University of Ottawa CVG 2141 Civil Engineering Materials

Lab 1: Tension Test of Steel and Aluminum

Evan Wolter 6461795

Lab Date: Report Date: T.A.: Yassin Al-Delaimi Lab Group: D4

Abstract
The tensile strength in hot-rolled steel, cold-rolled steel, and aluminum were tested using the Universal testing machine. Each material was put under induced tension until its rupture point. The resulting data shows the elongation of each material as well as a stress vs strain curve. Using this newly attained data, we can solve for other properties of each specimen. The modulus of elasticity can be determined, as well as the modulus of resilience and toughness. Determining these properties in a metal is a vital step in civil engineering. All the properties of a metal must be determined before any of it is used in construction or engineering.

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Table of Contents
Objective......................................................................................................................1 Theory..........................................................................................................................1 Equipment and Procedure............................................................................................2 Results......................................................................................................................2-7 Discussion....................................................................................................................8 Conclusion...................................................................................................................8

List of Tables
Table 1: Cross Section Area....................................................................................2 Table 2: Elongation of Materials..............................................................................2-3

List of Figures
Figure 1: Stress Vs Strain Graph (Hot-Rolled)............................................................3 Figure 2: Stress Vs Strain Graph (Cold-Rolled)..........................................................4 Figure 3: Stress Vs Strain Graph (Aluminum)............................................................4 Figure 4: Elongation of Hot-Rolled Steel....................................................................6 Figure 5: Elongation of Cold-Rolled Steel..................................................................6 Figure 6: Elongation of Aluminum..............................................................................7

Objectives
In this lab, three different metals will be tested; hot-rolled steel, cold-rolled steel, and aluminum. Using these three specimens, each will go through induced tension to help determine the different properties of each. In this specific lab, we are concerned with finding the relationship between stress and strain, the yield and tensile strength, the elongation and reduction of cross-sectional area, the modulus of elasticity, resilience, and toughness, as well as the rupture strength. All of these things can be determined by applying tension to the samples of metal.

Theoretical Background
Material properties are very important aspects to consider when analyzing or designing projects. Information regarding material properties helps engineers design projects that will not fail and will behave exactly as intended. Material properties like stress are calculated by applying the formula: = P/Ao Where sigma represents the stress (kN/mm^2) P represents the applied force (N) A represents the cross-sectional area (mm^2) Other mechanical properties include the strain, which calculated using: = L/L= [(Lf-Lo)/Lo] (mm/mm) Where L represents the difference in metal length L0 represents the initial length Lf represents the final length After plotting the results of stress and strain, it is possible to determine the modulus of elasticity by analyzing the curves of the graphs. The modulus of resistance can be found by analyzing the area under the elastic region of the graph. For aluminum, 0.2% offset yield stress needs to be calculated. The modulus of toughness and resilience can be determined by analyzing the area under the stress/strain graph until failure. The percentage of elongation and the cross sectional area after deformation is e= [(Lf-Lo)/Lo]*100, and = [(AoAf)/Ao]*100 respectively.

Materials and Equipment

- Hot rolled steel - Cold rolled steel - Aluminum - Universal testing machine - Micrometer callipers - Gauge Marker - 50mm gauge length extensometer

Procedure
-Measure the cross sectional area and length for each specimen (200mm) with a 25mm spacing between each point. -Place specimen in the middle of an extensometer to measure the deformation -The extensometer will stretch the specimen till material exhibits failure. -Measure the dimensions for the newly deformed specimen in respects to where the whole specimen and its gauged sections.

Results
Trial Mix (superplasticizer was used)

Material
Sand Cement Gravel Water
Table 1: Amount of Materials

Mass
734kg 410kg 992kg 205kg 18kg 10kg 25kg 5kg

Water Cement Ratio mwater/mcement = 5kg/10kg = 0.5 Slump Test Results Without plasticizer 152mm With plasticizer 204mm Potential Strength fc =
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Concrete Strength Test After 7 days (N) Cylinder 1 Cylinder 2 Cylinder 3 242080 242400 257040 After 21 days (N) 296280 300080 313640

Table 2: Concrete Crushing Strength

fc = max load/area = 242080N/7853.9816mm2 = 30.82N/mm2 After 7 days (N/mm2) After 21 days (N/mm2) 30.82 37.72 30.86 38.21 32.73 39.93

Cylinder 1 Cylinder 2 Cylinder 3

Table 3: Compressive Strength

Graph 1: Stress Vs Strain

Stress Vs Strain (21 day test)

0.03 0.025 Strain (mm/mm) 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Stress (Pa) Series1

Example Calculation = (11840N)/(7853.98mm2) = 1.5075 Pa = (2.958mm)/(200mm) = 0.01479 mm/mm

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Modulus of Elasticity Ec = 2-1/2-0.00005 =(15.9736Pa-0.03Pa)/(0.02630-0.00005) Figure 1: Stress Vs Strain Graph (Hot-Rolled)

Hot Rolled: Stress() Vs. Strain ()

600 500 400 Stress (Pa) 300 200 100 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 Strain (mm/mm) 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

Figure 2: Stress Vs Strain Graph (Cold-Rolled)

Cold Rolled: Stress () Vs. Strain()

700 600 500

Stress (Pa)

400 300 200 100 0

-0.01

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

Strain (mm/mm)

Figure 3: Stress Vs Strain Graph (Alumium)

Aluminium: Stress () Vs. Strain ()

400 350 300 Stress (Pa) 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 Strain (mm/mm)

E = 2-1/ 2-1
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EHot Rolled = 182372.7709 Pa ECold Rolled = 173447.4676 Pa EAluminum = 6737.25142 Pa Modulus of Resilience MRHot Rolled = 1.177435492 Pa MRCold Rolled = 0.904651456 Pa MRAluminum = 0.762648133 Pa Proportional Limit PLHot Rolled = 391.8461538 Pa PLCold Rolled = 469.6043956 Pa PLAluminum = 296.3191667 Pa Yeild Stress Hot-Rolled Steel y(upper) = 390.0989011 Pa y(lower) = 381.0380952 Pa Cold-Rolled Steel y = 571.5934066 Pa Aluminum y(02.% offset) = 332.9316667 Pa Modulus of Toughness MTHot Rolled = 157.4757292 MTCold Rolled = 35.10732608 MTAluminum = 43.15317065

Elongation
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Sample Calculation %elongation = (Lf-Lo)/Lo x 100% %elongation = (27mm-25mm)/(25mm) x 100% = 8% Figure 4: Elongation of Hot-Rolled Steel

Hot Rolled: Elongation % Vs. Gauge Interval

60 Elongation % 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 Gauge Interval 6 8 10

Figure 5: Elongation of Cold-Rolled Steel

Cold Rolled: Elongation % Vs. Gauge Interval

20 Elongation % 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 Gauge Interval 6 8 10

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Figure 6: Elongation of Aluminum

Aluminium: Elongation % Vs. Gauge Interval

30 25 Elongation % 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 Gauge Interval 6 8 10

Cross Sectional Area Sample Calculation

%reduction in cross section = (Ao-Af)/Ao x 100% %reduction in cross section = (136.5mm2-67.5mm2)/(136.5mm2) x 100% = 50.55% %reductionHot Rolled = 50.55% %reductionCold Rolled = 27.47% %reductionAluminum = 19.79%

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Discussion of Results
The lab was intended to observe the material properties of hot steel, cold steel, and aluminum. Hot steel is a very coarse material that exhibits very high tensile strength before it is subjected to yielding. The stress vs strain graphs for hot steel describes a very high modulus of elasticity and resilience. The metal is generally very tough and had the highest elongation before being subjected to rupture. The modulus of elasticity came out to be 182372.7709 Pa which, compared to the other samples tested, is quite high. Other properties such as the modulus of resilience and the modulus of toughness were also the largest when it came to the hot-rolled steel. The cross sectional reduction was more than 50% which proves that the sample of hot-rolled steel went through a large amount of tension and deformation before breaking. Cold steel is much finer and smoother piece of metal; therefore it exhibits higher ductile properties than the hot steel. It also has a very high modulus of resistance and very high tensile strength. But since it does not elongate as much as hot steel under stress, it is harder to work with in industry. The modulus of elasticity for the cold-rolled steel is 173447.4676 Pa. This figure is also quite large, which does make cold-rolled steel a very workable metal. However, its modulus of elasticity isnt as strong as the hot-rolled steel, and so would be less elastic as a metal. The cross sectional area reduction of 27.47% proves that the coldrolled steel withstood less elastic behaviour before breaking than the hot-rolled steel. Aluminum is a very ductile material that has a relatively low elastic strength, but has very high yield strength. It can handle moderate amounts of stress before it undergoes permanent deformation. The modulus of elasticity of aluminum was the lowest at 6737.25142 Pa. This is much lower than the hot and cold rolled steel. Therefore it is clear that aluminum is a material that, while very strong, will not have much elastic properties and thus will break when under tension. The cross sectional reduction was very low at only 19.79%, which means that it did not undergo much shape shifting before it snapped.

Conclusion & Recommendations

The lab described the relationships between different material properties very well. It was helpful to physically see the materials behave according to how the lectures described them. The graphs plotted from the information gathered did not coincide completely with the graphs described in the lecture notes. This is likely due to several minor errors in the lab, including errors with the metal and human errors. It is likely that some of the measurements taken in the lab were not perfectly accurate, thus slightly changing our results. Also, each metal may have been slightly weakened from other factors before going into the universal testing machine. However, these errors are quite small and the results obtained in the lab are fairly close to the desired outcome. Therefore, the objectives were achieved and this lab was a success in general.

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