 0.78 0.00 1.13 0.15 0.34 2.57 3.05 15.68 0.80 1.40 17.88 % Total F.E. 1.06 1.59 10.67 0.54 0.12 8.63 0.78 0.33 0.84 0.36 0.10 1.11 4.50 0.59 0.58 0.00 2.39 32.60 2.75 1.73 37.08 13.04 0.54 0.12 11.50 1.41 0.41 1.22 1.16 0.88 1.11 5.63 0.74 0.92 2.57 5.44 48.28 3.55 3.13 54.96 67 82 100 100 75 55 80 69 31 11 100 80 80 63 0 44 68 77 55 67

19.02 0.78 0.18 16.77 2.05 0.59 1.79 1.70 1.27 1.62 8.20 1.08 1.34 3.74 7.94 70.38 5.17 4.56 80.11

36 4.9 Sources of Financing and Expenditure Schedule

4.9.1. The project will be jointly financed by ADF (81.1%) for the loan and (5.3%) for the grant), and the Governments (13.6%), in accordance with tables 4.3 and 4.4 below. The Governments contribution comprises the salaries of the national staff, some vehicles for the PCMU and a part of the operating cost for the PCMU and field technicians.
Table 4.3a: Sources of Finance
Sources ADF loan ADF grant Governments Total project cost Million USD L.C. F.E. 14.60 50.37 1.88 2.40 9.59 1.27 26.07 54.04 Total 64.97 4.28 10.86 80.11 Million UA L.C. 10.01 1.29 6.58 17.88 F.E. 34.55 1.65 0.88 37.08 Total 44.56 2.94 7.46 54.96 % 81.1 5.3 13.6 100

4.9.2. The ADF loan will cover 81.1 % of the total project cost, i.e. UA 44.56 million: UA 34.55 million in foreign exchange and UA 10.01 million in local currency. It will cover 93% of the foreign exchange costs and 56% of the local currency costs. Table 4.3b: Breakdown of Resources by Country/Organisation in Million UA
Country Burkina Faso Ghana Ethiopia Kenya Mali Uganda PATTEC Total project cost ADF loan 9.34 6.64 9.55 6.55 5.93 6.55 44.56 ADF grant 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 1.50 2.94 GVT (loan) 1.56 1.11 1.47 1.02 0.95 1.02 7.13 GVT (grant) 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.330 Total 11.195 8.045 11.315 7.865 7.175 7.865 1.50 54.96

37 Table 4.4: Expenditure by Category and by Source of Finance (million UA)

ADF Loans L.C. Category F.E. Total ADF Grant L.C. F.E. Total L.C. GVTS F.E. Total L.C. TOTAL F.E. Total

I. Investments
1. Civil works 2. Goods 2.1 Equipment 2.2 Vehicles 2.3 Motorcycles 2.4 Sterile male flies 3. Services 3.1 Training 3.2. Short term consultants 3.3 Studies 3.4 Monitoring 3.5 Land use planning 3.6 Technical assistance 3.7 Fly releases 3.8 Baseline surveys 3.9 Audit II. Recurrent costs 4. Personnel 5. Operating costs Total baseline cost Physical contingencies Price contingencies Total Project cost 0.53 2.22 0.00 0.00 2.87 0.00 0.08 0.28 0.71 0.78 0.00 1.13 0.15 0.34 0.00 0.00 9.09 0.38 0.54 10.01 1.06 10.34 0.33 0.12 8.63 0.00 0.33 0.60 0.31 0.10 1.11 4.50 0.59 0.52 0.00 1.87 30.41 2.55 1.59 34.55 1.59 12.56 0.33 0.12 11.50 0.00 0.41 0.88 1.02 0.88 1.11 5.63 0.74 0.86 0.00 1.87 39.50 2.93 2.13 44.56 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.63 0.00 0.10 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 1.09 0.14 0.06 1.29 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.78 0.00 0.24 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 1.46 0.11 0.08 1.65 0.00 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.41 0.00 0.34 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.12 2.55 0.25 0.14 2.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 2.93 5.50 0.28 0.80 6.58 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.73 0.09 0.06 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.57 3.45 6.23 0.37 0.86 7.46 0.53 2.37 0.00 0.00 2.87 0.63 0.08 0.38 0.80 0.78 0.00 1.13 0.15 0.34 2.57 3.05 15.68 0.80 1.40 17.88 1.06 10.67 0.54 0.12 8.63 0.78 0.33 0.84 0.36 0.10 1.11 4.50 0.59 0.58 0.00 2.39 32.60 2.75 1.73 37.08 1.59 13.04 0.54 0.12 11.50 1.41 0.41 1.22 1.16 0.88 1.11 5.63 0.74 0.92 2.57 5.44 48.28 3.55 3.13 54.96

38 4.9.3 The breakdown of the funding between the ADF loan and the Governments on the one hand, and between the ADF grant and the Governments on the other, is given in tables 4.5 and 4.6 hereunder:
Table 4.5: Financing by ADF Loan/Governments Million USD L.C. F.E. 14.60 50.37 9.11 1.27 23.71 51.64 Total 64.97 10.38 75.35 L.C. 10.01 6.25 16.26 Million UA F.E. 34.55 0.88 35.43 Total 44.56 7.13 51.69 % 86 14 100

ADF Loans GVTs Total cost

Table 4.6: Financing by Grant/Governments L.C. 1.88 0.48 2.36 Million USD F.E. 2.40 0.00 2.40 Total 4.28 0.48 4.76 L.C. 1.29 0.33 1.62 Million UA F.E. 1.65 0.00 1.65 Total 2.94 0.33 3.27 % 90 10 100

ADF Grant GVTs Total cost

4.9.4 The ADF grant will finance: i) the training of the technical staff of the project and the line ministries, the villages technician and leaders and members of the community based organisation; and (ii) the implementation of PATTEC focal point at national and regional level as well as the adaptive research. This support to PATTEC will take the form of training, equipment, furniture and studies. Project expenses will be incurred in keeping with the expenditure schedules indicated in tables 4.7 and 4.8 below, including the provisions for physical and price contingencies.
Table 4.7: Expenditure Schedule by Component (in million UA) Components Suppression and Eradication Capacity building Sustainable land management Coordination and management Total 2005 2.94 0.73 0.06 0.91 4.64 2006 15.12 2.44 0.75 1.11 19.42 2007 7.57 1.22 0.02 0.95 9.76 2008 12.97 0.69 0.20 0.84 14.70 2009 2.19 0.22 0 0.82 3.23 2010 2.19 0.22 0 0.80 3.21 Total 42.98 5.52 1.03 5.43 54.96

Table 4.8: Expenditure Schedule by Source of Finance (in million UA) Sources of finance ADF Loan ADF Grant Governments Total 2005 3.42 0.10 1.12 4.64 2006 16.47 1.54 1.41 19.42 2007 7.91 0.66 1.19 9.76 2008 13.00 0.52 1.18 14.70 2009 1.91 0.06 1.26 3.23 2010 1.85 0.06 1.3 3.21 Total 44.56 2.94 7.46 54.96

39 5 5.1 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION Executing Agency

The line Ministries responsible for Livestock and Agriculture in the respective countries will be the executing agencies. Existing Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Units will be Project Coordination and Management Units (PCMUs) and will coordinate and manage the implementation of project activities. These units have qualified and experienced personnel who will require upgrading of skills. The Governments of the six countries will each appoint, if they do not already exist with the TTCUs, a Project Coordinator, a Project Accountant, an Entomologist, a Statistics/GIS Expert and an M&E Specialist, who will be responsible for monitoring and evaluation of project activities. The PCMU for each participating country is described in section 3.6. The African Union through the PATTEC Unit will be responsible for the overall coordination of the project activities at the regional level while its Focal Points in each country will serve as liaison offices for the sub-regional activities. The African Union will also be responsible for coordinating the activities under ADF grant resources. 5.2 Institutional Arrangements

5.2.1 All the six participating countries are ADF-eligible countries in the region. Each country will have its own PCMU for activities that fall within that particular country. Each PCMU will work in close collaboration with the PATTEC office and related institutions under the project. The project will make use of the existing coordinating and management arrangements established for the National Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Programmes. The Focal Points who are located in the line Ministries responsible for Livestock and Agriculture will serve as Liaison Officers for the PATTEC Initiative and be responsible for coordinating project activities of the particular country with those of the other countries under the project in that sub-region. They will also be responsible for coordinating subregional meetings designed to share experiences and exchange views. The African Union through its PATTEC office will oversee these activities. 5.2.2 At the country level, the Government of each participating country will establish an a Project Steering Committee (PSC) to be chaired by the Permanent Secretary/Chief Director of the Executing Agency (Ministry) and comprising among others, representatives of the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry in charge of Land Use Planning, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Rural Development, and the Ministry of Environment. The committee will be responsible for the overall policy direction for the project. The PSC will meet twice a year and will be responsible for (a) reviewing and approving annual work programmes and budgets; (b) addressing inter-agency or inter-national issues and facilitating overall project implementation; and (c) reviewing and vetting regular project progress reports, including Monitoring and Evaluation reports, quarterly progress and audit reports, from the PCMU. 5.2.3 At the sub-regional level, the Governments, in collaboration with the African Union Commissioner for Agriculture and Rural Development, will establish a Sub-Regional Project Steering Committee (SRPSC) comprising representatives of the Ministries executing the project. The SRPSC shall be chaired on a rotational basis by the Head of the Executing Agency or its representative of the host country. The PATTEC Focal Point of the hosting country shall be the secretary to the committee. This committee shall be responsible for

40 ensuring that the transboundary and multinationality nature of the project is respected and that facilities serving as regional or sub-regional centers like ELAT and the insectaries in Burkina Faso and Ethiopia, are able to deliver on their contractual agreements. The committee shall meet at least once a year to review the achievements of the project in the sub-region and report to the PATTEC Office. 5.2.4 At the regional level, PATTEC Coordination Office will be responsible for the overall coordination of the project among the countries. Under the leadership of the Commissioner for Agriculture and Rural Development, PATTEC shall primarily be responsible for (a) coordinating the harmonisation of national strategies and policies for the control and eradication of T&T, (b) mobilising additional human, financial and material resources for the T&T programme, (c) developing a common set of monitorable indicators and environmental guidelines for environmental audit of projects, (d) developing a common system for collecting and collating DBMS, (e) organising training workshops and conferences on the progress of the programme, (f) collecting and consolidating quarterly and annual progress reports, as well as financial and environmental audit reports, before submitting them to the Bank, (g) initiating the preparation of subsequent phase projects within the T&T programme for donor financing, (h) raising national and international awareness on the T&T initiative. 5.3 Supervision and Implementation Schedules

5.3.1 The Fund will field supervise the project two times in a year, and undertake continuous desk supervision, review requests for proposals, bidding documents, reports and disbursement. The PCMU will oversee the implementation of all project activities including those to be undertaken by consultants and participating national institutions. The following key indicators will be targeted during project supervision (1) progress on suppression and eradication activities; (2) numbers of farmers, technical staff and professionals trained, indicating the numbers of women; (4) quality of training. Table 5.1: Key Implementation Target Dates
ITEM A A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 A.6 B B.1 B.2 C. C.1 C.2 C.3 D. D.1 D.2 E. E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.5 ACTIVITY ADMINISTRATION Board presentation General Procurement notice sent out Protocol of Grant Agreement signed Project Effectiveness Mid-term review Project Completion Report PROJECT COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT Launching Mission PCMUs Set up and Project Activities Resume EQUIPMENT Draft bidding documents, shortlists submitted Approval of draft bidding documents Equipment and vehicles supplied CONSULTANCIES Baseline Study TORs, draft LOI & shortlists submitted & approved Contracts awarded PROJECT AUDIT Shortlist of auditors submitted Approval of shortlist Selection of candidates Evaluation report approved Contract awarded & signed TARGET DATE DEC 2004 JAN 2005 JAN 2005 APR 2005 AVR 2008 SEP 2010 MAY 2005 OCT 2005 MAY 2005 MAY 2005 OCT 2005 NOV 2005 JAN 2006 JUN 2005 JULY 2005 SEP 2005 OCT 2005 NOV 2005 ACTION BY

ADF ADF ADF/Countries PATTEC/Countries ADF/PATTEC ADF/PATTEC ADF/PATTEC PATTEC/Countries PATTEC ADF PATTEC ADF/ PATTEC PATTEC PATTEC/Countries ADF PATTEC/Countries PATTEC/Countries PATTEC/Countries

41 5.3.2 It is envisaged that the loan/grant will be approved in December 2004 and fulfilment of grant conditions and procurement would start thereafter. PATTEC and national PCMU will initiate the process of identifying co-ordinators, recruiting members of the PCMUs after loan/grant approval in order to avoid delays in project start up. The implementation of project activities will take five years beginning from April 2005. A mid-term review mission will take place in the third year of project implementation. Monitoring of project impacts by PATTEC will continue after the end of the project implementation and will culminate in the preparation of a Project Completion Report and follow up projects which will be designed under the Programme. Key implementation targets are summarised in Table 5.1 above. 5.4 Procurement Arrangements

5.4.1 The procurement arrangements are summarized in Table 5.2. All procurement of goods, works and acquisition of consulting services financed by the Bank will be in accordance with the Bank's Rules of Procedure for Procurement of Goods and Works or, as appropriate, Rules of Procedure for the Use of Consultants, using the relevant Bank Standard Bidding Documents.
Table 5.2: Procurement Arrangements (in million UA)
Category ICB NCB Other * SL NBF Total 1.Civil Works 1.1 Construction 1.52 [1.52] 1.52 [1.52] 1.2 Rehabilitation 0.28 [0.28] 0.28 [0.28] 2. Goods 2.1 Equipment 10.51 [10.51] 1.04 [1.04] 3.34 [3.34] 14.89 [14.89] 2.2 Vehicles 0.38 [0.38] 0.23 0.61 [0.38] 2.3 Motorcycles 0.14 [0.14] 0.14 [0.14] 2.4 Sterile male flies 13.58 [13.58] 13.58 [13.58] 3. Services Contracts 3.1 Fly releases 6.55 [6.55] 6.55 [6.55] 4. Consulting Services 4.1 Short term 0.42 [0.42] 0.42 [0.42] consultants 4.2 Baseline Studies 0.40 [0.40] 0.88 [0.88] 1.28 [1.28] 4.3 Monitoring 1.26 [1.26] 1.26 [1.26] 4.4 Land use 0.91 [0.91] 0.91 [0.91] planning. 4.5 Technical 1.14 [1.14] 1.14 [1.14] Assistance 4.6 Baseline surveys 0.75 [0.75] 0.75 [0.75] 4.7 Audit 4.7.1 Finan. Audit 0.46[0.46] 0.46 [0.46] 4.7.2 Envr. Audit 0.53 [0.53] 0.53 [0.53] 4.8. Training 1.54 [1.54] 1.54 [1.54] 5. Miscellaneous 5.1 Personnel 2.81 2.81 [0] 5.2 Operating 2.17 [2.17] 4.42 6.59 [2.17] expenses 12.03 [12.03] 8.49[8.49] 19.62[19.62] 7.36[7.36] 7.46 54.96 [47.50] TOTAL Notes: - The short list applies to the use of consultants only. -*"Other" refers to LIC, international or local shopping, Direct Purchase or Force account; - The figures in brackets are amounts financed by ADF.

42 5.4.2 Works: Infrastructure works on insectariums, for an amount of UA 1.52 million will be procured through International Competitive Bidding (ICB) procedures. The rehabilitation of the facilities of ELAT and Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, amounting to UA 0.28 million, will be procured in accordance with National Competitive Bidding (NCB) procedures. NCB is appropriate for these contracts because the character, location and size of the construction works to be undertaken are such that they are unlikely to attract bids from outside the participating countries of the project, and, in each of these countries, there are local contractors sufficiently qualified and in numbers sufficient to ensure competitive bidding. 5.4.3 Goods: Gamma cells, equipment and supplies for the insectariums and facilities for seed fly colonies (amounting to UA million 10.51) will be procured through international competitive bidding (ICB). Other equipment for insectariums, data processing equipment, GIS equipment, GPS equipment, office equipment, furniture, vehicles and motorcycles of an amount of UA 1.56 million, will be procured through NCB procedures. NCB is appropriate for these contracts because the value or quantities or character of the goods are of such that their supply could not possibly interest suppliers outside the borrowers countries. Items such as traps, screens, pesticides, pour-ons/drugs, amounting to UA 3.34 million, required for the functioning of the project, will be procured as follows: Contracts below UA 50,000 will be procured through National Shopping, while contracts above UA 50,000 will be procured through International Shopping. The items are readily available, off-the-shelf goods or standard specification commodities, and, there are adequate numbers of national suppliers and agents of qualified foreign suppliers, in each participating country, to ensure competitive prices. The sterile male flies produced from the insectaries, amounting to UA 13.58 million, will be procured through Limited International Competition because of the limited number of suppliers. 5.4.4 Service Contracts: About six sterile fly release service contracts (amounting to an aggregate of UA 6.65 million) will be procured through National Competitive Bidding procedures. This is because, in the supply of this service, the advantages of international competitive bidding would be neutralized by the administrative or financial burden involved, and there are local service contractors sufficiently qualified and in a number sufficient to ensure competitive bidding. 5.4. 5 Consulting services: Technical Assistance services for insectariums and line ministries (amounting to UA 1.14 million), training for the communities, the project staff and line ministries (for an amount of UA 1.54 million), short-term consultants (for an amount of UA 0.42), land use planning (amounting to UA 0.91 million), monitoring (amounting to UA 1.02 million), baseline surveys (amounting to UA 0.75 million), financial audit (amounting to UA 0.46 million), and studies (amounting to UA 0.78 million) will be procured on the basis of short lists. The selection procedures will be based on the technical quality with price consideration. 5.4.6 Environmental audit (amounting to UA 0.53 million) and baseline studies by specialized autonomous national bodies (amounting to UA 0.40 million) will be procured through direct negotiations. These assignments require single sources of expertise. 5.4.7 Miscellaneous: operating and maintenance services, including the expenses relating to the running of the project offices, running and maintenance of equipment, and travel expenses for staff on project monitoring, as well as travel expenses for farmers visiting PVS sites, valued at UA 2.17 will be procured through existing Government procedures acceptable to the Bank.

43 5.4.8 National Procedures and Regulations: Each of the participating countries has national procurement procedures and regulations that after examination have been found to be acceptable. 5.4.9 The Executing Agency: The respective Ministries in charge of Tsetse control and eradication in each participating country have experience in implementing ADF funded projects. Consequently, they each have staff that are adequately experienced in preparing procurement documents, processing them and in handling procurement issues and are familiar with ADF Rules of Procedure for the Procurement of Goods, Works and Services. Existing PCMUs identified in each country will be charged with management of the project. Theses have the requisite experience in handling ADF financial matters, including procurement and disbursement issues. In the course of project implementation, this experience would be strengthened with periodic training provided by the Bank for the relevant staff. 5.4.10 General procurement Notice: The text of a General Procurement notice (GPN) will be agreed with the Governments of Burkina Faso, Ghana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali and Uganda (Borrowers) and it will be issued for publication in Development Business, upon approval by the Board of Directors of the Loan Proposal. 5.4.11 Review Procedures: the following documents are subject to review and approval by the ADF before promulgation: a) Specific Procurement Notices; b) Tender Documents and Requests for proposals from consultants; c) Tender Evaluation Reports or Reports on Evaluation of Consultants proposals, including recommendations for contract award; d) Draft contracts if these have been amended from the draft included in the tender documents. 5.5 Disbursement Arrangements

5.5.1 The Special Account (SA) and the Direct Payment methods will be used in disbursing funds to the project. The six participating countries will each open two Special Accounts, one in foreign currency and one in local currency for the loan and two similar accounts for the grant, into which advances for implementation of activities qualifying for the special account will be deposited. In addition, each participating country will open one separate local currency account to receive the Governments contribution for the loan, which will be acceptable to the Fund. PATTEC will open a two SAs, one in foreign currency and the other in local currency, in a bank acceptable to the Fund into which part of the grant proceeds will be deposited. The ADF will replenish the SA after the executing agency has provided valid justifications for the use of at least 50% of the previous deposit. The opening of the SAs and the LCAs will be a condition precedent to first disbursement of each loan. The opening of a SA by PATTEC will be a condition precedent to first disbursement of the grant. 5.5.2 The direct payment method will be used to procure works, utility vehicles, motorcycles, plant, equipment (photocopiers, fax, and telephone), technical assistance, and specialised services. 5.6 Monitoring and Evaluation

5.6.1 Internal and External Monitoring: Internal monitoring-evaluation will be ensured by the PATTEC through the focal point and the PCMU, which will define simple specific,

44 gender desegregated technical and organisational indicators for the whole project, by using the indicators given in the matrices as a reference. Particular emphasis will be laid on the monitoring of the environmental impacts and the measures taken to mitigate them and the socio-economic impacts on the target groups. Consequently, upon start-up, the project will conduct a basic socio-economic survey to determine the socio-economic baseline case of the beneficiaries and define the performance indicators to be followed. A continuous monitoring of the project effects and impacts on the target groups will therefore be carried out, through the constitution of representative samples of the beneficiaries in the project area. The evaluation will mainly cover (i) the adherence of the rate of implementation of project activities to the work plan; (ii) the effective involvement of services providers; and (iii) the utilisation of the human, financial and material resources of the project. External monitoringevaluation will be provided by the Ministries in charge of Livestock and Agriculture. Financial provision has been made for this task (3 missions per annum). After each mission, a report should be prepared and sent to the Fund. The project will also be supervised by Bank staff according to project supervision requirements (2 missions per annum). The national activities will also be closely monitored by Bank representations in those countries where there are or will be local Bank offices (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, and Uganda). 5.6.2 Mid-term review will be carried out at the end of the third year of project implementation, by a consulting firm. Its aim will be to present, in view of the targeted objectives, the results and impacts obtained from executing the project. It will propose adjustments indispensable for the achievement of the objectives and will, to that end, incorporate the concerns of the populations and their perception of the project activities. In this regard, surveys and discussions with the beneficiaries of the different sites will be undertaken under this activity. 5.6.3 Reports: The PCMU will prepare according to the Bank Group format, quarterly and annual progress reports, indicating physical progress, procurement activities, expenditures, and evaluate the representation of men and women as beneficiaries according to the requirements of the ADF and submit them to the Governments and the Fund. The various partners intervening as technical operators in the implementation of the project components will address periodic reports to the coordination units. In this connection, the Departments of Environment will furnish half-yearly reports on the environmental monitoring. At the end of the project, the Governments and PATTEC will write project completion reports according to the Banks format and submit to the Fund, following which, ADF and the partners will organise their project completion report mission to assess project achievements and draw lessons for the future. 5.7 Financial Reporting and Auditing

The administrative and financial services and those of the PCMU will keep an accounting system for the whole project, which will be acceptable international standard. They will keep separate account books in which all the expenditures incurred by ADF will be clearly stated. Consultants will be recruited in the first year to: (i) prepare a manual of administrative, accounting and financial procedures and put in place a computerized financial management system to check and validate once a year the accounts, working capital and the project accounts in each country and Authority. The audit reports will be submitted to the Governments and ADF within six months of the end of the budgetary year concerned. Failure to submit the audit report will lead to the suspension of disbursements.

45

5.8

Aid Coordination

During project preparation, meetings were held with donor agencies involved in tsetse control and eradication including, United States State Department, IAEA, USAID, DFID, EU, WB, FAO, and the German development agency, KFW, to apprise them of the proposed intervention and ensure that there is no overlap in the proposed activities, with other on-going or planned project activities. No potential areas of conflict were identified with the ongoing projects. PATTEC has been collaborating with other donors, under this initiative besides the Bank Group (i.e. the IAEA, United States State Department, and EU) in the implementation of their programme. These collaborative efforts with donor organizations will continue to be coordinated by PATTEC during and after project implementation. PATTEC provides a platform for regional and sub-regional coordination of the efforts of different partners, which is described in some detail in Annex I presents priorities and mechanisms to engage both bilateral and Multilateral financiers to participate in this initiative. In each of these countries there are donor coordination mechanisms, which will facilitate the coordination of activities of the project with other projects in the country. 6 6.1 ROJECT SUSTAINABILITY AND RISKS Recurrent Expenses

Recurrent expenses are on the whole estimated at UA9.00 million: UA1.78 million financed by ADF and UA7.22 million by the Governments during the six years of the project. The Governments will finance part of the recurrent cost which will comprise maintenance of equipment, buildings and infrastructure, office supplies and personnel salaries of the insectariums and the PCMU. These personnel are civil servants and their salaries will not generate additional cost for the Governments. The incremental cost of operating expenses is estimated at UA0.74 million for the six participating countries. The trend of recurrent expenses during the six years of the project is given in the table below: Table 6.1: Financing of Recurrent Expenses by Source of Finance. (million UA)
Sources of finance ADF Governments Total Recurrent costs 2005 0.36 1.12 1.48 2006 0.31 1.17 1.48 2007 0.30 1.18 1.48 2008 0.29 1.19 1.48 2009 0.28 1.26 1.54 2010 0.24 1.30 1.54 Total 1.78 7.22 9.00

6.2

Project Sustainability

6.2.1 Sustainability of the project will require i) that the areas cleared of tsetse after project implementation are protected; the project will erect tsetse control traps and targets to reinforce existing natural barriers which will prevent re-infestation. The selection of areas has taken into account the relative isolation of infested areas with the presence of natural barriers, which will reduce the need for artificial barriers and the risk of re-infestation. The cost of maintaining the artificial barriers is low as indicated in the recurrent cost above. ii) Once professionals and members of the communities living in the cleared areas have been trained, and equipment and facilities are provided, the necessary elements to maintain the barriers will be present. iii) the high priority given to the projects by the governments of each participating country and PATTEC will be instrumental in ensuring that the systems are made

46 to work and continue to work. Community participation will be assured through the benefits obtained. 6.2.2 Sustainability in the medium term therefore requires that the overall programme continues with additional phases which link with previous phases to roll out the carpet of suppression and eradication in a coordinated sequence to cover the tsetse infested areas in all 37 countries. This will require continued financing and an increasing role and capacity of PATTEC. The Phase I project includes the building of capacity within PATTEC as a central issue. PATTEC has and will continue to be fully involved in resource mobilisation for the whole programme. With the Bank Group taking the lead in the programme, it will also continue to actively undertake resource mobilisation activities especially through cofinancing arrangements with other development partners. Donors have expressed interest in financing follow up phases once the programme has been fully developed. 6.2.3 The project support to the establishment of sterile-male mass-rearing facilities, is an investment in the continuation of activities at regional levels. Even without external support the insectaries will continue since the additional recurrent cost to maintain them is minimal as indicated in paragraph 6.1 above. The skills and experience acquired by government personnel involved during project implementation will be available to the countries, for use under subsequent projects. 6.3 Critical risks and Mitigating Measures

6.3.1 The primary risk of the project success of the project will depend on stakeholderparticipation, which includes affected populations and communities. It is therefore assumed that these stakeholders will follow through with their commitment to participate in the activities during implementation. In addition, there is a risk that there would be a high turnover of staff for professions involved in the project. It is envisaged that the provision of opportunities for training and field allowances will be sufficient incentives to staff to commit to the project. 6.3.2 Most of the areas originally cleared of the fly by one or a combination of methods including large-scale spraying have been re-infested except for those areas that are isolated, implying that re-invasion is still a major risk unless the program of eradication is supported on a continuous and sustained basis. Insecurity in affected neighbouring countries risks increasing the likelihood of re-infestation of tsetse free zones. Lack of collaboration between affected neighbouring countries risk increasing the probability of re-infestation of tsetse free zones. In addition to erecting barriers, communities in the cleared areas will be trained and encouraged to continue using standard methods of control such as traps to control reinfestation. PATTEC will be strengthened to ensure that affected countries adhere to their commitments. 6.3.3 The risk of disease transmission by biting flies like stomoxys and tabanids will be minimal because the pour-on formulations applied to cattle will also kill biting flies. The risk of misuse of insecticides and drugs will be addressed by training of communities on the dangers of insecticides and providing them with protection measures. Furthermore, the use of paravets to administer drugs to cattle is designed to ensure good health practices are followed and thereby eliminate disease transmission through contaminated needles.

47 6.3.4 Inability to secure adequate funding to ensure continuous, systematic and area-wide mopping up action of the affected areas risk re-infestation of cleared areas. To mitigate this risk, PATTEC, will under the project undertake deliberate measures to mobilise resources. In addition, the Bank Group will participate in tsetse eradication related forums and liase with those development partners who have already expressed interest such as the European Union and the US State Department. Once the preparation document has been finalised it will be sent to potential donors for information and seek for financial support to the programme. 7 7.1 PROJECT BENEFITS Source of Benefits

7.1.1 The benefits of the project will be derived from the removal of the risk of contracting trypanosomiasis in both humans and animals, in the project area, thereby reducing mortality rates and medical and veterinary expenses incurred in prevention and disease treatment. The ultimate outcome is improvement in human health and productivity of existing livestock. It is also envisaged that there will also be an increase in farm productivity resulting from mixed farming and increased use of draught power and application of manure. It has been estimated that the calving rate will increase by 20%, that milk and meat off-take will increase by 26% and mortality will decrease by about 20%. These improvements are expected to lead to an increase in the average herd size by 47%. For small ruminants, it is estimated that lambing and kidding rates will improve by about 37% with the eradication of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis. With the eradication of tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis, it would be possible for the livestock farmers to introduce high yielding livestock breeds and this should double the benefits from livestock husbandry. 7.1.2 The large amounts of resources which livestock producers and consumers invest each year to contain the disease and control the flies (estimated at US$1,340 million) will be saved. Once the tsetse fly is eradicated, about 40% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa would benefit and about 55,000 human deaths per year from sleeping sickness would be avoided. 7.2 Economic Analysis

7.2.1 The economic analysis is based on a comparison of the without project situation and the with project situation. All project expenses, as well as the operating expenses of producers have been taken into account. They are estimated on the basis of economic prices. Customs duties have been excluded. However, family labour used in the farms has not been assessed. As regards the project benefits, account has been taken of maize, sorghum/millet pulse and cotton for crops and cows, heifer, bulls and oxen for livestock. their economic price is equivalent to the export price. Since the other products are grown mainly for local consumption, their economic prices are those of the import parity adjusted to the farm. 7.2.2 The assessment of the contribution of the project to the national economy is based on the following assumptions: (i) the evaluation of the net project benefits is estimated over a period of 20 years; (ii) the expenses comprise capital costs, infrastructure maintenance and operating costs, equipment renewal cost and variable additional operating costs used; (iii) the capital cost, equipment renewal and the prices of livestock and crop products used are at constant prices (excluding taxes and customs duties); and (iv) the economic prices used are

48 the import substitution prices. In terms of return, the project shows an economic rate of return (ERR) of about 18%, and the net present value (NPV) of USD 45. million with a capital opportunity cost of 12%. In addition to the quantifiable benefits, the project will generate substantial positive externalities including increase in the value of land, enhanced touristic opportunities, provision of conducive environment for rural development, and save human encroachment into tsetse-free protective areas such as game reserves, which will in turn preserve the wildlife and the environment. 7.3 Social impact Analysis

7.3.1 Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis has been recognised as a major hindrance to rural development in the sub-humid and humid zones where it causes severe losses to African agriculture. The disease has both direct and indirect impacts on human welfare. It decreases agricultural productivity by precluding the use of animal traction and by debilitating farmers. Generally, the most productive areas in which important crops such as cotton, tomatoes, maize, and millet could be grown on a large scale and intensive industrial livestock production could be carried out are the areas of T&T infestation. Considering that most of the populations in tsetse-infested areas depend on agriculture for their livelihoods, it can be concluded that tsetse flies are a major obstacle to food security and rural development. Changes in livestock management, human settlement and crop production result also in changes in land use, environmental and human resources. All of which have implications for resource use patterns and investment in natural capital. As a result, the project will undertake diagnosis and treatment of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock in each project area, while focusing on the eradication of tsetse flies. 7.3.2 The T&T problem and control of sleeping sickness, nagana and the vector (tsetse fly) ranks high among the priorities of national rural programmes. The clearance of tsetse will increase the area available for crop production. There will be improvement of production systems (especially mixed farming) as an estimated 35,000 crop producers move into freed areas and practice animal husbandry as well. That would also favour gender mainstreaming when new production systems bring about credit and basic community investment opportunities in the new tsetse free areas. Promoting women participation in decision-making at the decentralised structures level would benefit the community, by increasing their involvement in their local community development planning. The project will provide support to about 2,160 women with links to the project in order to enhance their contribution towards that goal. 7.3.3 Movement of people into tsetse-cleared land represents a form of change through which some may benefit more than others. Appropriate land use planning will provide a framework for more orderly settlement with both social and environmental benefits. These plans will provide incentives which will encourage investment in tsetse-reclaimed areas, and support equitable participation of communities, civil society and private sector in profitable and sustainable utilisation of reclaimed land for agricultural and related economic activities.

7.3.4 While sustained action is necessary in freed zones, the importance of well-planned land use and socio-economic development of these zones cannot be over-emphasised. Control will be closely linked to rural development activities that will ensure that the tsetse free areas are maintained and that the full benefits (improvement of rural livelihoods) of the

49 project are realised. Communities, of which at least 30% will be women, will be empowered to control tsetse, on demand. 7.3.5 Men and women in the different social groups in the project areas will be affected in different direct and indirect ways by the eradication of T&T and the resulting changes in rural life. Social issues including gender are addressed through a range of activities in all Components. In the Tsetse Suppression and Eradication component, the socio-economic baseline data collection will obtain information for the situation of men and women in the different social groups and incorporate gender-based analysis. Indicators will be selected and monitored to track changes and differentiate between genders. Adaptive research will incorporate a gender sensitive focus and refine tsetse suppression methodologies to balance the workload and benefits. Under the Capacity Building Component, training of 7,200 people at all levels will foster awareness of gender issues as appropriate to the training subject. 7.3.6 Under the sustainable Land Management Component, the land use planning study will ensure the participation of members of communities of whom 30% will be women, from different social groups and take account of gender differentiated impacts when developing recommendations for the different land use systems. The Guidelines prepared will reflect this gender perspective and highlight important gender issues, as will the subsequent training of technical and extension staff and community-selected local leaders. Gender issues will be part of any advocacy work. 7.4 Sensitivity Analysis

7.4.1 The sensitivity analysis was based on a number of assumptions: (i) increase in the project cost owing to increase in the costs of infrastructure, equipment and project activities; (ii) reduction of additional project benefits because of the fall in returns or in product prices; (iii) occurrence of the two assumptions mentioned above, namely reduction of benefits and increase in costs; and (iv) increase in the maintenance/operating expenses of the structure and additional expenses of the important speculations used. The results of the sensitivity analysis are: 10 % increase in expenses, ERR=17.5%; Fall in return leading to a 10% reduction of the benefits, ERR=16%; 10 % increase in expenses and 10% fall in earnings, ERR=14.7%; Two years slippage on project implementation, ERR=14.5%.

7.4.2 These sensitivity tests allow concluding that the project remains viable in spite of increase in expenses. The sensitivity of the ERR will be reduced by the constant monitoring of the implementation of all the project activities in order to maintain their expected level of full production.

50 8 8.1 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions

8.1.1 Tsetse and trypanosomiasis constitute a major constraint to the attainment of food security and middle income status in the six participating countries. Trypanosomiasis affects both humans and livestock, resulting in deaths if the cases go untreated, reduced production and productivity of the affected animals, debilitation and incapacitation resulting in reduced labour productivity in the affected human populations. The presence of T&T is responsible for the intense human population pressure on the highlands and tsetse free areas and reduced agricultural (crop and livestock) production and reduced revenue from tourism. The project will free 13million hectares from T&T. It will also train 600 technical staff, 1,800 extension staff, 3,600 village technicians and 1,200 village leaders. It will enable an estimated increase in production of crops and livestock by 19,000 MT of meat, 99,000 MT of milk, and 146,663 MT of various crops in the project areas. 8.1.2 The program is desirable by the Governments of Ethiopia, Uganda and Burkina Faso, Mali, Kenya and Ghana, each of whom has included the programme in the countries lists of priority development activities. Representatives of the six Governments indicated their willingness to participate fully by taking the lead in the implementation of the project and supporting the initiative. The means to totally eliminate trypanosomiasis through tsetse eradication are available. With sustained commitment, tsetse eradication can be achieved and the constraints in agricultural productivity posed by tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis can be eliminated, resulting in improved human and animal health and productivity in the affected six countries. 8.1.3 The SIT has been tested both in East and West Africa on a much small scale and found to be effective. It has been shown to work on T&T in Zanzibar. SIT has also been tried and shown to be effective on other forms of pests like the screwworm in North America. There is therefore reliable evidence of the effectiveness of the technology. 8.2 Recommendations and Conditions for Loan Approval

It is therefore recommended that the following loans from ADF resources, not exceeding the stated amounts, be granted: i) to the Government of Ethiopia UA9.55 million; ii) UA6.55 million, to the Government of Kenya; iii) UA6.55 million to the Government of Uganda, iv) UA5.93 million to the Government of Mali, v) UA9.34 million to the Government of Burkina Faso, and vi) UA6.64 million to the Government of Ghana. It is also recommended that a grant not exceeding the stated amounts be granted: i) UA1.5 million to AU PATTEC; UA0.24 to the Government of Ethiopia; ii) UA0.24 million, to the Government of Kenya; iii) UA0.24 million to the Government of Uganda, iv) UA0.24 million to the Government of Mali, v) UA0.24 million to the Government of Burkina Faso, and vi) UA0.24 million to the Government of Ghana for the purpose of implementing the project as described in this report, and subject to the conditions specified in each loan agreement. It is further recommended that the Bank take the lead to mobilise resources from other bilateral and multilateral sources to finance the continent-wide program.

51 I. Loan Conditions

A. Conditions precedent to entry into force of each loan The loan will enter into force upon fulfilment by the Borrower of the requirements of Section 5.0.1 of the General Conditions applicable to the Loan and Guarantee Agreements of the African Development Fund. B. Conditions precedent to first disbursement

(i) Provide the Fund with evidence of the establishment of a Project Coordination and Management Unit (Section 5.1); (ii) Provide the Fund with evidence of the appointment/designation of the Coordinator and Technical staff (one Entomologist, one Statistician/GIS Expert, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist and a project accountant) of the PCMUs, whose qualifications will be approved by the Fund (Section 5.1); (iii) Submit to the Fund evidence of the appointment of members of National Steering Committee comprising one representative from: Ministry of Finance or related Ministry; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Environment; Ministry in charge of Land Use Planning; Ministry of Rural Development; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Gender or related Institution; and two representatives from Farmers Associations (para 5.2.2); (iv) Burkina Faso and Ethiopia to provide the Fund with an undertaking of the appointment of the core technical staff of the insectarium by PY2, which shall comprise of one Entomologist, one Parasitologist, one Nutritionist, and one Radiation Expert, whose qualifications will be acceptable to the Fund (para 4.5.6). (v) Provide the Fund with evidence of the opening in a Bank acceptable to the Fund of two Special Accounts, one in foreign currency and one in local currency for the loan, and a separate local currency account for counterpart funds (para 5.5.1); (vi) Provide the Fund with evidence of the allocation of adequate office space to the PCMUs (para 4.5.17). II. Grant Protocols

A. Conditions precedent to entry into force The Grant will enter into force upon signature of the grant protocol by the Fund and PATTEC. B. Conditions precedent to first disbursement

(i) Provide the Fund with evidence of the opening of two Special Accounts in a bank acceptable to the Fund, one in foreign currency and one in local currency for receiving advances of the grant (para 5.5.1) (ii) The African Union (PATTEC) to provide the Fund with evidence of the opening of two Special Accounts in a bank acceptable to the Fund , one in foreign currency and one in local currency for receiving advances of the grant (para 5.5.1)

52

III

Other Condition of Each Loan

(i) Provide the Fund with evidence of the establishment of two Sub-regional Project Steering Committees by PY2 (para 5.2.2) (ii) Burkina Faso and Ethiopia to provide the Fund with evidence of the appointment of the core technical staff of the insectarium by PY2, which shall comprise of one Entomologist, one Parasitologist, one Nutritionist, and one Radiation Expert, whose qualifications will be acceptable to the Fund (para 4.5.6).

ANNEX I

Indicative Phasing of Projects in the Programme

Programme Indicative Phasing of Projects in the PATTEC Programme Phase COUNTRY Zone Yr1 Yr2 Yr3 Yr4 Yr5 Yr6 Yr7 Yr8 Yr9 Yr10 Yr11 Yr12 Yr13 Yr14 Yr15 Yr16 Yr17 Yr18 Yr19
Ethiopia
Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Phase I-Zone I Phase I-Zone 2 Phase I-Zone 3 Phase I-Zone I Phase I-Zone 2 Phase I-Zone 3 Phase I-Zone I Phase I-Zone 2 Phase I-Zone 3 Phase I-Zone I Phase I-Zone 2 Phase I-Zone 3 Phase I-Zone I Phase I-Zone 2 Phase I-Zone 3 Phase I-Zone I Phase I-Zone 2 Phase I-Zone 3 Phase II-Zone 1 Phase II-Zone 2 Phase II-Zone 3 Phase II-Zone 1 Phase II-Zone 2 Phase II-Zone 3 Phase II-Zone 1 Phase II-Zone 2 Phase II-Zone 3 Phase II-Zone 1 Phase II-Zone 2 Phase II-Zone 3 Phase III-Zone 1 Phase III-Zone 2 Phase III-Zone 3 Phase III-Zone 1 Phase III-Zone 2 Phase III-Zone 3 Phase III-Zone 1 Phase III-Zone 2 Phase III-Zone 3 Phase IV-Zone 1 Phase IV-Zone 2 Phase IV-Zone 3 Phase IV-Zone 1 Phase IV-Zone 2 Phase IV-Zone 3 Phase IV-Zone 1 Phase IV-Zone 2 Phase IV-Zone 3

Kenya

Uganda

B. Faso

Ghana

Mali

E.g. Zambia

Angola

Namibia

Botswana

Nigeria

Cameroon

Gabon

South Africa

Mozambique

Zimbabwe

Notes: 1. Countries will have varying number of zones. 2. Besides Phase I, the numbers and names of countries in each phase (cluster) are only indicative
nd

ESTIMATE COST OF THE PROGRAMME AND FINANCING REQUIRED Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo, Republic of Congo, DR Cote d'Ivoire Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Liberia Malawi Mali Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe TOTAL Total land area (sq Area Infested km) tsetse (sq km) 1,276,305 117,337 626,066 282,277 26,985 471,420 627,365 1,324,587 343,233 2,348,290 326,232 24,976 1,146,882 265,925 11,313 242,495 249,110 33,415 581,215 96,998 121,881 1,241,076 827,512 893,290 1,246,012 926,488 25,316 203,516 72,733 640,254 1,398,588 2,597,709 912,702 58,359 212,450 775,983 414,328 23,066,623 with Phase 1 project Infested area after estimated cost in (AU Funds mobilised area/per country Phase 1 (sq km) million) phase 1 (UA million) 408,269 117,121 5,000 240,000 6,337 398,780 623,655 197,149 342,738 2,255,774 325,027 24,605 240,000 262,680 10,633 238,353 248,275 31,313 92,000 96,534 5,749 240,000 490,461 2,782 5,131 587,273 7,666 80,121 71,280 22,410 16,000 258,167 597,907 58,329 106,395 285,924 56,258 9,056,096 0 0 0 40,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65,000 0 0 20,000 0 0 24,000 0 0 37,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29,000 0 0 215,000 408,269 117,121 5,000 200,000 6,337 398,780 623,655 197,149 342,738 2,255,774 325,027 24,605 175,000 262,680 10,633 218,353 248,275 31,313 68,000 96,534 5,749 203,000 490,461 2,782 5,131 587,273 7,666 80,121 71,280 22,410 16,000 258,167 597,907 58,329 77,395 285,924 56,258 8,841,096 97.28 27.91 1.19 57.19 1.51 95.02 148.61 46.98 81.67 537.52 77.45 5.86 57.19 62.59 2.53 56.80 59.16 7.46 21.92 23.00 1.37 57.19 116.87 0.66 1.22 139.94 1.83 19.09 16.99 5.34 3.81 61.52 142.47 13.90 25.35 68.13 13.41 2,158 for Financing gap in UA million 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.31 0.00 0.00 8.07 0.00 0.00 7.89 0.00 0.00 7.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.89 0.00 0.00 53.46 97.28 27.91 1.19 46.03 1.51 95.02 148.61 46.98 81.67 537.52 77.45 5.86 45.88 62.59 2.53 48.73 59.16 7.46 14.03 23.00 1.37 50.05 116.87 0.66 1.22 139.94 1.83 19.09 16.99 5.34 3.81 61.52 142.47 13.90 17.46 68.13 13.41 2104.47

ANNEX II

Location of Phase I Countries and project areas

ANNEX IIb

Map of Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Infested belt in Africa

ANNEX III

Country specific data in the project area

Ethiopia Kenya Uganda Mali Burkina Faso Ghana Total for Country Project Country Project Country Project Country Project Country Project Country Project Project Area Areaa Area Area Area Area Area Total human population (millions) 70 2.3 20 3.36 18 5.3 10 1.7b 11 1.5 16 0.6 14.8

Total land area 1,147 ('000 sq km) Total area of tsetse 240 ('000 sq km) Tsetse cover as % of 20% total land area Total cattle 30 (millions) Number of cattle at risk 3.2 (millions) Total average meat production 236 (thousand MT.) Total average milk production 740 (thousand MT.) Total cropped area ('000 sq km) 47 Data from PAAT IS map layers. Average annual rainfall (mm) Average elevation (metres) Note:
a. b.

65

581 90 16%

24

212 106 50%

29

1,317 204 15%

37

282 167 59%

40

242 238 98%

20

215

1.3

14 1.7 270 2,300

1.4

5.4 2.2 89 469

1.3

5.7 1.8 86 140

0.5

4.5 2.4 50 157

0.6

1.2 1.2 20 27

0.3

5.4

0.7 900 1,300

25

4.05 7501,360 1,2701,310

29

6.0 1,320 1,110

35

5.6 1,070 330

37

5.7 1,170 310

28

2.3 1,240 270

24.4

Source: country statistics from the PAATIS database and Project Area statistics derived from the PAATIS map layers (PAATIS, 2001). "Total Cropped Area" data for both "Country" and "Project" are derived from PAATIS map layers and so are comparable. Kenya Project Area data show n for the two separate areas (Lake and Southern Rift Valley). Human population includes an estimated 1 million in Bamako (within the peri-urban Bamako area).

ANNEX IV

Project Organisational Chart

PROJECT STEERING COMMITEE

Ministry in charge of Livestock Ministry in charge of the Environment Ministry in charge of Finance Project Beneficiaries Ministry in charge of Agriculture

PATTEC

PCMU ETHIOPIA

PCMU BURKINA

PCMU GHANA

PCMU KENYA

PCMU MALI

PCMU UGANGA

Insectariums

Specialized Institution, NGO and Organizations

ANNEX V
ACTIVITY Starting Action by PY 0 PY 1 4 ADMINISTRATION Board presentation
DEC 2004

Project Implementation Schedule

PY 2 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 PY 3 1 2 3 4 PY 4 1 2 3 4 PY 5 1 2 3 4 PY 6 1 2 3 4

ADF ADF ADF/Count. PATTEC/Count. ADF/PATTEC ADF/PATTEC

JAN 2005 General Procurement notice JAN 2005 Protocol of Grant Agreement signed APR 2005 Project Effectiveness AVR 2008 Mid-term review SEP 2010 Project Completion Report PROJECT COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT MAY 2005 Launching Mission Project Coord. & Managt Units Set up OCT 2005 OCT 2005 Project Activities Implementation EQUIPMENT Draft bidding doc., shortlists submitted MAY 2005 Approval of draft bidding documents MAY 2005 OCT 2005 Equipment and vehicles supplied CONSULTANCIES Baseline Study TORs, draft LOI & NOV 2005 shortlists submitted & approved JAN 2006 Contracts awarded PROJECT AUDIT JUN 2005 Shortlist of auditors submitted JULY 2005 Approval of shortlist SEP 2005 Selection of candidates OCT 2005 Evaluation report approved Contract awarded & signed NOV 2005

ADF/PATTEC PATTEC/Count. PATTEC/Count. PATTEC ADF PATTEC ADF/ PATTEC PATTEC PATTEC PATTEC PATTEC PATTEC PATTEC

ANNEX VI Page 1 of 4

Provisional list of goods and services (UA million)

ETHIOPIA ADF LOAN Local Foreign Total ADF GRANT Foreign

Local

Total

Categories I. Investments 1. Goods 1.1 Equipment 1.2 Vehicles 1.3 Motorcycles 2. Services 2.1 Training 2.2. Short term consultants 2.3 Studies 2.4 Monitoring 2.5 Land use planning 2.6 Technical assistance 2.7 Fly releases 2.8 Baseline surveys 2.9 Audit II. Recurrent costs 3. Operating costs Total baseline cost Physical contingencies Price contingencies Total Project cost

0.97 0.00 0.00

4.50 0.06 0.02

5.47 0.06 0.02

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.11

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.00 0.13

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.02 0.00 0.24

0.02 0.03 0.19 0.13 0.00 0.33 0.03 0.07 0.00 1.77 0.06 0.11 1.94

0.06 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.19 1.35 0.10 0.09 0.27 6.79 0.42 0.40 7.61

0.08 0.09 0.26 0.15 0.19 1.68 0.13 0.16 0.27 8.56 0.48 0.51 9.55

BURKINA FASO ADF LOAN Local Foreign Total Categories I. Investments 1. Civil works 2. Goods 2.1 Equipment 2.2 Vehicles 2.3 Motorcycles 3. Services 3.1 Training 3.2. Short term consultants 3.3 Studies 3.4 Monitoring 3.5 Land use planning 3.6 Technical assistance 3.7 Fly releases 3.8 Baseline surveys 3.9 Audit II. Recurrent costs 4. Operating costs Total baseline cost Physical contingencies Price contingencies Total Project cost

Local

ADF GRANT Foreign

Total

0.50 0.62 0.00 0.00

1.01 2.97 0.06 0.02

1.51 3.59 0.06 0.02

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.11

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.00 0.13

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.02 0.00 0.24

0.02 0.08 0.14 0.13 0.00 0.40 0.03 0.07 0.00 1.99 0.08 0.11 2.18

0.06 0.15 0.06 0.02 0.19 1.61 0.10 0.09 0.27 6.61 0.30 0.25 7.16

0.08 0.23 0.20 0.15 0.19 2.01 0.13 0.16 0.27 8.60 0.38 0.36 9.34

ANNEX VI Page 2 of 4
GHANA ADF LOAN Local Foreign Categories I. Investments 1. Civil works 2. Goods 2.1 Equipment 2.2 Vehicles 2.3 Motorcycles 2.4 Sterile male flies 3. Services 3.1 Training 3.2. Short term consultants 3.3 Studies 3.4 Monitoring 3.5 Land use planning 3.6 Technical assistance 3.7 Fly releases 3.8 Baseline surveys 3.9 Audit II. Recurrent costs 4. Operating costs Total baseline cost Physical contingencies Price contingencies Total Project cost ADF GRANT Foreign

Total

Local

Total

0.03 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.72

0.05 0.82 0.05 0.02 2.16

0.08 1.00 0.05 0.02 2.88

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.11

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.00 0.13

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.02 0.00 0.24

0.01 0.04 0.10 0.13 0.00 0.10 0.02 0.05 0.00 1.38 0.05 0.08 1.51

0.05 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.18 0.38 0.09 0.09 0.35 4.41 0.50 0.22 5.13

0.06 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.48 0.11 0.14 0.35 5.79 0.55 0.30 6.64

KENYA ADF LOAN Local Foreign Categories I. Investments 1. Goods 1.1 Equipment 1.2 Vehicles 1.3 Motorcycles 1.4 Sterile male flies 2. Services 2.1 Training 2.2. Short term consultants 2.3 Studies 2.4 Monitoring 2.5 Land use planning 2.6 Technical assistance 2.7 Flies release 2.8 Baseline surveys 2.9 Audit II. Recurrent costs 3. Operating costs Total baseline cost Physical contingencies Price contingencies Total Project cost

Total

Local

ADF GRANT Foreign

Total

0.18 0.00 0.00 0.71

0.82 0.05 0.02 2.16

1.00 0.05 0.02 2.87

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.11

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.00 0.13

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.02 0.00 0.24

0.01 0.04 0.09 0.13 0.00 0.10 0.02 0.04 0.00 1.32 0.07 0.07 1.46

0.05 0.09 0.04 0.01 0.18 0.38 0.10 0.08 0.34 4.32 0.51 0.26 5.09

0.06 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.18 0.48 0.12 0.12 0.34 5.64 0.58 0.33 6.55

ANNEX VI Page 3 of 4
MALI ADF LOAN Local Foreign Categories I. Investments 1. Goods 1.1 Equipment 1.2 Vehicles 1.3 Motorcycles 1.4 Sterile male flies 2. Services 2.1 Training 2.2. Short term consultants 2.3 Studies 2.4 Monitoring 2.5 Land use planning 2.6 Technical assistance 2.7 Fly releases 2.8 Baseline surveys 2.9 Audit II. Recurrent costs 3. Operating costs Total baseline cost Physical contingencies Price contingencies Total Project cost ADF GRANT Foreign

Total

Local

Total

0.09 0.00 0.00 0.73

0.41 0.06 0.02 2.15

0.50 0.06 0.02 2.88

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.11

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.00 0.13

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.02 0.00 0.24

0.01 0.05 0.10 0.13 0.00 0.10 0.03 0.07 0.00 1.31 0.05 0.10 1.46

0.06 0.11 0.05 0.02 0.19 0.40 0.10 0.09 0.30 3.96 0.31 0.20 4.47

0.07 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.50 0.13 0.16 0.30 5.27 0.36 0.30 5.93

UGANDA ADF LOAN Local Foreign Categories I. Investments 1. Goods 1.1 Equipment 1.2 Vehicles 1.3 Motorcycles 1.4 Sterile male flies 2. Services 2.1 Training 2.2. Short term consultants 2.3 Studies 2.4 Monitoring 2.5 Land use planning 2.6 Technical assistance 2.7 Fly releases 2.8 Baseline surveys 2.9 Audit II. Recurrent costs 3. Operating costs Total baseline cost Physical contingencies Price contingencies Total Project cost

Total

Local

ADF GRANT Foreign

Total

0.18 0.00 0.00 0.71

0.82 0.05 0.02 2.16

1.00 0.05 0.02 2.87

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.11

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.00 0.13

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.02 0.00 0.24

0.01 0.04 0.09 0.13 0.00 0.10 0.02 0.04 0.00 1.32 0.07 0.07 1.46

0.05 0.09 0.04 0.01 0.18 0.38 0.10 0.08 0.34 4.32 0.51 0.26 5.09

0.06 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.18 0.48 0.12 0.12 0.34 5.64 0.58 0.33 6.55

ANNEX VI Page 4 of 4
PATTEC Local Categories I. Investments 1. Goods 1.1 Equipment 2. Services 2.1 Training 2.2 Studies 2.3 Monitoring 2.4 Audit II. Recurrent costs 3. Operating costs Total baseline cost Physical contingencies Price contingencies Total Project Cost Foreign Total

0.15 0.03 0.10 0.09 0.00 0.12 0.49 0.08 0.06 0.63

0.33 0.06 0.24 0.05 0.15 0.00 0.74 0.05 0.08 0.87

0.48 0.09 0.34 0.14 0.06 0.12 1.23 0.13 0.14 1.50

ANNEX VII
Years Investment

Calculation of Economic Rate of Return (USD 000)

Operating expenses Renewal of equipment Additional incomes Net additional incomes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ERR

6,570 25,161 12,644 18,191 4,049 3785 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1,131 1,729 2,245 2,607 2,663 2,820 2,820 2,820 2,820 2,820 2,820 2,820 2,820 2,820 2,820 2,820 2,820 2,820 2,820

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

0 -7,797 -6,145 3,327 5,663 22,641 31,534 31,534 31,534 31,534 31,534 31,534 31,534 31,534 31,534 31,534 31,534 31,534 31,534 31,534

-6,570 -34,089 -20,518 -17,109 -993 16,093 28,614 28,614 28,614 28,614 28,614 28,614 28,614 28,614 28,614 28,614 28,614 28,614 28,614 28,614 17.9%

ANNEX VIII Page 1 of 2

Project Title:

Environmental and Social Management Plan Summary

Creation of Sustainable Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Free Areas in East and West Africa

Project Number: P-Z1-AA0-066 Country: Multinational Department: OCAR/ONAR

Division: OCAR.2/ONAR.2

a) Brief description of the project and key environmental and social components The Phase I project will be implemented in areas infested by tsetse and Trypanosomiasis in 6 member countries, Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Kenya. It has four components: (i) The Tsetse suppression and eradication component follows a co-ordinated, area-wide strategy using a combination of relatively simple and environmentally friendly technologies such as traps, targets and pour-ons to suppress fly population to low levels before final eradication with the sterile insect techniques (SIT). (ii) The Capacity Building component aims to strengthen regional and national capacity for co-ordinated eradication of tsetse. This will be carried out through upgrading of training facilities, training of staff and the establishment of an integrated information system. (iii) Sustainable land management will support the preparation of broad-level land use plans, which identify areas suitable for agricultural intensification and expansion and some new agricultural or non-agricultural activities; (iv) Coordination and management will establish Project Coordination and Management units in each participating country and develop systems for information exchange, strategy development and coordination with PATTEC at the regional level. b) Major environmental and social impacts

Insecticide-based control methods The use of insecticides in a controlled way such as in traps and targets, livestock spraying and pour-ons will have limited environmental impacts. Ground and aerial spraying have potentially wider impacts. Moreover, if control methods are used on an area-wide scale, there will be many opportunities for exposure and potential risk will increase. Deltamethrin, despite its non-persistence in the environment, is a broad-spectrum insecticide and may have significant impacts on the aquatic and terrestrial fauna. Arthropods are likely to be the group most at risk, though fish and bird populations may also be affected. One key concern is the potential loss of honeybees, which constitute an important economic activity in many of the tsetse-infested areas. Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) Potential hazards may occur during the production, shipping and release of sterile tsetse males. The most serious risks are the ones posed by the use of the irradiator required to sterilise the laboratory-reared males. If the necessary precautions are not taken, there may be a risk of operators exposure to high levels of radiation or environmental contamination (it is important to mention that this risk is only present within the rearing facility where the radioactive source is located). The sterile flies do not represent any danger in terms of radiation. Facility workers may also develop allergic reactions from frequent exposure to blood. Other risks include the risk of contamination of the environment through the disposal of irradiated waste and the risk of male flies escaping prior to sterilisation.
c) Enhancement and mitigation program

Mitigation of potential adverse effects of insecticides The insecticide of concern for this study is deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, generally known to be much less toxic to vertebrates than other classes of insecticides. As a result, the threat they pose to humans and other mammals is limited. However, if these are used on an area-wide scale, there will be many opportunities for exposure and potential risk will increase. Arthropods are likely to be the group most at risk from such applications though fish and bird populations may also be affected. Although deltamethrin is a broadspectrum insecticide, its impact on the aquatic and terrestrial fauna is offset by its non-persistence in the environment.

ANNEX VIII Page 2 of 2

Mitigation of potential adverse effect of SIT Feeding the sterile males prior to release can reduce the possibility of Trypanosomiasis transmission. This is known to render the sterile males more refractory to infection for a period. In addition, a trypanocide can be added to the males diet and releases can be timed to coincide with the periods when males are more disposed to mating than feeding (Quinlan et al., 2001). Irradiating the blood diet counteracts the potential for transmission of other blood-transmitted disease. The IAEA has developed best practices and Standard Operating Procedures to assists countries in developing appropriate systems for the safe use of irradiation sources and prevent potential hazards of SIT. d) Monitoring program and complementary initiatives The PCMU will be responsible for hiring experts/companies to conduct baseline surveys and monitoring activities as well as adaptive research. PCMU will also ensure that the conclusions from these sources are fed back into project operations. Consultants with specific expertise will be hired for short-term missions to monitor indicative species such as birds, fish, butterflies and mammals. Monitoring of pesticide impact will involve measuring residues in the environmental media, such as water, air, soil and sediment and the biotic components such as plants, tissues of vertebrate and invertebrate animals. e) Institutional arrangements and capacity building requirements Early diagnosis of the disease is essential and this is very often not possible since the effected populations inhabit generally rural areas and may not have ready access to medical care. In order to address the problem of misdiagnosis of the disease, the programme has defined as one of its foremost objectives to establish throughout a given area, diagnosis and treatment facilities for both sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock. In addition, the project will have a strong training component, which will increase the technical capacity of the countries to carry out vector and disease eradication/control whilst minimising adverse environmental impacts. f) Public consultations and disclosure requirements The ESIA study team has had consultations in the six countries visited and meetings with high-ranking officials of national governments, especially the ministries concerned with activities on tsetse and Trypanosomiasis infestation. More importantly, interviews and discussions were held with local community members, including livestock and crop farmers, women and community leaders during field trips to tsetse and Trypanosomiasis infested areas. The documents related to the ESIA study have been posted on the Bank website. g) Estimated costs A total amount of 1,987,200 USD has been allocated for the implementation of the ESMP.

ANNEX IX: Page 1 of 6

On-Going Bank Group Operations by Country BURKINA FASO (AMOUNTS IN MILLION UA)
Projects

Projet d'Hydraulique rurale Dveloppement de l'levage dans la province du Soum II Projet de dvel. Rural dcentralis & participatif Bazega, Kadiogo Etude de dveloppement agricole dans le centre-ouest

Approval Date 24-Nov-93 29-Mar-00 18-Apr-01 28-Nov-01

Date of signature 30-Dec-93 28-Aug-00 30-May-01 15-Feb-02 21-Mar-03 21-Mar-03 4-Jun-03 22-Apr-04 7-Dec-01 21-Oct-04 28-Feb-98 28-Aug-00 28-May-02 18-Dec-03 18-Dec-03 5-Sep-97 5-Feb-99 5-Feb-99 7-Feb-00 2-Sep-03 2-Sep-03 18-Dec-03 15-Feb-02 27-Sep-04

Approved Disbursed Disbursement amount Amount Ratio 8.52 5.49 64.44% 9.99 15.00 0.58 15.00 10.00 12.00 2.00 73.09 22.00 15.71 37.71 4.74 0.97 0.91 15.00 5.00 26.62 0.90 10.58 4.39 0.55 3.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.81 0.33 0.33 36.41 16.50 14.00 1.50 10.00 12.00 5.00 5.00 64.00 2.35 15.50 17.85 219.27 3.24 3.20 0.53 0.96 0.20 0.00 0.00 13.62 2.75 0.00 2.75 0.63 0.27 32.43% 21.33% 91.38% 6.40% 1.98% 0.00% 0.00% 18.63% 12.50% 0.00% 7.29% 13.29% 27.84% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 3.38% 64.12% 31.36% 36.67% 32.90% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 29.39% 14.04% 0.00% 1.85% 16.60%

Programme de dveloppement rural de la Como, Lraba et 27-Nov-02 Kenedougou Programme de mise en valeur de petits barrages 12-Dec-02 Projet de gestion des ressources forestires Schma national d'amnagement du territoire 21-May-03 24-Mar-04 14-Nov-01 29-Sep-04 15-Dec-97 22-Mar-00 17-Apr-02 10-Sep-03 10-Sep-03 16-Jul-97 10-Dec-98 10-Dec-98 6-Oct-99 16-Jul-03 16-Jul-03 19-Nov-03 6-Feb-02 22-Sep-04

Sub-total Agriculture
Programme de rhabilitation et d'entretien de routes en terre (Entr II) Projet de pistes rurales

Sub-total Transport
AEP Ouagadougou (Barrage de Ziga) Etude d'AEPA Bobo et Centres secondaires Etude d'lectrification rurale dcentralise Programme d'alimentation en eau potable et assainissement Programme d'alimentation en eau potable et assainissement

Sub-total Public Utilities

Education IV Programme de pauvret en milieu communal Programme de pauvret en milieu communal Projet Sant II Education V Education V Appui au plan multi-sectoriel VIH/SIDA

Sub-total Social
Projet d'appui la bonne gouvernance (PABG) Programme complmentaire d'appui au CSLP (PCASRP II)

Sub-total Multi-sector
Grand total

ANNEX IX Page 2 of 6

MALI (AMOUNTS IN MILLION UA)

Projects PROG. MISE EN VALEUR DES PLAINES DU MOYEN BANI PROJET DE DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL D-ANSONGO PROJET D'AMENA. DU PERIMETRE IRRIGUE DE ETUDE PROJET D'AMENA. DU PERIMETRE IRRIGUE DE CONSOLIDATION PERIMETRES DE DAYE-HAMADJ PROJET D'APPUI A LA FILIERE SEMENCIERE ETUDE AGRICOLE DE LA DOUENTZA PROJET D'APPUI AU DEVELOP RURAL ORM MOPTI III ETUDE AMENAGEMENT HYDRO AGRICOLE DE PHEDIE PROJET DEVELOP DE L'ELEVAGE MALI NORD EST LIGNE DE CREDIT AGRICOLE A LA BNDA ETUDE DU SEUIL DE DJENNE PROJET D'APPUI AU DEVELOP DE LA PECHE Sub-total Agriculture PROJET D'ENTRETIEN ROUTIER Sub-total Transport ETUDES EAU POTABLE & ASSAIN SEGOU ETUDES ELECTRIICATION RURALE PROJET AEPA (INITIATIVE DE L'EAU) PROJET AEPA (INITIATIVE DE L'EAU) ETUDE SCHEMA DIRECTEUR ASSAINISSEMENT BKO Sub-total Public Utilities PROJET EDUCATION III REDUCTION DE LA PAUVRETE, REDUCTION DE LA PAUVRETE, (ETUDE) APPUI AU PRODESS (SANTE IV) PROJET EDUCATION IV PROJET EDUCATION IV PROJET APPUI MULTISECTORIEL WID ET SIDA Sub-total Social PROJET APPUI A LA BONNE GOUVERNANCE PROGRAMME COMPLEMENTAIRE PAS III Approval Date 15-Dec-97 27-Oct-99 18-Oct-00 18-Oct-00 3-Nov-00 14-Jun-01 19-Sep-01 10-Oct-01 11-Apr-02 11-Sep-02 19-Dec-02 16-Apr-04 6-Oct-04 8-Oct-97 6-May-98 24-Sep-03 17-Dec-03 17-Dec-03 24-Mar-04 20-Nov-97 24-Mar-99 24-Mar-99 21-Nov-01 24-Sep-03 24-Sep-03 8-Sep-04 20-Dec-02 29-Jul-04 Date of Approve Disburse Disburseme signature d amount Amount nt Ratio 20-Feb-98 19.77 2.24 11.3% 7-Feb-00 9.44 4.60 48.7% 15-Dec-00 12.47 1.71 13.7% 15-Dec-00 0.44 0.32 72.7% 26-Apr-01 7.84 0.00 0.0% 11-Jul-01 5.67 0.90 15.9% 26-Oct-01 0.65 0.19 29.2% 26-Oct-01 15.27 0.72 4.7% 28-May-02 0.63 0.04 6.2% 23-Jan-03 13.72 0.09 0.7% 14-Feb-03 15.00 9.01 60.1% 8-Aug-04 1.16 0.00 0.0% 15.00 0.00 0.0% 117.06 19.82 17.0% 25-Nov-97 14.00 9.94 71.0% 14.00 9.94 71.0% 28-May-98 0.69 0.45 65.0% 21-Nov-03 1.13 0.00 0.0% 25-Mar-04 9.80 0.00 0.0% 25-Mar-04 2.20 0.00 0.0% 8-Aug-04 0.97 0.00 0.0% 14.79 0.45 3.0% 17-Dec-97 10.00 6.23 62.3% 18-May-99 10.00 5.56 55.6% 18-May-99 2.50 1.97 78.6% 15-Jan-02 15.00 3.02 20.1% 21-Nov-03 12.00 0.00 0.0% 21-Nov-03 3.00 0.00 0.0% 8.22 0.00 0.0% 60.72 16.77 27.6% 16-Jan-03 2.10 0.68 32.4% 8-Aug-04 8.60 0.00 0.0% 10.70 0.68 6.4% 217.27 47.66 22.0%

Sub-total Multi-sector
Total

ANNEX IX Page 3 of 6

KENYA (AMOUNTS IN MILLION UA)

Projects ASAL-BASED LIVESTOCK AND RURAL LIVELIHOODS SUPPORT PROJECT Sub-total Agriculture LINE OF CREDIT TO CFC BANK LTD. Sub-total Industry ROADS 2000-DISTRICT RURAL ROADS REHAB. PROJECT (ADF) Sub-total Transport RIFT VALLEY WATER AND SANITATION PROJECT Sub-total Public Utilities RURAL HEALTH II (ADF) EDUCATION III PROJECT RURAL HEALTH III PROJECT Sub-total Social STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT LOAN (ADF) Sub-total Multi-sector Grand Total Approval Date 17-Dec-03 Date of signature 03-Jun-04 Approved amount 18.41 3.17 27.00 4.67 4.67 20.00 20.00 22.0 5.0 27.00 8.00 24.26 6.75 17.18 6.0 45.96 28.25 76.97 201.60 Disbursed Amount 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 Disbursement Ratio 0 0 0 0 0.00 0

29-Oct-03 12-Jul-03 15-Feb-02

June 04

15-jJul-98 17-Dec-03 June 04

20-Jul-98 na

0 2.53 18.44

0 31.63 14.00

03-nov-00

27-Nov-00

20.97 0.00 5.94 26.91

45.63 0.00 17.36 10.50

ANNEX IX Page 4 of 6

ETHIOPIA (AMOUNTS IN MILLION UA)

Projects NATIONAL LIVESTOCK DEV. PROJECT PASTORAL AREA DEVELOPMENT STUDY KOGA IRRIGATION PROJECT KOGA IRRIGATION PROJECT GENALE-DAWA MASTER PLAN STUDY RURAL FINANCE INTERMEDIATION RURAL FINANCE INTERMEDIATION AWASH RIVER BASIN CONTROL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN AGRIC. SUPPORT PROGRAMME AGRIC. SUPPORT PROGRAMME Subtotal Agriculture ALEMGENA-BUTAJIRA ROAD UPGRADING SEVEN ROAD STUDIES BUTAJIRA-HOSSAINA-SODO ROAD PROJECT WACHA-MAJI ROAD PROJECT WACHA-MAJI ROAD PROJECT Subtotal Transport RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT HARAR WATER & SANITATION HARAR WATER & SANITATION Subtotal Public Utilities EDUCATION III (loan) EDUCATION III (grant) PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PRIVATISATION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE Subtotal Social CAPACITY BUILDING OF MOFED SUPPORT FOR WOMEN AFFAIRS OFFICE Subtotal Multi-Sector
GRAND TOTAL

Approval Date 1998 2000 2001 2001 2001 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 1998 1998 2001 2003 2003 2001 2002 2002 1998 1998 1998 2000 2001 2004

Date of signature 10.09.1998 15.12.2000 19.07.2001 19.07.2001 16.11.2001 16.07.2003 16.07.2003 21.07.2003 8-Oct-2003 5-Nov-2003 5-Nov-2003 21-07-1998 16.12.1998 16-11-2001 13-10.2003 13-10-2003 14-03-2002 08.11.2002 08.11.2002 19-09-1998 19-09-1998 26.11-1998 15-03-2001 15-01-2002 12.05.2004

Approved Disbursed amount Amount 27.00 15.52 0.71 0.00 32.59 0.11 1.33 0.16 3.93 0.00 27.17 0.00 8.00 0.00 1.83 0.00 2.34 0.00 21.24 0.00 17.70 0.00 143.84 15.79 18.50 16.57 3.40 1.10 41.31 4.80 22.71 0.00 0.99 0.00 86.91 22.47 37.67 0.40 19.89 0.16 1.12 0.00 58.68 0.56 32.00 11.50 0.30 0.00 29.67 8.81 3.00 0.35 64.97 20.66 0.52 0.15 1.05 0.00 1.57 0.15 355.97 59.63

Disbursement Ratio 57.48 0.00 0.34 12.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.35 89.57 32.35 11.62 0.00 0.00 26.71 1.06 0.80 0.00 0.62 35.94 0.00 29.69 11.67 19.33 28.85 0.00 14.43 13.49

ANNEX IX Page 5 of 6

UGANDA (AMOUNTS IN MILLION UA)

Project Approval Date Date of Signature Loan/Grant Approved Amount Disburse Disbursed ment Ratio 17.6 1.97 11.21 9.67 22 23.74 2.79 31.57 9.85 117.22 09/18/2002 11/20/2002 09/17/1998 01/12/1999 09/13/2000 05/30/2001 01/10/2003 01/10/2003 11/06/1996 09/03/1997 5.36 5.36 8.26 15 216.6 239.86 18 1.57 1.65 21.22 13.1 1.84 30 2.5 20 2.38 69.82 AID 12/16/1998 01/12/1999 05/15/2002 01/06/2003 10/16/2002 06/02/2003 1.47 0.15 40.46 42.08 495.56 0.13 0.61 0 0 0 0 2.71 8 8.00 6.48 6.85 35.98 49.31 11.73 1.24 1.18 14.15 4.4 0.5 9.17 1.18 7.97 0.16 23.38 1.45 0.14 20.2 21.79 119.34 1.37 0.28 0 0 0 0 1.84 100 100.00 100 45.72 16.62 54.11 65.19 79.25 71.77 72.07 33.62 27.68 30.59 47.27 39.87 6.84 30.98 98.81 99.73 49.94 82.83 56.97

NORTHWEST SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURAL 12/15/1999 11/20/2000 DEVELOPMENT AREA-BASED AGRICULTURAL MODERNISATION 09/13/2000 05/30/2001 PROGRAMME FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 06/12/2002 11/14/2002 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT PROJ. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT PROJ. 12/04/2002 06/02/2003 12/04/2002 06/02/2003

FARM INCOME ENHANCEMENT AND FOREST CONSE 09/29/2004 FARM INCOME ENHANCEMENT AND FOREST CONSE 09/29/2004 Subtotal Agriculture SHERATON KAMPALA HOTEL Subtotal Industry and Mining KYOTERA-MUTUKULA UPGRADING PROJECT ROADS MAINTENANCE AND UPGRADING PROJECT TRANSPORT SECTOR DEV PROG: KABALE-KISORO Subtotal Transport URBAN POWER REHABILITATION PROJECT RURAL TOWNS WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION 05/17/2000 05/29/2000 STUDY ALT.ENERGY RESSOURCE ASSESS. AND 10/18/2000 11/20/2000 UTILIZATION STUDY Subtotal Public Utilities RURAL MICROFINANCE SUPPORT PROJECT (RMSP) RURAL MICROFINANCE SUPPORT PROJECT (RMSP) 11/24/1999 05/29/2000 11/24/1999 05/29/2000

SUPPORT TO THE HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGIC 09/13/2000 05/30/2001 PLAN SUPPORT TO THE HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGIC 09/13/2000 05/30/2001 PLAN SUPPORT TO THE ESIP (EDUCATION II PROJECT) 12/21/2000 05/30/2001 SUPPORT TO THE ESIP (EDUCATION II PROJECT) Subtotal Social INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT TO EXTERNAL COORDINATION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE - ILI- UGANDA POVERTY REDUCTION SUPPORT LOAN Subtotal Multi-Sector GRAND TOTAL 12/21/2000 05/30/2001

ANNEX IX Page 6 of 6

GHANA (AMOUNTS IN MILLION UA)

Project Kpong Irrigation Project Kpong Irrigation Project Foods Crops Development Small Scale Irrigation Development Project Agro-Industrial sub-sector study Line of Credit IV to Agri. Dev. Bank Cashew Development Afraim Plains Study Special Food security Programme Inst. Support to Rural Banks Inland Valley Rice Development Project Livestock Development Project Sub-total AGRICULTURE Accra Saniation Study Sub-total PUBLIC UTILITIES Anyinam Kumasi Road Rehab. Achimota Anyinam Road Rehab. Three Roads Study Tetteh Quarshie Circle-Mamfe Road Project Tema Aflao Road Rehab.Project Akatsi-Dzodze-Noepe Road Project Road Infrastructure Project Sub-total TRANSPORT Primary Education Rehabilitation Project Poverty Alleviation Project Health Services Rehabilitation III Social Action Support Project Sub-total SOCIAL SECTOR Institutional Support to Two Ministries Economic Reform Support Loan II Instit.Support for Govern.and Poverty redu. Poverty eduction Support Loan (PRSL) Sub-total MULTI-SECTOR GRAND TOTAL Approval Date 17/09/90 17/09/90 12/10/1997 4/12/1997 9/9/1998 14/07/99 31/10/2000 3/5/2000 17/05/2000 7/9/2000 18/05/2001 10/10/2001 30/05/00 22/11/85 15/12/97 20/10/99 11/12/2000 17/04/02 20/12/02 17/07/2003 9/1/1997 10/12/1997 10/1/2002 24/09/03 28/10/98 29/03/2001 14/11/2001 24/10/2003 2/2/1999 23/05/2001 ny signed 24/10/2003 22/07/97 29/05/98 4/6/2003 Date of Loan/Grant Amount Disburseme Signature Approved Disbursed nt Ratio 14/08/91 23.24 19.33 83% 14/08/91 29/05/98 29/05/98 9/2/1999 10/9/1999 8/3/2001 29/12/2000 29/12/2000 8/3/2001 23/05/2001 2/8/2002 28/12/02 20/12/85 29/05/98 17/02/00 8/3/2001 2/8/2002 18/07/03 2.08 10.00 15.00 0.70 15.00 9.89 0.62 0.71 5.00 15.00 19.58 116.82 0.95 0.95 23.67 10.00 1.16 25.00 14.72 12.72 18.8 106.07 12.00 11.00 17.64 12.00 52.64 2.00 39.00 3.00 3.02 47.02 323.5 1.31 2.89 2.03 0.50 8.08 0.50 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 35.36 0.15 0.15 14.93 2.84 0.03 1.53 0.00 0.00 0 19.33 9.56 6.25 0.00 0.00 15.81 0.39 39.00 0.20 0.00 39.59 110.2375 63% 29% 14% 72% 54% 5% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 30% 16% 16% 63.09% 28.36% 2.58% 6.12% 0.00% 0.00% 0 18.22% 80% 57% 0% 0% 30.03% 20% 100% 7% 0 84.20% 35.65

ANNEX X

Highlights of the Project Preparation and Review Process

1. Project Identification: A joint Bank Group and PATTEC identification mission visited Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and Uganda on 13-27 February 2004 and discussions held with the Governments of these countries and other stakeholders, including FAO, US State Department and African Union Agriculture and Rural Commission. A framework support for the PATTEC Programme and a strategy for its implementation were developed during this mission. A set of criteria was also developed for the selection of countries to participate in the first phase project of the programme. The first phase project of the Programme was proposed to focus on six countries Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda in the East and Burkina Faso, Ghana and Mali in the West.

2. Project Preparation: The Project was prepared between 4-31 May 2004 by a joint Bank Group and PATTEC multidisciplinary team comprising of an Agricultural Economist, Agronomist, Financial Analyst, Environmentalist, Livestock Expert, Consultant-Land Use Planner and Entomologist and PATTEC Atomic Energy Expert. The mission visited Ethiopia, Kenya, Cameroon and Burkina Faso and participated in a SADC Summit in Tanzania. Discussions were held with some of the stakeholders including US State Department, World Bank, European Union, DFID, CIDA, and German and Belgian Embassies. During this same period, the Bank Group carried out an ESIA with a team of consultants, which has been distributed to the Board and published in the Bank website. 3: Project Appraisal: The Project was appraised between 7 August and 1 September 2004 by a joint Bank Group and PATTEC multidisciplinary team comprising of an Agricultural Economist, Agronomist, Financial Analyst, Environmentalist, Livestock Expert, Consultant-Land Use Planner and PATTEC Atomic Energy Expert. The mission visited Uganda, Kenya, Ghana and Mali and organised two workshops one in Uganda and the other in Ghana for the two sub-regions. The workshops were attended by representatives of both technical and finance ministries of not only the participating countries but also some of the other affected countries. The mission also had discussions with some of the key stakeholders in these countries including the service providers. The report was processed according to the Bank format as per the Operations Manual. 4. Internal Working Group/Technical Team: The internal working group and technical team meeting was held on 24 September 2004. The report was revised based on the comments received. 5. Inter-Departmental Working Group: The Inter-Departmental Working Group meeting was held to discussed the revised appraisal report on 12 October 2004. The report was revised following the comments received. 6. Senior Management Committee: The Senior Management Committee meeting was convened on 22 October 2004 to consider the draft Appraisal Report. The report was revised based on the comments received.