Wireless Automobile Monitoring System

Wireless Automobile Monitoring System

[Vaibhav Tiwari, Tejaswini, Shiva Kumar, Tanuj ]
Department of ECE, PESIT
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. General Introduction :
In this project, we present a wireless automobile monitoring system using signals transmitted by Zigbee, which is provided with lower power consumption, small volume, high expansion, stylization and two way transmission, etc. Zigbee is generally used for home care, digital home control, and industrial and security control. We have developed an automobile monitoring system by Zigbee characteristic, which has embedded three sensors, a temperature sensor, a float switch sensor and a water sensor to send signals to the actuators present at the receiver to carry out the required action based on the signals received from the transmitter of our automobile monitoring system. An LCD screen displays the temperature within the car and indicates the fuel level. The automobile monitoring system finds its application in cars and buses, by making the system wireless we reduce the complexity of connecting more wires as the number of sensors increase.
1.2. Statement of Study:

The aim of the project is to design a system which can be used for the purpose of controlling and monitoring the devices in automobiles like fuel level, temperature, and air conditioning.
1.3. Objectives of the study

The main objective of selecting this project is to gain knowledge and experience in developing a real time application. Apart from this, to gain the knowledge of ATmega32 microcontroller, Zigbee technology and the way in which these can be used for this system. ATmega32 is a popular microcontroller. There are number of AVR applications. Microcontroller can be programmed to run only one specific application. It can be programmed to accomplish the specific job faster. Zigbee was created to address the market need for a cost-effective, standards-based wireless networking solution that
supports low data-rates; low-power consumption-users expect battery to last months to years, security, and reliability. ZigBee is the only standards-based technology that addresses the unique needs of most remote monitoring and control and sensory network applications.
1.4 Methodology
Software Process:
The software process is the set of activities and associated results, which produced a software product. Example: Waterfall process model, Spiral model and Evolutionary model. The Waterfall process model has been followed for the development of this project. This model is the one of the best process models. There are several variations of this model. This process is best only when all the requirements are known in advance. This process is easy to understand by system developers as well as users. And this process model is more visible, as it produces deliverables at the end of end phase. Visibility is one of the process characteristics that are looked for by project managers while selecting a process model for any project.
Analysis Design Implementation
Testing
Figure 1.1 Waterfall process model
The waterfall process model has five phases. They are as given below:
(1) Analysis The systems services, constraints and goals are established by consultation with system users.
(2) Design The systems design process partitions the requirements to either hardware or software systems. It establishes overall system architecture. Software design involves representing the software system functions in a form that may be transformed into one or more executable programs.
(3) Implementation During this stage, the software design is realized as a set of programs or program units.
(4) Testing The individual program units or programs are tested. Then they are integrated and tested as a complete system to ensure that the software requirements have been met. After testing, the software system is delivered to the customer.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Chapter 2
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
2.1. Block Diagram:
Transmitter Receiver
ZIGBEE
ZIGBEE
WINDOW SWITCH BUTTONS
AC Control Relays
FLOAT SWITCH1
LCD ATMEGA32 ATMEGA32 Water Sensor
FLOAT SWITCH2
FLOAT SWITCH3
DC Motor TEMPERATURE SENSOR POWER SUPPLY POWER SUPPLY
Figure 2.1 Block diagram of proposed system
2.2 Description
The microcontroller ATmega32 is the heart of the system which monitors all the components. The power supply is used to energies the whole module. The power supply can be in the form of wired or battery. In our project 12V battery is used as a power supply. In this project we are implementing different features of automobiles. We are implementing two Zigbee nodes. One node will continuously check the status of the sensors and will send a command to another node to activate the required actuator based on the signals received. The status of the system will be displayed on the LCD.
Transmitter: The transmitter consists of the microcontroller ATmega32.The transmitter is connected to the window switch buttons which indicate whether the window is closed or open. Three float sensors are connected to the transmitter to indicate 3 different levels of fuel in the tank. A temperature sensor indicates the temperature within the automobile. The transmitter is connected to a Zigbee module that transmits the data to the receiver microcontroller.
Receiver: The receiver consists of the microcontroller ATmega32.The receiver is connected to a Zigbee module that receives information signals sent from the transmitter
microcontroller. If all the switches are closed and the temperature read from the temperature sensor is above the predefined level, the receiver activates the fan. The signals sent regarding the positions of the float switch is indicated on the LCD screen. When water falls on the water sensor, the DC motor connected to the wiper starts making sweeps automatically.
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
Chapter 3
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
The hardware components used in our project is listed below. 1. ATmega32 microcontroller 2. Power Supply 3. Relay 4. LM7805cV (Regulator) 5. Crystal Oscillator 4MHz 6. Zigbee Module 7. Temperature sensor LM35 8. Float Switch 9. Water sensor
3.1 ATmega32 microcontroller

The microcontroller is at the core of every embedded module. Hence, great care must be exercised in choosing the right microcontroller without compromising on functionality. Keeping in view many factors that governed the correct implementation of our project the ATmega32 microcontroller from Atmel Corporations AVR microcontroller family was chosen. Few crucial reasons may be cited so as to justify our choice of this microcontroller. The first being, that all AVR microcontrollers are designed to deliver more performance at lesser power consumption. It is compatible with popular protocols like I2C and SPI. It also has advanced features like an on chip analog to digital converter, six pulse width modulation channels, and data retention is supported up to a hundred years at 25 C. Also compilers for the ATmega32 are available free of cost from the manufacturer. An added advantage is that the AVR series can be programmed using the AVRGCC (GNU C compiler), thus making it an undisputed choice for even GNU/Linux
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based programmers. The Atmega48 microcontroller has execution speeds of up to one MIPS per MHz of clock frequency. Elucidating the specifications of the CPU of the AVR, it is an 8 bit microcontroller with advanced RISC architecture. The CPU is designed for the stellar combination of parallelism and performance. Thus the CPU uses the Harvard architecture (separate memories and buses for program and data). The CPU also accommodates a 32 general purpose 8-bit registers.
3.1.1 Architecture
The ATmega32 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega32 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The architectural block diagram is as shown in the next page.
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Figure 3.1: Architectural Block Diagram of ATmega 32
3.1.2 AVR CPU Core

This section discusses the AVR core architecture in general. The main function of the CPU core is to ensure correct program execution. The CPU must therefore be able to
access memories, perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle interrupts. In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses Harvard architecture with separate memories and buses for program and data. Instructions in the program memory are executed with a single level pipelining. While one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This concept enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The program memory is InSystem Reprogrammable Flash memory. The fast-access Register File contains 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with a single clock cycle access time. This allows single-cycle Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) operation. In a typical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File, the operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the Register File in one clock
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cycle. Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect addresses register pointers for Data Space addressing enabling efficient address calculations. One of these address pointers can also be used as an address pointer for look up tables in Flash program memory. These added function registers are the 16-bit X-, Y-, and Z-register, described later in this section. Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions, able to directly address the whole address space. Most AVR instructions have a single 16bit word format. Every program memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction. The Block Diagram of the AVR Architecture is as shown below:
Figure 3.2: Block diagram of the AVR central processing unit
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3.1.3 Pin Configurations
Figure 3.3: Pin configuration of the ATmega32 microcontroller 3.1.3.1: VCC Digital supply voltage 3.1.3.2: GND Ground 3.1.3.3: Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2-Port B is an 8 bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors. Alternate functions of the pins of Port B are functions related to SPI and the Pin Change Interrupt or PCINT. 3.1.3.4: Port C (PC6:0)-Port C is a 7-bit bi directional I/O port, with the PC6 pin being used as a reset pin if the reset disable fuse (RSTDISBL) is not programmed. If PC6 is used as a reset pin, then a low level lasting for more than 2.5 s at that pin will generate the required reset condition. The alternate function for the pins of this port is that they act as ADC input channels used here with the thermistor to aid in temperature measurements. 3.1.3.5: Port D (PD7:0)- Port D is an 8-bit bi directional I/O port and even its pins, like those of port B and C have alternate functions. The pins of port D can also serve as
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transmitter and receiver pins for the internal USART of the microcontroller, they can also add up as comparator inputs to the internal comparator circuit of the microcontroller. 3.1.3.6: AVCC-It is the supply voltage for the ADC, PC3 to PC0 and ADC 7:6. It is externally connected to VCC and if the ADC is used it is connected to the VCC supply voltage through a low pass filter. 3.1.3.7: AREF-It is the analog reference pin for the ADC.
3.1.4 Features
High Performance, Low Power AVR 8-Bit Microcontroller Advanced RISC Architecture 131 Powerful Instructions Most Single Clock Cycle Execution 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers Fully Static Operation Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz Non-volatile Program and Data Memories 4/8/16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash (ATmega48/88/32) Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation 256/512/512 Bytes EEPROM (ATmega48/88/32) Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles 512/1K/1K Byte Internal SRAM (ATmega48/88/32) Programming Lock for Software Security Peripheral Features Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode. Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator Six PWM Channels 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and MLF package
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6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package Programmable Serial USART Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator Special Microcontroller Features Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection Internal Calibrated Oscillator External and Internal Interrupt Sources Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and Standby I/O and Packages 23 Programmable I/O Lines 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP and 32-pad MLF Operating Voltage: 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega48V/88V/32V 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega48/88/32 Temperature Range: -40C to 85C Speed Grade: ATmega48V/88V/32V: 0 - 4 MHz ATmega48/88/32: 0 - 10 MHz Low Power Consumption Active Mode: 1 MHz, 1.8V: 240A 32 kHz, 1.8V: 15A (including Oscillator) Power-down Mode: 0.1A at 1.8V
3.1.5 Power modes

The Idle mode stops the CPU while the SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial Interface, SPI port, and interrupt system continue to function. In the Power-down mode, the register contents are saved but the oscillator is frozen until an interrupt is raised or the hardware is reset. In the Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer is running while the
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remaining peripheral components of the device are sleeping. For reduction of noise with respect to the ADC, the CPU and all other I/O devices are halted and only the asynchronous timer along with the ADC is running the standby mode can be useful for quick start-ups. Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset, asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption. Moving ahead, now a brief discussion of the external interrupts has to be done.
3.1.6 Ports
The ports of the AVR have read-modify-write functionality when used as general digital I/O ports, as stated in the datasheet of the device. The ports are bi-directional I/O ports with optional internal pull-ups. Each port pin mainly has three register bits which are DDxn, PORTxn and PINxn. DDxn is the data direction bit and indicates input or output at a particular pin of any port. If DDxn is set to one, the pin is used as output pin; else it is an input pin. If PORTxn is written to a logic one, and if DDxn is set to zero that particular pins internal pull up resistor is activated. The DDxn is accessed at the DDRx register, the PORTxn is in the PORTx register and the PINxn is at the PINx register. Writing a logic one to PINxn will toggle PORTxn. The alternate functions of the port pins and the port registers are explained at the end as part of the datasheets. The pin value can be read at any time through the PINxn register bit, irrespective of the DDxn pin setting.
3.1.7 Analog to digital converter

The Atmega48 is equipped with a successive approximation analog to digital converter with a resolution of 10 bits. All the input channels of the ADC are connected to a multiplexer. The ADC channel is selected by selecting the corresponding bits as defined in the ADMUX register of the microcontroller. The ADC output which is 10 bits long is stored in the ADCH and ADCL registers of the microcontroller. For eight bit precision, reading ADCH is sufficient. Further details of the ADC are provided with the datasheets.
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3.1.8 USART
A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (usually abbreviated UART and pronounced is a type of "asynchronous receiver/transmitter", a piece of computer hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms. A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated circuit used for serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. Serial transmission of digital information (bits) through a single wire or other medium is much more cost effective than parallel transmission through multiple wires. A UART is used to convert the transmitted information between its sequential and parallel form at each end of the link. Each UART contains a shift register which is the fundamental method of conversion between serial and parallel forms. The UART usually does not directly generate or receive the external signals used between different items of equipment. Typically, separate interface devices are used to convert the logic level signals of the UART to and from the external signaling levels. Communication may be "full duplex" (both send and receive at the same time) or "half duplex" (devices take turns transmitting and receiving).
3.1.8.1 Features
Asynchronous or Synchronous Operation Full Duplex Operation (Independent Serial Receive and Transmit Registers) Master or Slave Clocked Synchronous Operation High Resolution Baud Rate Generator Supports Serial Frames with 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 Data Bits and 1 or 2 Stop Bits Odd or Even Parity Generation and Parity Check Supported by Hardware Data Overrun Detection Framing Error Detection Noise Filtering Includes False Start Bit Detection and Digital Low Pass Filter
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Three Separate Interrupts on TX Complete, TX Data Register Empty
3.2 Power Supply

Power supply is used to energize the equipments such as microcontroller, relay, level converter, LCD and Zigbee module. The power supply is used to energize the whole module. The power supply can be in the form of wired or battery. In our project 12V battery is used as a power supply.
3.3 Relay
Relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC. Relays can switch higher voltages than standard transistors. Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A). Relays can switch many contacts at once.
Figure 3.4: Relay symbol
Figure 3.5: Circuit diagram of relay
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3.3.1 Advantages Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC. Relays can switch higher voltages than standard transistors. Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (>5A). Relays can switch many contacts at once.
3.3.2 Disadvantages Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents. Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times per second. Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.
3.4 LM7805C Voltage Regulator :
A voltage regulator based on an active device (such as a bipolar junction transistor, field effect transistor or vacuum tube) operating in its "linear region" and passive devices like zener diodes operated in their breakdown region. The regulating device is made to act like a variable resistor, continuously adjusting a voltage divider network to maintain a constant output voltage.
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Figure.3.6. Voltage Regulators
Figure 3.7: circuit diagram of voltage regulator
Linear regulators exist in two basic forms: series regulators and shunt regulators.Series regulators are the more common form. The series regulator works by providing a path from the supply voltage to the load through a variable resistance (the main transistor is in the "top half" of the voltage divider). The power dissipated by the regulating device is equal to the power supply output current times the voltage drop in the regulating device.
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The shunt regulator works by providing a path from the supply voltage to ground through a variable resistance (the main transistor is in the "bottom half" of the voltage divider). The current through the shunt regulator is diverted away from the load and flows uselessly to ground, making this form even less efficient than the series regulator. It is, however, simpler, sometimes consisting of just a voltage-reference diode, and is used in very low-powered circuits where the wasted current is too small to be of concern. This form is very common for voltage reference circuits.
The "78xx" series (7805, 7812, etc.) regulate positive voltages while the "79xx" series (7905, 7912, etc.) regulate negative voltages. Often, the last two digits of the device number are the output voltage; e.g., a 7805 is a +5 V regulator, while a 7915 is a -15 V regulator. The 78xx series ICs can supply up to 1.5 Amperes depending on the model.
3.4.1 Features 1. 5V, 3V, and 3.3V versions available 2. High accuracy output voltage 3. Guaranteed 100mA output current 4. Extremely low quiescent current 5. Low dropout voltage 6. Extremely tight load and line regulation 7. Very low temperature coefficient 8. Use as Regulator or Reference 9. Needs minimum capacitance for stability 10. Current and Thermal Limiting 11. Stable with low-ESR output capacitors (10m to 6)
3.4 Crystal Oscillator - 4MHz :
A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise
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frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators. A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. Almost any object made of an elastic material could be used like a crystal, with appropriate transducers, since all objects have natural resonant frequencies of vibration. For example, steel is very elastic and has a high speed of sound. It was often used in mechanical filters before quartz. The resonant frequency depends on size, shape, elasticity, and the speed of sound in the material. High-frequency crystals are typically cut in the shape of a simple, rectangular plate. Low-frequency crystals, such as those used in digital watches, are typically cut in the shape of a tuning fork. For applications not needing very precise timing, a low-cost ceramic resonator is often used in place of a quartz crystal. When the field is removed, the quartz will generate an electric field as it returns to its previous shape, and this can generate a voltage. The result is that a quartz crystal behaves like a circuit composed of an inductor, capacitor and resistor, with a precise resonant frequency. Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in such a way that the frequency dependence on temperature can be very low. The specific characteristics will depend on the mode of vibration and the angle at which the quartz is cut (relative to its crystallographic axes. Therefore, the resonant frequency of the plate, which depends on its size, will not change much, either. This means that a quartz clock, filter or oscillator will remain accurate. For critical applications the quartz oscillator is mounted in a temperature-controlled container, called a crystal oven, and can also be mounted on shock absorbers to prevent perturbation by external mechanical vibrations. Quartz timing crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens of megahertz. More than two billion (2109) crystals are manufactured annually.
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Most are small devices for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cell phones. Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes.
Figure 3.8: A Crystal Oscillator.
3.6 ZIGBEE (TRANSRECIEVER)

ZigBee was created to address the market need for a cost-effective, standards-based wireless networking solution that supports low data-rates, low-power consumption-users expect battery to last months to years, security, and reliability. ZigBee is the only standards-based technology that addresses the unique needs of most remote monitoring and control and sensory network applications. The initial markets for the ZigBee Alliance include Consumer Electronics, Energy Management and Efficiency, Health Care, Home Automation, Building Automation and Industrial Automation. It is wireless networking protocol aimed at automation and remote control applications. The Zigbee mesh network connects sensors and controllers without being restricted by distance or range limitations. ZigBee mesh networks let all participating devices communicate with one another, and act as repeaters transferring data between devices. These modules use the IEEE 802.15.4 networking protocol for fast point-to-multipoint or peer-to-peer networking. They are designed for high-throughput applications requiring low latency and predictable communication timing.
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Figure 3.9: Zigbee Module
Advantages:
Zigbee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh networking standard. First, the low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications. Second, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries. Third, the mesh networking provides high reliability and more extensive range.
3.7 Temperature Sensor LM35

Features
Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade) Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor 0.5C accuracy guarantee able (at +25C) Rated for full -55 to +150C range Suitable for remote applications Low cost due to wafer-level trimming Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60 A current drain Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air Low impedance output, 0.1 Ohm for 1 mA load
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Description The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35's low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55 to +150C temperature range.
Figure 3.10: Temperature Sensor LM35
3.8 Float Switch

Float switch is an electrical on-off switch which operate automatically when the liquid level goes up or down with respect to a specified level. The signal thus available from the float switch can be utilized for automatic control of pump or allied elements like solenoid, lamp, relays etc., these magnetic float switches are available in a very wide range according to operating and mounting methods to suit variety of individual application. These are rugged, accurate and reliable operation. These floats are available in vertical type, horizontal type in PVC, stainless steel, nylon material depends on application. The principle behind magnetic float sensors involves the opening or closing of a mechanical
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switch, either through direct contact with the switch, or magnetic operation of a reed. With magnetically actuated float sensors, switching occurs when a permanent magnet sealed inside a float rises or falls to the actuation level. With a mechanically actuated float, switching occurs as a result of the movement of a float against a miniature (micro) switch. The choice of float material is also influenced by temperature-induced changes in specific gravity and viscosity changes that directly affect buoyancy. Float-type sensors can be designed so that a shield protects the float itself from turbulence and wave motion. Float sensors operate well in a wide variety of liquids, including corrosives. When used for organic solvents, however, one will need to verify that these liquids are chemically compatible with the materials used to construct the sensor. Magnetic float switches are popular for simplicity, dependability and low cost.
FEATURES
Leak proof body machined from bar stock Choice of floats dependent on maximum pressure and specific gravity Weatherproof, designed to meet NEMA 4 Explosion-proof (listings included in specifications) Installs directly and easily into tank with a thredolet or flange (see application drawings)
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Electrical assembly can be easily replaced without removing
the unit from the installation so that the process does not have to be shut down. Horizontal installation or optional top mount vertical Installation
APPLICATIONS
Direct pump control for maintaining level Automatic tank dump operations Control levels or provide alarms in sumps, scrubber systems, hydro-pneumatic tanks, low pressure boilers
SPECIFICATIONS
Service: Liquids compatible with wetted materials. Wetted Materials: Float and Rod: 316 SS. Body: Brass or 316 SS standard. Magnet Keeper: 430 SS standard, 316 SS or Nickel optional. Temperature Limits: 4 to 275F (-20 to 135C) standard, MT high temperature option 400F (205C) [MT option not UL, CSA, ATEX, or SAA]. Pressure Limit: Brass body 1000 psig (69 bar), 316 SS body 2000 psig (138 bar). Standard float rated 100 psig (6.9 bar).
3.9 Water Sensor

The Water sensor module works by having a series of exposed traces connected to ground and interlaced between the grounded traces are the sensor traces. The sensor traces have a weak pull-up resistor of 1 M. The resistor will pull the sensor trace value high until a drop of water shorts the sensor trace to the grounded trace. In our applications, when the water sensor detects water it informs the microcontroller to start the DC motor.
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SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
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Chapter-4
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
The software components used in our project is listed below. 1. CVAVR cross compiler 2. AVR studio programmer 3. Embedded C
4.1 Code Vision AVR Cross Compiler

1. CodeVisionAVR is a C cross-compiler, Integrated Development Environment and Automatic Program Generator designed for the Atmel AVR family of microcontrollers. 2. The program is designed to run under the Windows 95, 98, Me, NT 4, 2000 and XP operating systems. 3. The C cross-compiler implements nearly all the elements of the ANSI C language, as allowed by the AVR architecture, with some features added to take advantage of specificity of the AVR architecture and the embedded system needs. 4. The compiled COFF object files can be C source level debugged, with variable watching, using the Atmel AVR Studio debugger. The Integrated Development Environment (IDE) has built-in AVR Chip In-System Programmer software that enables to automatically transfer of the program to the microcontroller chip after successful compilation/assembly. The In-System Programmer software is designed to work in conjunction with the Atmel STK500/AVRISP/AVRProg (AVR910 application note), Kanda Systems STK200+/300, Dontronics DT006, Vogel Elektronik VTEC-ISP, Futurlec JRAVR and MicroTronics ATCPU/Mega2000
programmers/development boards. For debugging embedded systems, which employ serial communication, the IDE has a built-in Terminal. Besides the standard C libraries, the CodeVisionAVR C compiler has dedicated libraries for: 1. Alphanumeric LCD modules 2. Philips I2C bus 3. National Semiconductor LM75 Temperature Sensor
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4. Philips PCF8563, PCF8583, Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS1302 and DS1307 Real Time Clocks 5. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor 1 Wire protocol 6. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS1820, DS18S20, DS18B20 Temperature Sensors 7. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS1621 Thermometer/Thermostat 8. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor DS2430 and DS2433 EEPROMs 9. SPI 10. Power management 11. Delays 12. Gray code conversion CodeVisionAVR also contains the CodeWizardAVR Automatic Program Generator that allows you to write, in a matter of minutes, all the code needed for implementing the following functions: 1. External memory access setup 2. Chip reset source identification 3. Input/Output Port initialization 4. External Interrupts initialization 5. Timers/Counters initialization 6. Watchdog Timer initialization 7. UART (USART) initialization and interrupt driven buffered serial communication 8. Analog Comparator initialization 9. ADC initialization 10. SPI Interface initialization 11. Two Wire Interface initialization 12. CAN Interface initialization 13. I2C Bus, LM75 Temperature Sensor, DS1621 Thermometer/Thermostat and PCF8563, PCF8583, DS1302, DS1307 Real Time Clocks initialization
14.1 Wire Bus and DS1820, DS18S20 Temperature Sensors initialization 4.2 AVR Studio Programmer
AVR Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for writing and debugging AVR applications in Windows 9x/ME/NT/2000/XP/VISTA environments.
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AVR Studio provides a project management tool, source file editor, simulator, assembler and front-end for C/C++, programming, emulation and on-chip debugging. AVR Studio supports the complete range of ATMEL AVR tools and each release will always contain the latest updates for both the tools and support of new AVR devices.AVR Studio 4 has a modular architecture which allows even more interaction with 3rd party software vendors. GUI plug-ins and other modules can be written and hooked to the system.
4.3 Embedded C
Embedded C is extensive and contains many advanced concepts. The range of modules covers a full introduction to C, real-time and embedded systems concepts through to the design and implementation of real time embedded or standalone systems based on realtime operating systems and their device drivers. Real time Linux (RTLinux) is used as an example of such a system. The modules include an introduction to the development of Linux device drivers. Embedded C covers all of the important features of the C language as well as a good grounding in the principles and practices of real-time systems development including the POSIX threads (pthreads) specification. The design of the modules is intended to provide an excellent working knowledge of the C language and its application to serious real time or embedded systems. Those wanting in-depth training specifically on RTLinux or Linux kernel internals should contact us to discuss their requirements; this set of modules is geared more towards providing the groundwork for approaching those domains rather than as in-depth training on a specific approach. Embedded C contains essential information for anyone developing embedded systems such as microcontrollers, real-time control systems, mobile device, PDAs and similar applications. This C course is based on many years experience of teaching C, extensive industrial programming experience and also participation in the ANSI X3J11 and BSI standards bodies that produced the standard for C. We focus on the needs of dayto-day users of the language with the emphasis being on practical use and delivery of reliable software.
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TESTING
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Chapter-5
TESTING
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Figure 5.1: Testing process The most important phase in developing any software is testing. Before the implementation of the package, testing has been carried out thoroughly to illuminate any bug, which may be present.
Types of testing:
The software testing of the package has been done in four phases. These are Unit Testing, Integration Testing , System Testing and Acceptance Testing. 5.1.1Unit Testing In Unit Testing every model was tested independent of the other verified that working properly. Unit testing focus verification efforts on the smallest unit of the software design in the model. To check, whether each model in the software works properly. So that it gives desired outputs to the given inputs .All the validation and conditions are tested in the model level. This project work contains two modules. Each of the modules and submodules are unit tested and the bugs were identified and rectified.
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5.1.2Integration Testing Integration testing is done to verify if the package as a whole, after the integration of all the modules is working properly. This phase of testing is mainly concerned with finding out if the variables and data are sending correctly from one module to another. In order to conduct the said test, the active program is compiled. This package has been tested for various inputs. It was found that the package performs its function to meet the requirements. 5.1.3System Testing System testing involves putting all the modules together and checking the entire software. It is useful in checking whether with the given input, the desired output is got as a result. System testing will be largely functional in nature. 5.1.4Acceptance Testing This is the final stage in the testing process. Before the system is accepted for the operational use it may reveal errors and omissions in the system requirements definitions because the real data exercises the system in different way from the test data. Acceptance testing may also reveal requirements problem where the systems performance is unacceptable. Testing here is focused on the external behavior of the system and the internal logic of the program is not emphasized. In this stage of testing the application was installed in the system.
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FINAL RESULT
36
Chapter-6
FINAL RESULT
The Automobile Monitoring System has been created consisting of a Transmitter and a Receiver, transmitting data via Zigbee. The temperature is sensed continuously by the temperature sensor ,while checking to see if the switches to the windows are closed, if the temperature exceeds a predefined value, the fan is actuated at the receiver to be turned on. Depending on the fuel level off the tank, the positions of the float switches are compared and the corresponding fuel level is indicated on the LCD at the receiver. The water sensor to be placed on the windscreen is connected to the receiver, when water is sensed on the water sensor the DC motor is actuated to move the wiper. Below are photos of the actual circuits implemented in our project.
Figure 6.1 Receiver
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Figure 6.2 Transmitter
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SNAP SHOTS
39
Chapter-7
SNAP SHOTS
FLOAT SWITCH
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
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WATER SENSOR
ZIGBEE
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TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER
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FUTURE ENCHANCEMENTS
43
Chapter-8
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
The following modifications can be made to present circuit, which lead to still smarter project. 1. The module can be equipped with a faster and more capable microcontroller to integrate control of many more devices at the same time. 2. Another further intended development is to introduce time controlled devices for better system performance. 3. Voice alerts can be used to indicate the various controlling of devices their status of operation. 4. If the numbers of relays are increased from the current relays, the number of devices that can be controlled can also be increased. 5. The module can be equipped with other sensing equipment such as light and heat sensors, accelerometers, strain gauges etc to monitor other real world physical quantities. 6. Advanced AVR microcontrollers with bigger flash memories can be used to create an increased number of functions and programs for better functionality and for a user friendly interface. 7. We can include the touch sensors or pressure sensors in the system so that the security is provided whenever criminals try to break in.
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CONCLUSION
45
Chapter-9
CONCLUSION
As the saying goes Necessity is the mother of all inventions, a need for software which would control process and devices was recognized. The design approach used here has given satisfactory results and the microcontroller is sufficient for measuring the required parameters. The power consumption has been kept as low as possible and the measurements made by the device are quite reliable. Accordingly a highly interactive user friendly module based embedded technology with microcontrollers was developed to solve the problem. The module which is developed will make the job of process easier. The user module has resulted in reducing work of human also makes more comfortable. The module is, therefore functioning as a very good tool. Incorporating the future enhancement as specified earlier would make the software a perfect tool, which would help the user. The fully automated sensors help in increasing human comfort. A limitation of this project is that Zigbee has a limit range around 100 feet it cannot be controlled above this range.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Chapter-10
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Rappaport, Wireless Communication, Prentice-Hall, 2002. 2. Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, The Microcontroller and Embedded systems, Pearsons Education, 2003 3. David Tse and Pramod Viswanath., Fundamentals of wireless communication Cambridge University Press, 2005. 4. Joachim Tisal, The GSM Network: The GPRS Evolution: One Step Towards UMTS Wiley, John & Sons, May 2001. 5. Gunnar Heine, Matt Horrer GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology and Implementation Artech House, January 1999. 6. www.national.com/ds/lm/lm35.pdf
7. www.zigbee.org/en/documents/zigbeeoverview4.pdf
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