WCDMA Scrambling code Planning

ZTE University TD&W&PCS BSS Course Team

Objectives

At the end of this course, you will be able to:

Grasp WCDMA SC principle Grasp WCDMA SC planning method

Content

Introduction to WCDMA cell scrambling Scrambling planning principle Cluster-Based scrambling multiplexing method Scrambling setting principle

Introduction to WCDMA cell scrambling

Introduction to WCDMA Cell Scrambling

The WCDMA system adopts the CDMA technology, and different BSs or different sectors of a BS are differentiated by scrambling.

The downlink scrambling code is the PN sequence generated by an 18-bit shift register, with a total of 218 1 = 262,143 scrambling sequences. However, the system only uses these scrambling sequences numbered from 0 to 24,575.

Introduction to WCDMA cell scrambling

Introduction to WCDMA Cell Scrambling

n

The 24,576 scrambling sequences are divided into three parts:

Common scrambling codes: k = 0,1,2,8,191, corresponding to

8,192 common scrambling codes, and used in normal mode.

Left secondary scrambling code: k + 8,192 and k = 0,1,2,8,191,

is the replaceable scrambling code used in compression mode in the case of n < SF/2, with a total number of 8,192.
Right secondary scrambling code: k + 16,384 and k =

0,1,2,8,191, is the replaceable scrambling code used in compression mode in the case of n SF/2, with a total number of 8,192.
-n is the corresponding n value in the channelization code Cch,SF,n.

Introduction to WCDMA cell scrambling

Introduction to WCDMA Cell Scrambling

n

Common scrambling codes frequently used are 8,192, which are subdivided into primary scrambling codes (red, 512) and secondary scrambling codes (yellow, 8,192 512 = 7,680).

Introduction to WCDMA cell scrambling

Introduction to WCDMA Cell Scrambling

The 8,192 scrambling sequences that are commonly used fall into 512 sets, with each set including one primary scrambling sequence and 15 secondary scrambling sequences following the primary one:

One set

Primary scrambling sequence No.: n=16*i

i=0, ,511

Scrambling No. of the corresponding secondary scrambling group: n=16*i+k k=1, ,15 The primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes of each set correspond to each other.

Introduction to WCDMA cell scrambling

Introduction to WCDMA Cell Scrambling

The WCDMA downlink has a total of 512 primary scrambling codes .

Totally 512 codes can be divided into 64 groups, each group contain 8 primary codes.

P-CCPCHP-CPICHPICHAICHS_CCPCH carring PCHin one cell should use the same primary scrambling code.

The planning of the SC will affect the cell searching performance.

Introduction to WCDMA cell scrambling

Cell search procedure (1)

n n

The cell search is typically carried out in three steps: Step1:Slotsynchronization During the first step of the cell search procedure the UE uses the SCH's primary synchronization code to acquire slot synchronization to a cell.

This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any similar device) matched to the primary synchronization code which is common to all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output.

Introduction to WCDMA cell scrambling

Cell search procedure (2)

n

Step2: Frame synchronization and code-group identification During the second step of the cell search procedure, the UE uses the SCH's secondary synchronization code to find frame synchronization and identify the code group of the cell found in the first step.

This is done by correlating the received signal with all possible secondary synchronization code sequences, and identifying the maximum correlation value. Since the cyclic shifts of the sequences are unique the code group as well as the frame synchronization is determined.

Introduction to WCDMA cell scrambling

Cell search procedure (2)

Introduction to WCDMA cell scrambling

Cell search procedure (3)

n

Step3: Scrambling-code identification During the third and last step of the cell search procedure, the UE determines the exact primary scrambling code used by the found cell.

The primary scrambling code is typically identified through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the CPICH with all codes within the code group identified in the second step.

After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the Primary CCPCH can be detected and the system- and cell specific BCH information can be read.

Introduction to WCDMA cell scrambling

Cell search procedure

Content

Introduction to WCDMA cell scrambling Scrambling planning principle Cluster-Based scrambling multiplexing method Scrambling setting principle

Scrambling planning principle

Scrambling Planning Principle

n

From the viewpoint of network planning, WCDMA scrambling planning is to distribute the primary scrambling code to the cell.

The WCDMA downlink has a total of 512 primary scrambling codes and one primary scrambling code is distributed to one cell, as an identification parameter of the cell.

When the number of cells is larger than 512, you can repeatedly distribute a primary scrambling code to different cells, as long as the distance between cells using the same primary scrambling code is long enough to make the coverage of received signals in another cell with the same primary scrambling code lower than the threshold level.

Scrambling planning principle

Scrambling Planning Principle

n

To determine the minimum distance between BSs with the same scrambling code is a basis and key issue of code planning. Suppose the cell i and cell j use the same scrambling code, the distance between two BSs is Lij, and the coverage radiuses of the two cells are respectively Ri and Rj (see the following figure).

Cell i

Lij
BS i

Cell j

BS j

Ri

Rj

Scrambling planning principle

Scrambling Planning Principle

Lij must be big enough, to make the signal power of a remote BS far less than that of the main BS. In addition, the signal level of the remote BS should be lower than the noise level. To meet the above requirements, the following inequation should be tenable:

10 log( Lij - max( Ri , R j ))a - 10 log(max( Ri , R j ))a > D passloss

Where, Lij is the minimum reuse distance, a is the path loss coefficient, and D passloss is the pass loss difference. 10log(Lij-max(Ri,Rj))a indicates the minimum pass loss of the remote BS signal and 10log(max(Ri,Rj))a indicates the maximum pass loss of the main BS signal.

Lij = max(Ri + R j ).(1 + 10

pathloss 10a

Content

Introduction to WCDMA cell scrambling Scrambling planning principle Cluster-Based scrambling multiplexing method Scrambling setting principle

Cluster-Based scrambling multiplexing method

Cluster-Based Scrambling Multiplexing Method

n

Under the precondition that the scrambling reuse distance is satisfied, the same scrambling code can be reuse at different BSs. Generally, a group of BSs using different scrambling codes within the reuse distance is called a cluster, and the scrambling code is multiplexed in cluster mode, as shown in the following figure:

Cluster-Based scrambling multiplexing method

Cluster-Based Scrambling Multiplexing Method

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According to scrambling planning principles, the following table gives recommended scrambling multiplexing distance values under four typical wireless transmission environments:

Wireless Transmission Environment Dense urban area Common urban area Suburb Rural area

Scrambling Multiplexing Distance 4 km 8.12 km 18 km 75 km

Content

Introduction to WCDMA cell scrambling Scrambling planning principle Cluster-Based scrambling multiplexing method Scrambling setting principle

Scrambling setting principle

Scrambling Setting Principle

n

Downlink scrambling planning is to distribute 512 groups of primary scrambling codes to sectors. Scrambling planning should be built on the final result of network planning, and observe the following principles:
To reuse the same scrambling code, the reuse BSs should have

an adequate physical distance between them.

Scrambling planning should take the features of stepwise network

construction into full consideration, and reserve a certain number of scrambling codes, to satisfy demands of indoor distributed systems and network capacity expansion.
It is necessary to reserve a certain number of scrambling codes

for border BS coordination.

Scrambling codes of adjacent cells had better belong to different

scrambling sets.

Scrambling setting principle

Scrambling Setting Principle

To multiplex the same scrambling code, the multiplexing BSs should have an adequate physical distance.

Area

Scrambling Multiplexing Distance (km)

BS Radius (km)

Maximum BS Number in a Cluster

Maximum Number of Scrambling Codes in Use (Take the 3-Sector BS as an Example) 183 183

Dense urban area Common urban area Suburb Rural area

4 8.12

0.3 to 0.6 0.6 to 1.2

61 61

18 75

1.2 to 3 5 to 10

75 75

225 225

Note: For a 3-sector BS, two sectors within the scrambling reuse distance may have no joint coverage scope due to the sector coverage direction, so one scrambling code can be reuse. Therefore, in the case of three sectors, the actual number of distributed scrambling codes within the scrambling reuse distance can be smaller than the total sector number.

Scrambling setting principle

Scrambling Setting Principle

n

Scrambling planning should take the features of stepwise network construction into full consideration, and reserve a certain number of scrambling codes, to satisfy demands of indoor distributed systems and network capacity expansion.

The maximum number of scrambling codes used in an area is calculated according to the minimum radius of the macro cell BS in the area. The actual number of distributed scrambling codes is calculated according to the number of macro cell BSs in the planning area. The scrambling code not in use can be reserved for follow-up capacity expansion. For the micro cell and indoor distributed system, the isolation between BSs, especially between different indoor distributed systems, is good. Therefore, the scrambling reuse rate is very high, and 100 scrambling codes can be reserved for distribution.

Scrambling setting principle

Scrambling Setting Principle

n

It is necessary to reserve a certain number of scrambling codes for border BS coordination.

Generally, a big WCDMA network is divided into several subnets,

which are planned by different planners. If you do not know the scrambling distribution schemes of other subnets, it is easy to distribute the one scrambling code to two subnet border BSs. In addition, the interference occurs because the distance between two BSs with the same scrambling code cannot satisfy the reuse distance required for the same scrambling code. To avoid the above case, a certain number of scrambling codes must be reserved for border BS coordination. The number of reserved scrambling codes is that distributable in one cluster (see the following table). However, the actual number of scrambling codes in use can be smaller than the number of reserved scrambling codes.

Scrambling setting principle

Scrambling Setting Principle

The recommended scrambling distribution scheme is as follows:

Common Scrambling Distribution

Scrambling Distribution for Micro Cells and Indoor Distributed Systems

Border BS Scrambling Distribution

Recommended value

0 to 224

225 to 324

325 to 511

Scrambling setting principle

Scrambling Setting Principle

n

Scrambling codes of adjacent cells had better belong to different scrambling sets.
When two adjacent cells use scrambling codes in one

scrambling group, they has the same secondary synchronous code word combination. If the signal strength of the two cells is close to each other, it may be difficult for the terminal to distinguish them. Therefore, the scrambling codes of two adjacent cells had better belong to different scrambling groups.