CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

By Ummikalsom Abidin C24-316 FKM, UTM

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Introduction
Fluid Mechanics Fluid Statics
fluid at rest deals with forces applied by fluids at rest

Fluid Dynamics
fluid in motion

Hydrodynamics Buoyant force applied by fluids on submerged or floating bodies e.g ships, submarines Hydrostatic forces on submerged bodies e.g dam, tanks storing fluid, automation actuators e.g liquid flow in pipes and open channel (hydraulics), pumps,hydroturbine s, water cooling system

Gas dynamics e.g gas turbines, flow of air over a body (aerodynamics) aircraft, rockets, automobiles

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Introduction
Naturally occuring flows
Meteorology Oceanography Hydrology

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

What is fluid?
Fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the application of a shear (tangential) stress no matter how small the shear stress may be.
F
t0 t1 t2

F
t2>t1>t0

(a)

(b)

Behavior of (a) solid and (b) fluid, under the action of a constant shear
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

What is fluid?
Fluids comprise the liquid and gas (or vapor) phases Distinction between solid,liquid and gas
Atom Arrangement Intermolecular bonds Strongest Moderate

Solid Liquid Gas

Molecules are relatively fixed position Groups of molecules move about each other in the liquid phase Molecules move about at random in the gas phase
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Weakest

What is fluid?
Normal to surface

Fn

dA

Force acting on area

Tangent to surface

dA

Ft

Normal stress: = Fn/dA Shear stress: = Ft/dA

The normal stress and shear stress at the surface of a fluid element. For fluids at rest, the shear stress is zero and the pressure is the only normal stress SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

No-slip Condition
A fluid in direct contact with a solid sticks to the surface due to viscous effects, and there is no slip. The flow region adjacent to the wall in which the viscous effects (and thus the velocity gradients) are significant is called
Relative velocities of fluid layers

boundary layer.
Uniform approach velocity, V

Zero velocity at the surface

Plate

A fluid flowing over stationary surface comes to a complete stop at the surface because of the no-slip condition SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Classification of Fluid Flows

Viscous vs. Inviscid Regions of Flow
Viscous Flow Region flows in which the frictional effect is significant Inviscid Flow Region viscous forces are negligibly small compared to inertial or pressure forces
Inviscid flow region Viscous flow region Inviscid flow region The flow of an originally uniform fluid stream over a flat plate, and the regions of viscous flow (next to the plate on both sides) and inviscid flow (away from the plate)

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Classification of Fluid Flows

Internal vs. External Flow
Internal flow flows in which the fluid is completely bounded by solid surface
e.g flow in a pipe or duct Dominated by the influence of viscosity throughout the flow field

External flow flows in which the fluid is unbounded over solid surfaces
e.g flow over a plate, wire, sphere object Viscous effects are limited to boundary layers near solid surfaces and to wake regions downstream of bodies * Open-channel flow the flow of liquids in a duct in which the liquid is partially filled and there is a free surface e.g rivers, irrigation channels
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Classification of Fluid Flows

Compressible vs. Incompressible Flow
Incompressible Flow density of the fluid remains nearly constant throughout
liquids, gases at low speeds density changes of gas flows are under 5% or when Ma<0.3

Compressible Flow density changes of the fluid is significant

gases at high speeds density changes of gas flows are above 5% or when Ma>0.3

Mach number,
(Speed of sound=346 m/s) Ma = V = Speed of flow c Speed of sound Ma=1 (Sonic), Ma<1 (Subsonic), Ma>1(Supersonic), Ma>>1 (Hypersonic) SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Classification of Fluid Flows

Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
In 1880s, Osborn Reynolds conducted an experiment to see flow patterns

Tank arranged as above with a pipe taking water from the centre into which dye is injected through a needle

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Classification of Fluid Flows

Filament of dye

Laminar (viscous)

Transitional

Turbulent

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Classification of Fluid Flows

Reynolds number,
Re =ud
Laminar flow Transitional flow Turbulent flow Re<2000 2000<Re<4000 Re>4000

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Classification of Fluid Flows

Natural (or unforced) vs. Forced Flow
Forced Flow fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a pipe by external means such as pump or a fan Natural Flow any fluid motion is due to natural means such as buoyancy effect, where warmer (and thus lighter) fluid rises and cooler (and thus denser) fluid falls

Schlieren image of a hot water (left) and ice water (right) in a glass

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Classification of Fluid Flows

Steady vs. Unsteady Flow
Steady Flow no change of fluid properties (velocity, pressure) at a point with time
Devices that are intended for continuous operation e.g turbines, pumps, boilers, condensers
t1=5 s V1=10 m/s t2=10 s V2=10 m/s

Unsteady Flow fluid properties change at a point with time

Transient used for developing flows
t1=5 s V1=10 m/s t2=10 s V2=11 m/s

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Classification of Fluid Flows

Uniform vs. Non-uniform Flow
Uniform Flow no change of fluid properties with location over a specified region
1 V1=10 m/s 2 V2=10 m/s

or

V=10 m/s

Non-uniform Flow if at a given instant, fluid properties change with location over a specified region
V2=10 m/s 1 V1=10 m/s 2 V2=11 m/s

or
V1=10 m/s

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Classification of Fluid Flows

Steady uniform flow Steady non-uniform flow
Conditions do not change with position and with time e.g flow of water in a pipe of constant diameter at constant velocity Conditions change from point to point in the stream but do not change with time e.g flow in tapering pipe with constant velocity at inlet, but velocity change along the length of the pipe toward the exit At a given instant of time, the conditions at every point are the same, but will change with time e.g pipe of constant diameter connected to a pump pumping at a constant rate which is then switched off Every condition of the flow may change from point to point and with time at every point e.g waves in channel
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Unsteady uniform flow

Unsteady non-uniform flow

Classification of Fluid Flows

One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
1-D Flow flow parameters (such as velocity, pressure, depth) vary in one primary dimensions 2-D Flow - flow parameters vary in two primary dimensions 3-D Flow - flow parameters vary in three primary dimensions
Developing velocity profile, V(r,z) Fully developed velocity profile, V(r)

z The development of the velocity profile in a circular pipe, V=V(r,z) and thus the flow is 2-D in the entrance region, and becomes 1-D downstream when the velocity profile fully develops and remain unchanged in the flow direction, V=V(r) SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Classification of Fluid Flows

The dimensionality of the flow also depends on the choice of coordinate system and its orientation
Rectangular coordinates, V(x,y,z) Cylindrical coordinates, V(r,,z)

Higher dimensionality should be considered if only very high accuracy is required

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics

Human body (Bio-fluid Mechanics)
Cardiovascular system
Artificial heart

Pulmonary system
Breathing machine

Building
Water supply system Sewerage system Heating and air-conditioning Aerodynamics forces and flow fields around structure
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics

Automobiles
Hydraulic brakes, power steering, automatic transmission Fuels line, fuel pump, fuel injectors Lubrication systems Cooling systems Air-conditioning Aerodynamics design

Aircraft
Aerofoil design Gas turbine
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics

Ship, submarines, hovercraft
Hydrodynamics design Buoyancy and stability

Industry
Cooling of electronics Automation system

Recreational
Badminton shuttle and golf ball aerodynamics

Geophysical fluid dynamics

Meteorology Oceanography SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

System and Control Volumes

System quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study Surroundings mass or region outside the system Boundary Real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings (fixed or movable)
SURROUNDINGS

SYSTEM

BOUNDARY

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

System and Control Volumes

Closed System (Control Mass)
Consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no work, can cross the boundary Energy in the form of heat and work can cross the boundary E.g piston-clinder device

Open System (Control Volume)

Both mass and energy can cross the boundary E.g compressor, turbine, nozzle, car radiator
CV (a nozzle) CV Imaginary boundary

Imaginary boundary

Real boundary SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Imaginary boundary

Dimensions and Units

Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions Magnitude assigned to the dimensions are called units Primary or fundamental dimensions
Dimension Length Mass Time Temperature Electric of current Amount of light Amount of matter Unit meter (m) kilogram (kg) second (s) kelvin (K) ampere (A) candela (cd) mole (mol)

The seven fundamental (or primary) dimensions and their units in SI SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Dimensions and Units

Derived or secondary dimensions are dimensions obtained from combination of primary dimensions

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I Most used derived dimensions

SI Units
International System SI system was produced by General Conference of Weights and Measures in 1960 SI is a simple and logical system and widely being used for scientific and engineering work in most of the industrialized nations
Metric SI (from Le Systeme International dUnites) or

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

SI Units
Multiple 1012 109 106 103 102 101 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 Prefix tera, T giga, G mega, M Kilo, k hecto, h deka, da deci, d centi, c milli, m micro, nano, n pico, p
Standard Fluid Mechanics I SME 1313 prefixes in SI units

Dimensional Homogeneity
In engineering, all equations must be dimensionally homogeneous where every term in an equation must have the same unit

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Problem-Solving Technique
Step 1:Problem Statement
State briefly and concisely (in your own words) the information given and the quantities to be found

Step 2:Schematic
Draw a schematic of the system or control volume to be used in the analysis. Indicate any energy and mass interactions with the surroundings Listing the given information on sketch

Step 3:Assumptions and Approximations

State any assumptions and approximations made to simplify the problem to make it possible to obtain a solution
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Problem-Solving Technique
Step 4:Physical Laws
Apply all the relevant basic physical laws and principle and reduce them to their simplest form by utilizing the assumptions made Determine the unknown properties at known states necessary to solve the problem from property relations or tables Substitute the known quantities into the simplified relations and perform the calculations to determine the unknown Pay attention to the units and unit cancellations Give appropriate number of significant digits
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Step 5:Properties

Step 6:Calculations

Problem-Solving Technique
Step 7:Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion
Check to make sure that the results obtained are reasonable and intuitive and verify the validity of the questionable assumptions Repeat the calculations that resulted in unreasonable values

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I