Kicking in Soccer: Kicking: Art and Sports

Kicking in Soccer
Thorsten Sterzing Institute for Sports Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany
International Society of Biomechanics in Sports 2010 Congress, Marquette, MI, USA 19.07.-23.07.2010
Kicking: Art and Sports
Sculpture Soccer Player Rene Sintenis - Berlin, Germany 1927
Soccer Subject University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany 2005
Outline
Kicking Movement Measurement Technology Performance Criteria Influence of Footwear Research Perspectives
Movement
Measurement Technology
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Kicking: Complex Motor Movement
Bauer 1990
6 Phases: Approach angle Plant foot forces Swing limb loading Hip flexion and knee extension Foot to ball contact Barfield 1998 Follow-through
Movement Measurement Technology
5 Phases: Approach Support leg Kicking leg Foot to ball contact Ball flight Lees et al. 2010
Performance Footwear Perspective
Kicking Leg Angular Velocity
Lees 1998
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Kicking Leg Segment Speed
Lees 1998 Movement Measurement Technology Performance Footwear Perspective
Key Aspects for Fast and Accurate Kicking

Velocity:
Kicking Type, Technique Skill level, Limb Dominance Age, Maturity, Gender Muscle Strength & Power Approach Speed and Angle Energy Transfer between Body Segments
Accuracy:
Approach Speed Kicking Velocity Reduction Foot to Ball Contact Point Ball Spin
Kellis & Katis 2007
Foot to ball impact characteristics

Movement Measurement Technology Performance Footwear Perspective
Foot to Ball Contact: Impact Phase

Duration: 6 - 16 ms
various authors
Open - loop movement

full final
initial
Displacement of the ball
Mixture of impact-like and throwing-like aspects

Tsaousidis & Zatsiorsky 1996 Movement Measurement Technology Performance Footwear Perspective
Impact Phase
Shinkai et al. 2009
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Kicking Techniques
Full Instep p Instep Kicks: Inner Instep Outer Instep Side Foot Toe Kick Knuckle Kick Specific Techniques Spin
Other:
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Predominant Kicking Techniques Purposes

Full Instep Women Men 51 42 Inner Instep 88 60 Side Foot 330 407
Team incidents during a 90 minute soccer game, Althoff et al. 2010
Clearance
Passing, Crossing Shots on Goal
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Full Instep Kick

Giovanni van Bronckhorst (Netherlands) World Cup 2010: Uruguay vs. Netherlands (2-3)
Inner Instep Kick

Yasuhito Endo (Japan) World Cup 2010: Denmark vs. Japan (1-3)
Side Foot Kick

Elano (Brazil) World Cup 2010: Brazil vs. North Korea (2-1)
Kicking Performance
Levanon & Dapena 1998 Nunome et al. 2002 Neilson & Jones 2005
Velocity
Basic Performance Criteria
Accuracy
Kristensen et al. 2005 Scurr & Hall 2009 Sterzing et al. 2009
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
High Speed Video
provided by Shinkai et al. 2009
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Motion Analysis Systems
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Radar Gun
20 milliwatt Ka band dual horn microwave accuracy: speed range: acquisition time: update rate: 0.1 1 to 480 0.01 100 km/h km/h seconds per second
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Measurement Technology for Kicking Accuracy

Plywood wall laminated with carbon paper for impact imprints
Finnoff et al. 2002
Circular electronic target (concentric wire frame) Ball contact generates electrostatic charges Software based determination of ball impact location
Hennig et al. 2009
Digital camera recording (25 Hz)

Scurr & Hall 2009
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Kicking Accuracy Measurement Technology
- High speed video capturing of ball impact location (200 Hz)

CMOS Camera HCC-1000, VDS Vosskhler, Germany
- Accuracy determination: distance ball center to bulls eye

MaxTRAQ 2.06, Innovisions Systems, MI, USA Sterzing et al. 2009
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
10
Relation of velocity (VEL) and accuracy (ACC)

Sterzing et al. 2009
Simultaneous quantification of VEL and ACC of full instep, inner instep and side foot kicks Speed - accuracy trade-off Variability of VEL and ACC
6 Kicking Conditions
2 Performance Tasks Maximization ACC (Max ACC) Full Instep 3 Kicking Techniques Inner Instep Side Foot I III V Maximization VEL (Max VEL) II IV VI
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
11
Methods
- 19 soccer players (4th - 6th league) - Kicking of stationary ball 6 m target distance - 6 repetitive trials per kicking condition (total: 36 kicks)
- Mean and standard deviation (SD) - Coefficient of variability (CoV) across subjects - Repeated measures ANOVA - Post-hoc test (Bonferroni)
- Coefficient of variability (CoV6 repetitive kicks)

Movement Measurement Technology Performance
within subjects
Footwear Perspective
Experimental Set-up
- Radar gun for VEL measurements

Stalker Pro, Applied Concepts, TX, USA
- Hi h speed video capturing of b ll i High d id t i f ball impact l t location (200 H ) ti Hz)

CMOS Camera HCC-1000, VDS Vosskhler, Germany
- ACC determination: distance ball center to bulls eye

MaxTRAQ 2.06, Innovisions Systems, MI, USA
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
12
[km/h]
Kicking Velocity (p< 0,001)
Performance Task Max ACC Max VEL
Reduction of VEL to 82-86%, independent of kicking technique

Full Instep Inner Instep Side Foot
Technique q Full Instep Full Instep Inner Instep Inner Instep Side Foot Side Foot Movement
Task Max VEL Max ACC Max VEL Max ACC Max VEL Max ACC
Mean 103,16 87,76 100,75 82,99 89,79 77,38 Performance
SD 6,51 11,17 6,90 14,45 5,65 11,27
CoV 0,063 0,127 0,068 0,174 0,063 0,146 Footwear Perspective
[cm]
Kicking Accuracy (p<0,001)
Performance Task Max ACC Max VEL
Decrease of ACC by 29-41%, dependent on kicking technique

Full Instep Inner Instep Side Foot
Technique q Full Instep Full Instep Inner Instep Inner Instep Side Foot Side Foot Movement
Task Max VEL Max ACC Max VEL Max ACC Max VEL Max ACC
Mean 59,51 45,93 50,85 39,65 40,53 28,83
SD 14,04 9,90 12,29 11,02 14,38 7,90
CoV 0,236 0,216 0,242 0,278 0,355 0,274 Footwear Perspective
Performance
13
Within Subject Variability (CoV6 repetitive kicks)

VEL
Technique Full Instep Full Instep Inner Instep Inner Instep Side Foot Side Foot Task Max KV Max KA Max KV Max KA Max KV Max KA CoV6 kicks 0,034 0,044 0,032 0,052 0,029 0,047 ,
ACC
CoV6 kicks 0,633 0,550 0,477 0,613 0,573 0,572 ,
Reduction of velocity did not lead to more constant accuracy.
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Findings
VEL differences between techniques confirmed ACC differences between techniques fundamentally quantified VEL and ACC relation appeared stable for the two performance tasks
Variability of VEL extremely low within subjects Motor Input Variability of ACC considerably high especially within subjects Motor Output
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
14
Discussion of Speed Accuracy Trade-off
Tennis Serve
Slice
p < 0.01
Straight
Kick
p = n. s.
Ball Velocit [km/h] ty
Ball Accura [cm] acy
Sterzing & Rodewald 2010 Movement Measurement Technology Performance Footwear Perspective
Does footwear influence kicking velocity?

commercial shoe models 2004
Copa Mundial
PR Mania
Tiempo Premier
AZT 90 II
Mercurial Vapor
[km/h]
100 97.5 95 92.5 90 87.5 85 82.5 80
p < 0.05
<
Copa Mundial
PR Mania Tiempo Premier AZT 90 II Mercurial Vapor
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
15
Requirements of Soccer Footwear

Questionnaire n = 249 less 5 important
4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2

more important 1
1,5
Flexibility Kicking Accuracy Comfort Spin Traction Ball Sensing Stability Weight
Protection
Kicking Velocity
Durability Sterzing et al. 2007
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Kicking Velocity & Soccer Footwear
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
16
Systematic Evaluation of Isolated Shoe Features
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
General Testing Procedures

Biomechanics Laboratory University of Duisburg-Essen Radar Gun Stalker Pro
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
17
General Testing Procedures ctd.

Force Plate Kistler Photo Cell Arrangement
Swing Phase Time: foot strike (GRFs) to initial ball movement (photo cell)
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
18
Neutral Shoe Method at Contra Lateral Foot
Kicking Foot
Support Foot
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective

About 20 experienced soccer players Familiarization with laboratory testing environment Warm-up Practice trials 6 maximum full instep kicks per shoe condition stationary ball 3-step approach Standardized resting intervals Randomization of shoe conditions between subjects Ranking of ball velocity Rating of study specific items
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
19
Support Foot Traction

Diego Forlan (Uruguay) World Cup 2010: Uruguay vs. Netherlands (2-3)
Support Foot Traction

Yasuhito Endo (Japan) World Cup 2010: Denmark vs. Japan (1-3)
20
Plantar Pressures Support Foot

Sterzing & Hennig 2005
Peak Pressure Time to Peak Pressure
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Plant Foot Forces
Barfield 1995 Movement Measurement Technology Performance Footwear Perspective
21
ZFG
HFG
FFG
FSG
Resultant Shear Force max.

p < 0.01 [N] 1400
1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 ZFG HFG FFG FSG
Swing Phase Time

p < 0.01 [ms] 135
130 125 120 115 110 105 100 ZFG HFG FFG FSG
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
ZFG Ball Velocity

p < 0.01 [km/h]
105 100 95 90 85
HFG
FFG G
FSG
Perception Ball Velocity

p < 0.01 slow
4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 ZFG HFG FFG FSG
fast
80
ZFG
HFG
FFG
FSG
Functional traction necessary for fast kicking

22
Shod vs. Barefoot Kicking
Regular Soccer
Beach Soccer
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Ball Condition
outdoor regular circumference: weight: 68.6 cm 436.6 436 6 g
indoor regular circumference: weight: 71.9 cm 422.9 422 9 g
Reduction of Skin Pain
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
23
Kicking Velocity
own shoe
OSH SOC
p = 0.05
100 97,5 95 92,5 90 87,5 85 82,5 80 OSH NNN AAA SOC BAR
NNN
AAA
BAR
[km/h]
Mean (SEM)
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Perception Variables
own shoe
OSH SOC BAR
NNN
AAA
Perception Ball Velocity

worse
5 4 3 2
Perception Pain
high
9 8 7 6 5 4 3
p < 0.01
p < 0.01
better
low
OSH NNN AAA SOC BAR
2 1
OSH
NNN
AAA
SOC
BAR
Mean (SEM)
24
Impact Phase: High Speed Video (1 kHz)
Reduction of passive, forced plantarflexion for barefoot kicks

initial full final
Passive, forced plantarflexion for shod kicks

Lees 1993, Shinkai et al. 2009 Movement Measurement Technology Performance Footwear Perspective
StanceLeg
StudConfiguration
TractionProperties
FunctionalTraction/ SwingPhaseTime
ShoeModels
MultipleComplexFeatures
InterdependentMechanisms
ShoeUpperMaterial
InteractionBall Shoe
DorsalFootProtection SoccerShoe RigidityLowerLimb/Foot SwingLeg Shoeassuch Comfort
ReductionPain BallVelocity EffectiveMass AngleMetatarsophalangealJoint ImprovementComfort
ToeBoxHeight
ShoeWeight Shoe Weight
EffectiveMass/FootVelocity Effective Mass/ Foot Velocity FootRigidity/ FootDeformationCapacity/ ReboundEffect
OutsoleStiffness
Player
Influence
Shoe
ShoeProperty
PotentialInfluence
Mechanism
NoInfluence
Sterzing & Hennig 2008 Perspective
Movement
Performance
Footwear
25
Summary Kicking Velocity

Functional, rather than maximal, traction at the support foot is needed. Soccer shoes at the kicking foot actually reduces ball velocity. Some shoe features influence kicking velocity others do not velocity, not. Both feet need to be considered for adequate footwear design.
Kicking Foot
Movement Measurement Technology Performance
Support Foot
Footwear Perspective
Kicking Accuracy & Soccer Footwear
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
26
Kicking Accuracy
Chu-Young Park (South Korea) World Cup 2010: Uruguay vs. South Korea (2-1)
Kicking Accuracy Benefit Hypotheses

Shape: Homogenous pressure distribution between ball and shoe Friction: High friction between ball and shoe Spin: Spin production allows stable flight path Ball Sensing: Better ball sensing Shoe Weight: Larger moment of inertia results in more stable swing leg path Support foot stability: Enhancement of kicking foot movement control
Hennig & Sterzing 2010
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
27
Set-up
Circular electronic target (concentric wire frame) Ball contact generates electrostatic charges Software based determination of ball impact location
Footwear Conditions
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
[cm]
36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 A-PRED A-TUNE BAREF N-ALG NT-SYN NT-LEA
++ ++ *
++ ** + *
p < 0.01 p < 0.01 p < 0.05 p < 0.05
*
+ * + ** + *
**
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
28
Discussion: Barefoot vs. Shod Kicks

Bony structures of the foot may create pressure peaks not allowing a homogenous pressure distribution between ball and foot. Sh upper material may provide an i t f Shoe t i l id interface providing more h idi homogenous pressure distribution between foot and ball.
Polyurethane soft foam 10 Shore A, 6 mm
Dr. Scholl Silicone Gel Pads
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
Follow-up Study: Foot Padding

Instep Kicks Side Foot Kicks
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
29
Implementation of Knowledge into Products

provided by Nike Inc., USA
Nike Laser Elite Series T90 Laser
Soccer shoe specifically designed to enhance accuracy by even pressure shape correcting foam inside the shoe flat shot shield on top at ball contact area for a full instep kick
Research Perspective
Siphiwe Tshabalala (South Africa) World Cup 2010: South Africa vs. Mexico (1-1)
30
Maicon (Brazil) World Cup 2010 Brazil vs. North Korea (2-1)
Luis Fabiano (Brazil) World Cup 2010: Brazil vs. Ivory Coast (3-1)
31
Andrs Iniesta (Spain) World Cup 2010: Netherlands vs. Spain (0-1)
Status Quo: Review Articles 2007 - 2010
Movement
Performance
Footwear
Perspective
32
Future Directions
Kicking analysis of non-stationary balls (rolling, bouncing balls) Gender Ball construction Determination of performance influencing variables
University of Nagoya, Japan

Thank you very much for your attention!
33

Kicking in Soccer: Kicking: Art and Sports

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Kicking in Soccer

Kicking: Art and Sports

Sculpture Soccer Player Rene Sintenis - Berlin, Germany 1927

Soccer Subject University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany 2005

Kicking: Complex Motor Movement

Kicking Leg Angular Velocity

Kicking Leg Segment Speed

Lees 1998 Movement Measurement Technology Performance Footwear Perspective

Key Aspects for Fast and Accurate Kicking

Kellis & Katis 2007

Foot to ball impact characteristics

Foot to Ball Contact: Impact Phase

Open - loop movement

Displacement of the ball

Mixture of impact-like and throwing-like aspects

Shinkai et al. 2009

Predominant Kicking Techniques Purposes

Team incidents during a 90 minute soccer game, Althoff et al. 2010

Passing, Crossing Shots on Goal

Full Instep Kick

Inner Instep Kick

Side Foot Kick

Basic Performance Criteria

High Speed Video

provided by Shinkai et al. 2009

Motion Analysis Systems

Measurement Technology for Kicking Accuracy

Hennig et al. 2009

Digital camera recording (25 Hz)

Kicking Accuracy Measurement Technology

- High speed video capturing of ball impact location (200 Hz)

- Accuracy determination: distance ball center to bulls eye

Relation of velocity (VEL) and accuracy (ACC)

- Coefficient of variability (CoV6 repetitive kicks)

- Radar gun for VEL measurements

- Hi h speed video capturing of b ll i High d id t i f ball impact l t location (200 H ) ti Hz)

- ACC determination: distance ball center to bulls eye

Kicking Velocity (p< 0,001)

Performance Task Max ACC Max VEL

Reduction of VEL to 82-86%, independent of kicking technique

Mean 103,16 87,76 100,75 82,99 89,79 77,38 Performance

SD 6,51 11,17 6,90 14,45 5,65 11,27

CoV 0,063 0,127 0,068 0,174 0,063 0,146 Footwear Perspective

Kicking Accuracy (p<0,001)

Performance Task Max ACC Max VEL

Decrease of ACC by 29-41%, dependent on kicking technique

Mean 59,51 45,93 50,85 39,65 40,53 28,83

SD 14,04 9,90 12,29 11,02 14,38 7,90

CoV 0,236 0,216 0,242 0,278 0,355 0,274 Footwear Perspective

Within Subject Variability (CoV6 repetitive kicks)

Reduction of velocity did not lead to more constant accuracy.

Discussion of Speed Accuracy Trade-off

Ball Velocit [km/h] ty

Ball Accura [cm] acy

Does footwear influence kicking velocity?

PR Mania Tiempo Premier AZT 90 II Mercurial Vapor

Requirements of Soccer Footwear

4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2

Durability Sterzing et al. 2007

Kicking Velocity & Soccer Footwear

Systematic Evaluation of Isolated Shoe Features

General Testing Procedures

General Testing Procedures ctd.