CS455/555: Introduction to Computer Networks & Communications Spring 2001 Solutions to Homework #1 Points: 25(5 Points For Each

Question) Q1. ) The Fourier analysis of an analog signal from a source revealed that only components with frequencies of 3k, 5k, 15k, and 24k (all in Hz) are relevant. (a) If the signal were to be sent through an analog channel, what bandwidth (kHz) would it need? (b) If we need to digitize the analog signal for later reconstruction, at what rate should this be sampled? (c) If 16-level PCM is used for digitizing the samples, what will be the data rate (kbps)? Answer 1a) BandWidth = 24 kHz (Since the cut-off frequenecy for a low-pass filter through which the harmonics need to pass through is 24 kHz) 1b) Samping Rate = 2* 24 = 48 K Samples/sec (Nyquists sampling theorem) 1c) 16 Level PCM => 4 Bits/Sample = 48 * 4 = 192 KBPS _____________________________________________________ Q2. A signal is transmitted digitally over a 4-KHz noiseless channel with one sample every 125 sec. How many bits are actually sent for each of these encoding methods? (a) CCITT 2.048 Mbps standard (See page 123 for the description of this standard) (b) DPCM with 6-bit relative signal value (i.e., 6 bits/sample) (c) Delta modulation Answer Here, we are only referring to one channel. 2 a) 1 Channel 8 bits in 125 sec (Each CCITT channel carries 8-bits/channel/frame) 8/125 * 106 = 64 KBPS 2 b) DPCM 6 Bits/Sample => 6/125 * 10 6 = 48 KBPS (one sample is sent in each of 125 microsec) 2 c) Delta Modulation: 1 bit/Sample = 1/125 * 10 6 = 8 KBPS _____________________________________________________

Q 3. (a) If a 10-watt signal is sent over a 2-km cable with an attenuation of 20 dB/km, what would be the power-level (in watts) received at the other end of the cable? (b) When the same 10-watt signal was passed through another 0.5-km cable, the output was observed to be 8-watts. What is the attenuation (in dB/km) of this cable? Answer 3a) Attenuation = 20 dB/ Km * 2 Km = 40 dB 40 = 10 log 10 (10 /x) 3b) .5 km x dB = 10 log 10 (10 /8) = 10 log 10 (1.25) = .9691 x = 1.932 dB/Km _____________________________________________________ Q4. (a) What is the maximum rate (kbps) at which data can be transmitted through an 8-kHz noiseless channel (assuming that the signal has 6 discrete levels of voltage)? (b) Answer (a) assuming that the channel is noisy with S/N ratio of 1000. Answer 4 a) 2 H log2V = 2 * 8k * log 2 6 = 41.36 KBPS (This is the maximum data rate possible. It does not mean that it can actually be achieved in practice.) 4 b) H log 2 (1+S/N) = 8 * log2 (1001) = 79.74 KBPS _____________________________________________________ Q5. (a) If a 1200-baud modem is to be used to achieve a data rate of 78 Mbps (approximately), how many amplitude levels need to be used for modulation? (b) Suppose the modem uses 24 amplitude levels and 8 levels of phase shift per amplitude, what data rates (in kbps) can be achieved? 5 a) # of Bits / Sample = 78 * 106 /1200 = 6.5 * 10 4 Bits/sec # of Levels = 2 65000 5 b) # of levels = 24 * 8 = 192 # of Bits/ Signal = Log 2 192 = 7.6 = > 10/x = 10 4 => x = 10 -3 watts

Maximum Possible 7.6 * 1200 = 9.2 KBPS 7.0 * 1200 = 8.4 KBPS