Welcome to the World of Chemistry

CHEMISTRY 121 GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Introduction
Syllabus and updated lecture notes also available on WEB
http://chemistry.uah.edu/faculty/vogler/

Office hours: Monday Wednesday 3:30 5:15 pm or by appointment. MSB 321 Email: bvogler@chemistry.uah.edu LABS CH 125 start Tuesday !! You need to come PREPARED. CH 125 is an individual course. Contact Mary Setzer, msetzer@chemistry.uah.edu, Tel: 824 3259 or your lab instructor (not me, because I mostly cant help). CLASS begins this week ! NO SANDALS, OPEN SHOES in LAB. TUTORIAL ROOM MSB 200

Introduction
Homework
We use OWL. Register for it immediately.

http://owl.thomsonlearning.com
Start with HW tomorrow (otherwise you run out of time!!) OWL is not perfect (yes), however, it was and will be used by a large number of schools (meaning other students) successfully.

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The Language of Chemistry

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
pure substances that cannot be decomposed by ordinary means to other substances.

Aluminum Sodium Bromine

The Language of Chemistry

The elements, their names, and symbols are given on the

PERIODIC TABLE
How many elements are there? 113 (90 natural)

The Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)

Lothar Meyer (1830- 1895) A.E.B. De Chancourtois (1820-1886) John Newlands (1837-1898)

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 An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical properties of the element.

Copper atoms on silica surface. See CDCDROM Screen 1.4

Distance across = 1.8 nanometer (1.8 x 10-9 m)

The Atom
An atom consists of a

nucleus (of protons and neutrons) neutrons) electrons in space about the nucleus.

Electron cloud

Nucleus
atom_small-m.mov

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS are

composed of atoms and so can be decomposed to those atoms.

The red compound is composed of nickel (Ni) (silver) carbon (C) (black) hydrogen (H) (white) oxygen (O) (red) nitrogen (N) (blue)

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A MOLECULE is the smallest unit of a compound that retains the chemical characteristics of the compound. Composition of molecules is given by a

MOLECULAR FORMULA
H2 O C8H10N4O2 - caffeine

The Nature of Matter The Nature of Matter

Gold Mercury

Chemists are interested in the nature of matter and how this is related to its atoms and molecules.

Graphite layer
structure of carbon atoms reflects physical properties. Soft, black

Diamond 3D3Dframework of carbon atoms reflects physical properties.

Hard, no color

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Chemistry & Matter

We can explore the MACROSCOPIC world what we can see to understand the PARTICULATE worlds we cannot see. We write SYMBOLS to describe these worlds.

Macroscopic Macroscopic

A Chemists View of Water

Symbolic Symbolic Particulate Particulate

H2O (gas, liquid, solid)

A Chemists View
Macroscopic Macroscopic Symbolic Symbolic 2 H2(g) + O2 (g) --> 2 H2O(g) Particulate Particulate

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Kinetic Nature of Matter

Matter consists of atoms and molecules in motion.

STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS have rigid shape, fixed
volume. External shape can reflect the atomic and molecular arrangement. Reasonably well understood. may not fill a container completely. Not well understood. container. Good theoretical understanding.

LIQUIDS have no fixed shape and GASES expand to fill their

Physical Properties
What are some physical properties? color melting and boiling point odor

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Physical Changes
Some physical changes would be boiling of a liquid melting of a solid dissolving a solid in a liquid to give a homogeneous mixture a SOLUTION.

DENSITY - an important
and useful physical property
Density = mass (g) volume (cm 3 )
Platinum Aluminum

Mercury

13.6 g/cm3

21.5 g/cm3

2.7 g/cm3

Relative Densities of the Elements

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Problem A piece of copper has a mass

of 57.54 g. It is 9.36 cm long, 7.23 cm wide, and 0.95 mm thick. Calculate density (g/cm3).

Density=

mass (g) volume(cm3)

Problem A piece of copper has a mass of 57.54 g. It is 9.36 cm long, 7.23 7.23 cm wide, and 0.95 mm thick. Calculate density (g/cm3).

Strategy
1. Get dimensions in common units
(Means metric units!).

2.

Calculate volume in cubic centimeters.

3.

Calculate the density.

Problem A piece of copper has a mass of 57.54 g. It is 9.36 cm long, 7.23 7.23 cm wide, and 0.95 mm thick. Calculate density (g/cm3).

SOLUTION
1. Get dimensions in common units. Convert mm into cm 1cm 0.95 mm = 0.095 cm 10 mm 2. Calculate volume in cubic centimeters.

(9.36 cm)(7.23 cm)(0.095 cm) = 6.4 cm3

Note only 2 significant figures in the answer!

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Problem A piece of copper has a mass of 57.54 g. It is 9.36 cm long, 7.23 7.23 cm wide, and 0.95 mm thick. Calculate density (g/cm3).

SOLUTION.
1. Get dimensions in common units. 0.095 cm. 2. Calculate volume in cubic centimeters.

6.4 cm3
3. Calculate the density.
57.54 g 6.4 cm3 = 9.0 g / cm 3

DENSITY
Density is an INTENSIVE property of matter. Styrofoam does NOT depend on quantity of matter. temperature Contrast with EXTENSIVE depends on quantity of matter. mass and volume. Brick

PROBLEM: PROBLEM:

Mercury (Hg) has a density of 13.6 g/cm33. Mercury (Hg) has a density of 13.6 g/cm . What is the mass of 95 mL of Hg in grams? What is the mass of 95 mL of Hg in grams? In pounds (unusual unit )? In pounds (unusual unit )?

Solve the problem using

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS.

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PROBLEM: Mercury (Hg) has a density of 13.6 g/cm33. PROBLEM: Mercury (Hg) has a density of 13.6 g/cm . PROBLEM: What is the mass of 95 mL of Hg in lb? What is the mass of 95 mL of Hg in lb? First, note that 1

cm3 = 1 mL

Strategy 1. Use density to calc. mass (g) from volume. 2. Convert mass (g) to mass (lb) Need to know conversion factor 1 lb = 454 g

PROBLEM: Mercury (Hg) has a density of PROBLEM: Mercury (Hg) has a density of PROBLEM: 13.6 g/cm33. What is the mass of 95 mL of Hg? 13.6 g/cm . What is the mass of 95 mL of Hg?

1.

Convert volume to mass

95 cm3
2.

13.6 g cm3

= 1.3 x 10 3 g

Convert mass (g) to mass (lb)

1.3 x 10 3 g

1 lb = 2.8 lb 454 g

Theres more?

Observations!

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Chemical Properties and Chemical Change

Burning hydrogen (H2) in oxygen (O2) gives H2O. Chemical change or chemical reaction transformation of one or more atoms or molecules into one or more different molecules.

Types of Observations and Measurements

We make QUALITATIVE observations of reactions changes in color and physical state. We also make QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS, which involve MEASUREMENTS, numbers. Use SI units based on the metric system.

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Use SI units based on the metric system
Length Mass Time Temperature Meter, m Kilogram, kg Seconds, s Celsius degrees, C Kelvins, K Kelvins,

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Units of Length
1 kilometer (km) = ? meters (m) 1 meter (m) = ? centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = ? millimeter (mm) 1 nanometer (nm) = 1.0 x 10-9 meter OH distance = OH distance = 11 9.4 x 10--11m 9.4 x 10 m 9 9.4 x 10--9cm 9.4 x 10 cm 0.094 nm 0.094 nm

Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit
Only important for <5% of worlds population, namely US-Americans ! US-

Celsius Kelvin
Anders Celsius 1701-1744

Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) 1824-1907

Temperature Scales
Celsius
Boiling point of water

Kelvin 373 K 100 K 273 K

Fahrenheit 212 F 180F 32 F

100 C 100C

Freezing point of water

0 C

Notice that 1 kelvin degree = 1 degree Celsius

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Temperature Scales
100 oF 38 oC 311 K

oF

oC

Calculations Using Temperature

Generally we require temperatures in Generally we require temperatures in

kelvins kelvins

T (K) = tt (C) + 273.15 T (K) = (C) + 273.15

Body temp = 37 C + 273 = 310 K Body temp = 37 C + 273 = 310 K Liquid nitrogen = --196 C + 273 = 77 K Liquid nitrogen = 196 C + 273 = 77 K

ATOMS AND ELEMENTS

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Radioactivity
One of the pieces of evidence for the fact that atoms are made of smaller particles came from the work of Marie Curie (1876-1934). (1876 She discovered radioactivity, the spontaneous disintegration of some elements into smaller pieces.

Types of Radioactive Emissions

Types of Radioactive Emissions

Note : , , rays behave differently. -rays attracted to negative plate. -rays, attracted to positive plate. -rays not affected.

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Millikans Experiment

Measuring the charge of electrons

Thomsons Experiment

charge/mass ratio of eletrons

Canal Ray

Observation of positively charged particles Depending on the gas we observe different mass/charge ratios Hydrogen gives largest charge/mass ratio

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ATOMIC COMPOSITION
Protons
positive electrical charge mass = 1.672623 x 10-24 g relative mass = 1.007 atomic mass units (amu) (amu) negative electrical charge relative mass = 0.0005 amu no electrical charge mass = 1.009 amu

Electrons

Neutrons

NOTE the difference in mass!

ATOM COMPOSITION
The atom is mostly empty space
protons and neutrons in the nucleus. the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. electrons in space around the nucleus. extremely small. One teaspoon of water has 3 times as many atoms as the Atlantic Ocean has teaspoons of water.

The modern view of the atom was developed by

Ernest Rutherford
of New Zealand (1871-1937). (1871-

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Rutherfords experiment

Atomic Number, Z
All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons in the nucleus, Z
13 Al 26.981 Atomic number Atom symbol Atomic weight

Atomic Weight
This tells us the mass of one atom of an element relative to one atom of another element. OR the mass of 1000 atoms of one relative to 1000 atoms of another. For example, an O atom is approximately 16 times heavier than an H atom. Define one element as the standard against which all others are measured Standard = carbon

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Mass Number, A
C atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons is the mass standard = 12 atomic mass units

Mass Number (A)

= # protons + # neutrons A boron atom can have A = 5 p + 5 n = 10 amu

A Z

10 5

Isotopes
Atoms of the same element (same Z) but different mass number (A). Boron-10 has 5 p and 5 n: 105B Boron
Exact mass: 10.01937 Calculated mass = 5*1.007 + 5*1.009 = 10.08 Boron-11 has 5 p and 6 n: 115B Boron Exact mass: 11.009306 Calculated mass = 5*1.007 + 6*1.009 = 11.089

MASS DEFECT = energy which holds particles together 11B

10B

Isotopes & Their Uses

Bone scans with radioactive technetium-99. technetium-

99 Tc 43

Emits gamma rays

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Isotopes & Their Uses

The tritium, 31H, content of ground water is used to discover the source of the water, for example, in municipal water or the source of the steam from a volcano.

determined with a mass spectrometer

Masses of Isotopes

Isotopes
10B

11B

Because of the existence of isotopes, the mass of a collection of atoms has an average value. Average mass = ATOMIC WEIGHT Boron is 20% 10B and 80% 11B. That is, 11B is 80 percent abundant on earth. For boron atomic weight = 0.20 (10 amu) + 0.80 (11 amu) = 10.8 amu amu) amu)

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Isotopes & Atomic Weight

Because of the existence of isotopes, the mass of a collection of atoms has an average value. 6Li = 7.5% abundant and 7Li = 92.5% Atomic weight of Li = ______________
28Si

= 92.23%, 29Si = 4.67%, 30Si = 3.10%

Atomic weight of Si = ______________

The Mole
Think about reactions:
2 Al react with 3 Cl2 to form Al2Cl6

2 Al (s) + 3 Cl2(l) (s

Al2Cl6

For the reaction to occur we need to know the number of atoms each of Al and Cl (particulate world). world). The only thing we can do in the Lab is weighing our sample (macroscopic world). (macroscopic world). Relation of weight to number of particles. MOLE

The Mole
A mole of a substance is the same number of particles, as exactly 12g of carbon contains. AVOGADRO 1 mole = 6.2214199 x 1023 particles. Interesting facts: 1 mole of popcorn covers the US to a depth of 14.44 km or 14440 m

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Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendelev developed the modern periodic table. Argued that element properties are periodic functions of their atomic weights. weights. We now know that element properties are periodic functions of their ATOMIC NUMBERS. NUMBERS.

Periods in the Periodic Table

Groups/Families in the Periodic Table

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Regions of the Periodic Table

Element Abundance
C O Al Si Fe

http://www.webelements.com/

Hydrogen

Shuttle main engines use H2 and O2

The Hindenburg crash, May 1939.

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Group 1A: Alkali Metals

Reaction of potassium + H2O Cutting sodium metal

Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals

Magnesium

Magnesium oxide

Calcium CarbonateLimestone Carbonate

The Appian Way, Italy

Champagne cave carved into chalk in France

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Group 3A: B, Al, Ga, In, Tl Ga,

Aluminum Boron halides BF3 & BI3

Gems & Minerals

Sapphire: Al2O3 Sapphire: with Fe3+ or Ti3+ impurity gives blue whereas V3+ gives violet. Ruby: Al2O3 with Cr3+ impurity

Group 4A: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb Si, Ge, Sn,

Quartz, SiO2

Diamond
Note, that SiO2 in the solid is a 3D-framework. CO2 mol.solid

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Group 5A: N, P, As, Sb, Bi Sb,

Ammonia, NH3

White and red phosphorus

Phosphorus

Phosphorus first isolated by Brandt from urine, 1669

Group 6A: O, S, Se, Te, Po

Sulfuric acid dripping from snot-tite in cave snotin Mexico

Sulfur from a volcano

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Group 7A: F, Cl, Br, I, At Cl,

NaCl

Group 8A: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Ne, Ar, Xe,
Lighter than air balloons Neon signs

XeOF4

Transition Elements

Lanthanides and actinides

Iron in air gives iron(III) oxide

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Colors of Transition Metal Compounds

Iron

Cobalt

Nickel

Copper

Zinc

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