NetworkModel

IntroductiontoBasicsof CommunicationProtocol
ProfPallapa.Venkataram

DepartmentofElectricalCommunicationEngineering IndianInstituteofScience Bangalore560012,India

PhysicalCommunicationModel

Source

Transmitter

Transmission System

Receiver

Destination

Communication
Itisanytransmission,emission,orreceptionofsigns,signals, writings,imagesandsoundsorintelligenceofanynatureby wire,radio,opticalorotherelectromagneticsystem

Communicationmodel

Acommunicationmodelcomprisesoffollowingsubsystems: SourceGeneratesthedatatobetransmitted TransmitterConvertsthedataintotransmittablesignals TransmissionsystemCarriesthedata. ReceiverConvertsreceivedsignalsintodata. DestinationTakesincomingdata.

ElectronicsCommunicationModel

Workstation Modem

Modem Telephone Network

Server

The key communication tasks are:

Transmissionsystemutilization Interfacing Signalgeneration Synchronization Exchangemanagement Errordetectionandcorrection Addressingandrouting Securityandnetworkmanagement

Network Model
SwitchingNode

WideAreaNetwork SourceSystem Transmission System Source Transmitter

DestinationSystem

Receiver

Destination

LocalAreaNetwork

CommunicationSoftware
Itisasetofcomputerprogramswhichareusedforgeneration, transmissionandreceptionofinformationbetween/amongthe setofcomputersconnectedbywiredorwirelessmedia. DifferentKindsofProgramsforCommunicationare: Dialing:Dialingsoftwaretellsthecomputer,howtoplacea callonthephonelineconnectedtoit. FileTransfer:Transferoffiles,fromonetotheother (Downloading/Uploadingoffiles) TerminalEmulation:Programsrunningonanetworkthat connectstoacomputerbulletinboardsystem DataEncryption:Programtoencodedata

CommunicationSubsystems
Thedesignandimplementationoflargescalecommunication systemsrequirestheinterconnectionandintegrationof diversesubsystems. Themainpurposeofthecommunicationenvironmentisto keepallthesubsystemsinformedofanychangesinthe designparameters. 1.Changereportedfromoneofthesubsystems. 2.Requestfordatafromonesubsystemtoanother

Communicationbetweentwosystem
UserA
Hi,Iwanttochatwithyou Ok.Iamready DialoguebetweenA&B Hi,Letusfinishchatting Ok.Letusdisconnect

UserB

Protocol
Itisasetofrulesgoverningtheformatandmeaningof frames,packets,ormessagesthatareexchangedbypeer entitieswithinalayer. Protocolareusedforcommunicationsbetweenentitiesina systems. Entitiesuseprotocolsinordertoimplementtheirservice definitions. Thekeyelementsofaprotocolare: Syntax:IncludeTimedataformatsandsignallevels Semantics:Includescontrolinformationanderrorhandling.

Simplemessageexchangeprotocolflowchart
SENDER:A
RECEIVER:B
no Isdataready yes getdata TellhostB(receiver) Requestto Send(RTS) requestto sendreceived yes getreadytoreceive tellsender no isreceiverready yes senddata datasent no dataconsumed yes ACK tellsender Readyto Receive(RTR) Data datareceived yes dataconsumed no no

RepresentationofProtocol
Theprocessofaprotocollike,senderandreceiverprotocolcan beformallyspecifiedusing 2. FiniteStateMachine(FSM/PETRINETS) 3. Statetransitiontable FiniteStateMachine(FSM) A:FinitestatemachineMisaquintuple,M=(I;O;S;N;A) I:Finiteandnonemptysetsofinputsymbols O:Finiteandnonemptysetsofoutputsymbols S:Finiteandnonemptysetsofstates FiguregivesFSMofsimplemessageexchangeprotocol

FSMofsimplemessageexchangeProtocol
Sender Receiver Data_ready(i.e.1) RTS RTS

Idle

Idle
ACK sent

get_ready(i.e.3) RTR

Ready_Send

RTR
Data_sent(i.e.2)

Receive Data Data_Cons (i.e.,=internalevent)

ACK Received

Send_Data

ACK

Wait_Ack

ACK

FSMstateandtransitionscanberepresentedintheformof tablecalledasstatetransitiontables.
Input
(data_ready)

StateTransitionTable
i.e.1

RTR
S1/ S3/ S3/ S4/

State

(data_ready)

i.e.2

ACK
S1/ S2/ S3/ S1/

S1 S2 S3 S4

S2/RTS S2/ S3/ S4/

S1/ S2/ S4/data S4/

Communicationprotocoldevelopmentmethods
Therearetwowaysofdesignanddevelopmentof Communicationprotocols 1.Informal 2.FormalMethods

Informalmethods
Informalwayofspecificationoftheprotocolsinclude textualdescription. Notsuitableforlargecomplexprotocols. Oftenleadsunclearandambiguousspecifications. Thecomplexityofprotocolsmakethemveryhardto analyzeinaninformalway.

InformalSpecifications
Informal Specification ofneeds Concept

Compilable Language Debugging (Execution) Compilation

Implementation

Formalmethods
Useofformalspecificationlanguages. Theseprotocolsmustbeofhighqualitywithhigher performancewithlowcost. Informal
Specification ofneeds Formal Specification Simulation Validation Compilation Programmer

Repeat Until Validation OK

FormalSpecifications

Implementation

Petrinetmodel
Apetrinetisafourtuple(P;T;IN;OUT;M0)where, P=fp;p;:::::::;pgisasetofplaces. 1 2 n T=ft;t;:::::::;pgisasetoftransition. 1 2 n M0=Initialmarking(tokenataplace). IN:(PT)!Nisaninputfunctionthatdefinesdirectedarcs fromplacestotransition OUT:(PT)!Nisanoutputfunctionthatdefinesdirectedarcs Fromtransitiontoplaces.

APetrinetmodelofasimpleprotocolwithatimeoutmechanism
i2 P2

i1

P5

i6 i3 P1 i7 i8 P7 i5 P4 i4 P6

P3

ProtocolEngineeringProcess
Needforprotocolengineering
Manyprotocolsifnotproperlydesignedandimplemented aspertherequirements,leadstoimproperbehaviorof networkandsystemmayjamthenetworks. Henceitisrequiredto,engineertheprotocolsfortheir correctnessreliability,optimizedperformance,reusability, andcodeoptimization Dealswithapplicationofformaltechniquesandsoftware engineeringmethodologiestoprotocoldesignand implementation

PhasesofProtocolEngineering
Service Specification Synthesis Protocol Specification Monitoring Diagnosis Protocol Implementation Performance Analysis Verification/ Validation

Conformance Testing

Functions:

Servicespecification:Theservicerequiredforperformingcertaintasksin anygivenenvironment. Synthesis:Itisanautomatedtooltogeneratetheformalspecificationofa protocol. Protocolspecification:Itlooksintosyntaxandsemanticsoftheprotocols specifications. Protocolverification/validation:Usermakesaboutthestructureof possibledialogsbetweenprocessesofprotocol. Performanceanalysis:Itanalysestheprotocolperformanceintermsof messagecomplexity,timecomplexity,spacecomplexity,scalability. Conferencetesting:ittestswhethertheprotocolconformstothe specificationslaiddowninprotocolspecificationphasebygenerating exhaustivesetoftestsequences. Protocolimplementation:Itdealswiththerealcodingoftheprotocol usingsoftwareengineeringaspects. Monitoring/diagnosis:Itmonitorstheworkingofimplementedprotocol andchecksfortheerrors.