Jacques W. Delleur. "Appendix B" The Handbook of Groundwater Engineering Editor-in-Chief Jacques W.

Delleur Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,1999

APPENDIX B List of Figures (F) and Tables (T) of Properties, Methods, and Techniques
Number T. 1.1 F. 1.1 T. 1.2 T. 1.3 F. 1.7 F. 1.10 F. 1.11 F. 1.12 F. 1.13 F. 1.14 F. 1.15 F. 1.16 F. 1.16 F. 1.18 F. 1.19 F. 1.20 F. 1.21 F. 1.22 F. 1.23 F. 1.14 F. 1.25 F. 1.27 F. 1.28 F. 1.29 F. 1.30 F. 1.31 F. 1.34 F. 2.1 F. 2.2 F. 2.3 F. 2.4 F. 2.5 T. 2.3 F. 2.7 F. 2.11 Title Estimates of Relative Volumes of Water of Various Kinds on Earth Ground Water Regions in North America Hydraulic Characteristics of Groundwater Regions in the United States Important Physical Properties of Soil and Rock Illustration of Specic Storage and Storativity Illustration of the Concept of Transmissivity Elliptical Representation of Permeability and Hydraulic Conductivity Natural Hydraulic Anisotropy in Water-Lain Sediments Anisotropy Due to Generation of Secondary Porosity by Fracturing Summary of Possible Combinations of Isotropy, Anisotropy, Homogeneity, and Heterogeneity Hydraulic Conductivity of Layered Systems The Law of Tangents Kinds of Aquifers. A) Conned Aquifer; B) Unconned Aquifer A Perched Aquifer A Semiconned or Leaky Aquifer Saturation Index Prole versus Depth in an Unsaturated Soil Soil Moisture Characteristic Curves Hypothetical Recharge/Discharge System Illustration of Inltration Capacity The Interow or Subsurface Stormow Zone The Seepage Face Local, Intermediate, and Regional Flow Systems Hydrograph of Stream Flow Cross Section Showing Lake/Aquifer Interactions Gaining and Losing Streams Bank Storage A Capture Zone Around a Pumping Well Absolute and Gage Pressures Heads and Gradients Finding Flow Direction and Gradient from Three Observation Wells Tensiometer Darcys Original Apparatus Density and Viscosity of Water Permeameters. (a) Constant Head. (b) Falling Head Seepage from a Channel in a Soil Underlain by Impervious Material Page 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-11 1-17 1-21 1-22 1-22 1-23 1.23 1-24 1-24 1-25 1-26 1-27 1-27 1-28 1-29 1-30 1-31 1-32 1-34 1-25 1-38 1-39 1-40 1-45 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-5 2-6 2-9 2-10 2-15

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Number F. 2.12 F. 2.13 T. 2.4 F. 2.19 F. 2.21 F. 2.22 F. 2.23 F. 3.4 F. 3.7 F. 4.1 T. 4.2 F. 4.4 F. 4.5 T. 4.3 F. 4.14 F. 4.23 F. 4.24 F. 4.29 F. 5.1 F. 5.2 F .5.3 F. 5.7 T. 5.3 F. 6.1 T. 6.1 F. 6.3 F. 6.4 F. 6.5 T. 6.2 F. 6.6 T. 6.3 F. 6.7 F. 6.8 T. 6.4 F. 6.11 T. 6.8 F. 6.13 F. 7.2 F. 8.3 F. 8.4 F. 8.5 F. 8.7 F. 8.10 F. 8.11 F. 8.13 F. 8.14 F. 8.15 F. 8.16 F. 8.18 F. 8.19

Title Seepage from a Recharge Basin Flow Toward a Fully Penetrating Well in a Conned Aquifer Modulus of Elasticity of Soils and Rocks Coastal Aquifer Under Natural Conditions Examples of Dissolved Constituents in Groundwater Sources of Groundwater Contamination Longitudinal and Transverse Spreading due to Mechanical Dispersion Hydraulic Approach to Groundwater Flow Storage and Release of Groundwater in a Phreatic Aquifer Due to Change in Water Table Position Idealized Void Space Some Typical Values of Coefcient of Permeability Streamlines and Equipotential Lines Flow Between Streamlines Representative Coefcient of Variation Example of Flow Net Summary of Fragment Types and Form Factors Entrance and Emergence Conditions Example of Two-Layered Systems The Unsaturated and Saturated Zones in the Hydrologic Cycle Particle Size Limits According to USDA and ISSS Soil Classication Schemes USDA Soil Textural Classication Chart Tension Disk Inltrometer Mean Soil Characteristics Found on the GRIZZLY Database Relation Among Moisture Retention Parameters and Soil Texture Class Typical Soil Properties for Different Soil Textures Inltration Diagram, (a) Without Ponding, (b) With Ponding Typical Scenario During Inltration Inuence of the Tube Cross-Section Variation on the Height of Capillary Rise Summary of Water Retention Functions (a) Water Retention Curves, (b) Relative Permeability Summary of Unsaturated Relative Permeability Functions Moisture Variation vs. Depth at Different Times Green and Ampt Flow Model Green and Ampt Parameters Smiths Inltration Model Parameters for Predicting Dimensionless Time of Ponding Relation Between SCS Curve Number and Soil Texture for Various Levels of Vegetation Conceptual Framework of Preferential Flow Model Schematic Cross Section of a Pumped Unconned Aquifer Time-Drawdown Plot in an Unconned Aquifer Showing Delayed Yield Schematic Cross Section of a Pumped Leaky Aquifer Parameters Used for the Analysis of Partially Penetrating Wells A) Time-Drawdown Relationship During a Pumping Test Followed by a Recovery Test; B) DistanceDrawdown Relationship During a Pumping Test Time-Drawdown Plots Showing the Changes in Drawdown During an Aquifer Test and Their Interpretations Time-Drawdown Plot of Field Data of an Aquifer Test in an Unconned Aquifer with Partially Penetrating Pumped Well Time-Drawdown Plot of Field Data of an Aquifer Test in a Leaky Aquifer Time-Drawdown Plot of Field Data of a Single Well Test in an Unconned Aquifer Time-Ratio-Residual-Drawdown Plot of Field Data of a Single-Well Test in an Unconned Aquifer Distance-Drawdown Plot of Field Data of an Aquifer Test in an Unconned Aquifer Distance-Drawdown Plot of Field Data of an Aquifer Test in a Leaky Aquifer

Page 2-16 2-17 2-23 2-25 2-27 2-28 2-31 3-18 3-24 4-2 4-5 4-8 4-9 4-15 4-23 4-35 4-35 4-39 5-2 5-3 5-3 5-15 5-20 6-3 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-7 6-8 6-9 6-9 6-10 6-13 6-16 6-28 6.29 6-32 7-11 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-10 8-13 8-16 8-21 8-23 8-25 8-27 8-29 8-30

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Number F. 9.2 F. 9.3 F. 9.4 T. 9.6 T. 9.8 T. 9.9 T. 9.10 T. 10.1 T. 10.2 T. 10.3 T. 10.4 T. 10.5 T. 10.6 T. 10.7 T 10.8 T. 10.9 T. 10.10 T. 10.11 T. 10.12 T. 10.13 T. 10.14 F. 11.3 F. 11.5 F. 11-7 T. 12.1 T. 13.1 T. 13.2 T. 13.3 F. 13-3 F. 13.4 F. 13.5 T. 13.4 F. 13.7 F. 13.8 T. 13.5 T. 13.6 T. 13.7 T. 13.8 T. 13.9 F. 13.11 F. 13.12 F. 13.13 F. 14.1 F. 14.3 F. 14.4 F. 15.2 F. 15.4 F. 16.1

Title Schematic Cross Section of Wells Located in a Leaky Aquifer Various Components of Head Loss in a Pumped Well Principles of a Step-Drawdown Test Maximum Pumping Rates for Certain Diameters of Standard-Weight Casing Recommended Screen Entrance Velocities Minimum Screen Lengths for Different Types of Screen and Pump Discharges Well Construction Methods and Applications Surface and Cross Hole Geophysical Methods Applications of Surface and Crosshole Geophysical Methods Borehole Geophysical Methods Applications of the Most Common Borehole Geophysical Methods Resistivity and Dielectric Constants for Typical Near-Surface Materials Seismic P-Wave Velocities for Typical Near-Surface Materials Standard Deviation and Correlation Scale of the Natural Logarithm of Hydraulic Conductivity or Transmissivity Hydraulic Conductivity Statistics and Spatial Correlations at Selected Field Sites Environmental Applications of the Monte Carlo Method Rating and Weighting Factors for the DRASTIC Method Range of DRASTIC Indexes for Groundwater Regions in the U.S. Chemical Characteristics for Selected Organic Compounds Sample Attenuation Factors Qualitative Designations for Attenuation Factors A Diagram of Seismic Reection Data Collection, Processing, and Interpretation A Diagram of a Seismic Refraction Survey with the Corresponding Distance versus Time Plots for Direct, Reected, and Refracted Waves Plot of Relative Dielectric Permativity of Various Materials Common Variogram Models Temperature Dependence of the Ion Product of Water Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constants for the Carbonate System Acid Dissociation Constants for Common Ionizable Groundwater Constituents at 25C pC-pH Diagram for the Carbonate System under Conditions of Equilibrium with the Atmosphere and 25C. pC-pH Diagram for the Carbonate System Without Atmospheric Exposure at 25C Predominance-area Diagram for Fe(II) under Conditions of Exposure to Carbonate and Hydroxide and a Total Iron Concentration of 105 M Zero Points of Charge for Selected Inorganic Solids p -pC Diagram for Iron at a Total Dissolved Iron Concentration of 104 M and pH = 2 p -pH Diagram for Sulfur at a Total Sulfur Concentration of 102 M Measurements of the Chemical Composition of Rain and Snow Typical Gas-Phase Composition in a Clean Atmosphere Typical Concentration Ranges of Trace Atmospheric Constituents in Clean and Polluted Atmospheres Major, Minor, and Trace Constituents, as dened by Freeze and Cherry (1979) Octanol-Water Partition Coefcients (Kow) for Selected Soils and Groundwater Contaminants Schematic Illustration of the Behavior of LNAPL Compounds Schematic Illustration of the Behavior of DNAPL Compounds Spectrum of Particle Sizes to be Seen in Natural Waters, Including Groundwater Simulated Random Hydraulic Conductivity Fields Using the Spectral Algorithm of Dykaar and Kitanidis Enhanced Spreading Due to Heterogeneity Spreading versus Dilution Concentration Contours for Various Models Observed and Simulated Breakthough of Benzoate Principal Contaminant Sources and Pathways in the Soil Chemical System

Page 9-4 9-6 9-8 9-16 9-18 9-19 9-24 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-10 10-15 10-24 10-37 10-38 10-52 10-55 10-58 10-59 10-61 10-61 11-8 11-10 11-13 12-7 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-7 13-8 13-9 13-12 13-12 13-14 13-15 13-16 13-17 13-20 13-21 13-22 13-28 14-8 14-9 14-10 15-10 15-17 16-3

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Number T. 16.1 T. 16.2 T. 16.3 T. 16.4 F. 16.2 T. 16.5 T. 16.6 F. 16.4 F. 16.7 F. 16.8 F. 16.9 F. 16.11 F. 16.13 T. 16.7 F. 16.14 F.17.1 F. 17.4 F. 17.5 F. 17.7 F. 17.10 F. 17.13 F. 17.14

Title Particle Size Classes Typical Values of Porosity and Density of Soils Soil Pores by Size and Function Typical Volumes of Pores Geometric Conguration of Clay Minerals and Sesquioxides Chemical Properties of Contaminants Typical Composition of Wastes from Representative Industries Fluid Content, Saturation, Retention Capacity, Irreducible Content Relative Permeabilities as a Function of Relative Saturation Relative Saturation Proles in Multiphase Flow Hysteresis between Relative Saturation and Capillary Pressure Potential Distribution in Clay Double Layer Analytical Determination of Capillary Fringe Capillary Tension Parameters and Capillary Fringe for Typical Soil Types Relation between Relative Saturation, Permeability, Residual Saturation, and Occlusion Condition Schematic Diagram Showing Mechanism of Fracture Formation Comparison of Aperture of a Single Fracture to Equivalent Thickness of Porous Media Groundwater Velocity in a Single Fracture as Predicted by Cubic Law Concentration Proles in a 500-m Fracture, 50 m from a Continuous Source, Illustrating the Inuence of Matrix Porosity on Solute Transport in a Single Fracture Schematic Diagram of a Typical Constant-Head Injection Testing System Schematic Diagram Showing Field Test Set-up for Pulse Interface Test Flow in Fractured Media - Pulse Interference Tests. Type Curves Used to Interpret Pulse Interface Tests by Graphical Method when There is no Observation Well Storage, (a) Curves Used to Calculate S, (b) Curves Used to Calculate T Flow in Fractured Media - Pulse Interference Tests. Type Curves Used to Interpret Pulse Interface Tests by Graphical Method when Observation Well Storage = Source Well Storage, (a) Curves to Calculate S, (b) Curves to Calculate T. Schematic Diagram of the Experimental Apparatus Used for a Point Dilution Operational Scales in a Fractured Medium Typical Three-Dimensional View of Conceptual Fracture Framework for a Layer-Cake Stratigraphy Three Types of Interconnecting Flow Channels in a Fracture Network The Incorporation of Variable Aperture Fractures Is Introduced in a Fracture Network Model Classication of Permeability Flow Characteristics of Permeability Types Mannings n for Channels Selected Equilibrium Constants for Carbonate Reactions Solubility of Calcite as a Function of CO2 Partial Pressure Commonly Used Tracer Dyes for Karst Hydrology Geomedia Characterization and Scaling Congurations Natural Processes Affecting the Contaminant Interactions Typical Materials of the Soil Medium Organic and Inorganic Chemical Species Interaction of Multiple Phases: Solid, Fluid, and Gas Natural Processes Inuencing Contaminant Behavior Determination of Microscopic and Macroscopic Levels Interrelationships Between Driving Mechanism and Different Fluxes Compatibility Parameters of Different Natural Processes Reaction Half-Life for Common Reactions in Aqueous Systems Compatibility Parameters of Different Natural Processes In Situ Remediation Technologies and Corresponding Natural Processes Biodegradation Reactions and Corresponding Stoichiometry DRASTIC Factor Weights

Page 16-4 16-5 16-5 16.6 16-7 16-9 16-9 16-12 16-15 16-18 16-18 16-23 16-28 16-28 16-29 17-3 17-6 17-6 17-9 17-13 17-16 17-18

F. 17.15

17-19

F. 17.17 F. 17.22 F. 17.24 F. 17.26 F. 17.31 T. 18.1A T. 18.1B T. 18.2 T. 18.3 F. 18.8 T. 18.4 F. 19.1 T. 19.1 T. 19.2 T. 19.3 F. 19.3 F. 19.6 F. 19.7 T. 19.4 T. 19.5 F. 19.8 T. 19.5 T. 19.6 T. 19.8 T. 21.1

17-20 17-25 17-27 17-29 17-34 18-8 18-8 18-11 18-17 18-18 18-26 19-2 19-6 19-6 19-7 19-8 19-12 19-14 19-15 19-16 19-16 19-16 19-17 19-19 21-9

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Number T. 21.2 T. 22.1 T. 22.2 T. 22.3 T. 22.4 T. 22.5 T. 22.6 T. 23.1 T. 23.2 T. 24.1 F. 24.1 F. 24.2 F. 24.3 F. 24.4 T. 24.2 T. 24.3 T. 24.4 F. 24.5 T. 24.5 F. 24.6 T. 24.6 T. 24.7 T. 24.8 F. 24.7 T. 24.9 T. 24.10 T. 24.11 T. 24.12 T. 24.13 T. 24.14 T. 25.1 T. 25.2 F. 25.1 F. 25.2 T. 25-3 T. 25-4 T. 25.5 T. 25.6 T. 25.7 T. 25.8 T. 25.9 T. 25.10 F. 25.3 F. 25.4 F. 25.5 F. 25.6 F. 25.7 F. 25.8

Title DRASTIC Index Ranges for Qualitative Risk Categories EPAs National Primary Drinking Water Standards Groundwater Protection Requirements for Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities with RCRA Permits Groundwater Protection Requirements for Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities with Interim Status Groundwater Protection Guidelines for Nonmunicipal Nonhazardous Waste Disposal Units that Receive Hazardous Waste from Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators Groundwater Protection Guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Landll Units Groundwater Protection Standards for Underground Storage Tanks Maximum Concentration Levels Issues to be Considered Before Applying Multimed Key Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Groundwater Sequence of Activities for Groundwater Monitoring Plan View of Typical Unconned Aquifer Groundwater Monitoring System Section of Typical Unconned Aquifer Groundwater Monitoring System (A) Horizontal Target Monitoring Zones; (B) Vertical Target Monitoring Zones Sample Outline Groundwater Monitoring Plan Common Groundwater Analytical Methods Example Response Criteria and Corresponding Response Actions for Detection Monitoring Program Performance Monitoring of Groundwater Extraction System Typical Groundwater Monitoring Features Monitoring Well Design Drilling Methods for Various Geologic Settings Recommendations for Selection of Well Casing Materials Effects of Drilling Methods on Water Samples Typical Boring/Well Installation Form Summary of Methods for Manual Measurement of Well Water Levels in Nonartesian and Aretesian Wells Generalized Groundwater Sampling Device Matrix Sample Preservation Measures Generalized Groundwater Sampling Protocol Example of a Field Sampling Log Recommended Statistical Methods for Groundwater Monitoring Advantages and Disadvantages of Cleanup Goals Summary of Pump and Treat System Performance Data Baseline Risk Assessment Groundwater Contamination by Dissolved Vapor and Nonaqueous Phase Constituents Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers Important for Groundwater Cleanup Summary of the Mechanisms Inuencing the Fate of Contaminants in the Environment Examples of Factors Affecting Groundwater Remediation Summary of Commonly Used Groundwater Remediation Technologies Candidate Groundwater Remediation Goals and Corresponding Remediation Approaches Likelihood of Success of Groundwater Restoration Costs of Various National Policies for Hazardous Waste Site Remediation Types of Physical Barriers Examples of Physical Barrier Congurations Soil-bentonite Slurry Wall Construction Permeability as a Function of Percent Bentonite Permeability as a Function of Soil Fines Content Typical Groundwater Extraction Trench System Vertical Zone of Inuence of Partially Penetrating Groundwater Extraction Trench

Page 21-10 22-9 22-14 22-14 22-16 22-16 22-17 23-16 23-17 24-3 24-4 24-5 24-5 24-5 24-7 24-9 24-10 24-12 24-13 24-14 24-15 24-16 24-18 24-19 24-23 24-26 24-28 24-30 24-32 24-35 25-3 25-3 25-5 25-6 25-7 25-7 25-8 25-9 25-10 25-10 25-11 25-13 25-14 24-14 25-15 25-16 25-16 25-17

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Number F. 25.10 F. 25.11 T. 25.11 T. 25.12 T. 25.13 T. 25.14 T. 25.15 T. 25.16 T. 25.17 T. 25.18 T. 26.1 T. 26.2 T. 27.2 T. 27.3 T. 27.4 T. 27.5 T. 27.6 T. 27.7 T. 27.8

Title Single-Well Capture Zone Capture Zone of Extraction Well Network Installation Methods for Geomembrane Barrier Walls Groundwater Removal Pump Information Partitioning Characteristics for Selected Chemicals Impact of Cleanup Goal on Cost of a Conventional Pump-and-Treat System Summary of Candidate Treatment Technologies Environmental Factors that Affect Biodegradability Treatment Technologies Applied in Permeable Reactive Barriers Summary of Selected Ex Situ Groundwater Treatment Technologies Reduction Potentials of Important Biological Oxidants Biotransformation Reactions Mediated by Oxygenase Enzymes Function of Different Geosynthetic Products Standard Tests for Geotextiles Criteria for Selection of HDPE, PVC, or CSPE Geomembranes Criteria for Selection of HDPE Geomembrane Thickness Tests for Raw Geomembrane Polymers Standard Tests for Geomembranes Standard Tests for Geocomposite Drainage Nets

Page 25-18 25-19 25-21 25-23 25-25 25.27 25-30 25-31 25-36 25-39 26-5 26-7 27-4 27-12 27-13 27-14 27-15 27-16 27-20

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