Coherence Analysis Between ECG and EEG Signals

Coherence Analysis between ECG and EEG Signals
A DISSERTATION
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
Requirements for the award of the degree

Of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

In

CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
By
GAVENDRA SINGH
(Regd. No. 09206106)

Under the guidance of

Dr DILBAG SINGH
(Associate Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING
Dr B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JALANDHAR 144011, PUNJAB (INDIA), JUNE 2011

i

CANDIDATES DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this dissertation entitled
Coherence Analysis between ECG and EEG Signals submitted towards the partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of the Master of Technology in
Control and Instrumentation Engineering from Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of
Technology Jalandhar, India, is an authentic record of my own work carried out from August
2010 to June 2011 under the supervision of Dr Dilbag Singh, Associate Professor,
Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute
of Technology Jalandhar.
This matter in this dissertation report has not been submitted by me for of any other
degree or diploma.

Place: NIT Jalandhar Gavendra Singh
Date: June 2011

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.
Dr Dilbag Singh
(Associate Professor)
Department of ICE
NIT Jalandhar-144011

ii

Dr B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JALANDHAR, (PUNJAB)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that dissertation entitled
Coherence Analysis between ECG and EEG Signals

Submitted By
GAVENDRA SINGH
(Regd. No. 09206106)
May be accepted for the partial fulfilment for award of
Master of Technology in Control and Instrumentation Engineering

Internal External HOD
Examiner Examiner Department of ICE

Date:

iii

Dedicated to my mother, Smt Rajvala Devi and my Father, Mr Kanchhi Singh for their
continued Inspiration, Encouragement, Love and Support

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this momentous occasion of completing my research I would like to acknowledge the
contribution of all those benevolent people, I have been blessed to associate with. All the data
collection, theories, models would have failed to serve their purpose for me if blessing of the
Almighty would not have joined hands with my efforts.
My first and foremost offering of thanks goes to the architect who shaped my dream into the
reality, my guide and mentor Dr Dilbag Singh, Associate Professor, Department of
Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of
Technology, Jalandhar. Perseverance, exuberance, positive approaches are just some of the
traits he has imprinted on my personality. He steered me through this journey with his
invaluable advice, positive criticism, stimulating discussions and consistent encouragement.
He took care to shine light of knowledge, when I was groping in the darkness of ignorance. If
I will stand proud of my achievements then undeniably he is the main creditor. It is my
privilege to be under his tutelage.
I express my sincere thanks to Dr A K Jain, Head, Department of
Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of
Technology, Jalandhar. He provided me continuous help and guidance to complete my
dissertation.
With a grateful heart, I acknowledge the noble and gentle hand of support lent to me by Mr
Buta Singh, Research Scholar, for his valuable guidance at every step and cooperation for
data collection and analysis.
When talking about cooperation and help to complete this work how can I go without the
name of my arch-batch met throughout my journey, Mr Varun Gupta for her valuable
suggestions, consistent encouragement and to keep my approaches positive and my senier Mr
Madhwendra Nath Tripathi for his good help.

Dated: June 2011 GAVENDRA SINGH
List of Tables and Figures
v

List of Tables and Figure

Table 1.1: Rhythmic brain activity
Table 1.2: Average respiratory rates, by age
Table 2.1: Experimental Hardware Setup
Table 2.2: Specification of data acquisition unit Biopac Inc. MP100
Table 2.3: ECG100C Specifications
Table 2.4: EEG100C Specifications
Table 2.5: RSP100C Specifications
Table 4.1: Different parameters of the acquired signals
Table 4.2: Signals Acquisition Settings
Table 4.3: Coherence analysis of results at different respiratory rates
Table 4.4: ECG and EEG signals from 1 to 25 subjects statistics
Table 4.5: ECG and EEG signals from 26 to 50 subjects statistics
Table 5.1: Coherence and phase coherence measure parameters for first subject
Table 5.2: Coherence and phase coherence measure parameters for second subject
Table 5.3: Coherence and phase coherence measure parameters for third subject
Table A.1: Lead Type Length Usage Note
Table A.2: TSD201 Specifications
Fig. 1.1: The Human Heart with Coronary Arteries
Fig. 1.2: Heart Valves
Fig. 1.3: Cardiac Conduction System
Fig. 1.4: The lobes and sulci of the cerebrum.
Fig. 1.5: Functional areas of the cerebrum
Fig. 1.6: Rhythmic brain activity
Fig. 1.7: Willem Einthoven, The string galvanometer that he invented in 1903.
Fig. 1.8: Experimental Setup of 12 Lead ECG Acquisition from Atria 6100
Fig. 2.1(a): Block Diagram of Multi-channel Data Acquisition System Biopac Inc. MP100
Fig. 2.1(b): Hardware Components of Multi-channel Data Acquisition System MP100
Fig. 2.2: Graph of Experimental Data Acquired using MP100 and Acqknowledge3.9.0
Fig. 2.3: Snap of Subject and Technician during Data Acquisition
Fig. 2.4: The electrode connections to the ECG100C for the measurement of Lead I
vi

Fig. 2.5(a): Bipolar EEG electrode leads placement
Fig. 2.5(b): International 10-20 electrode placement on the different brain regions
Fig. 2.6: The placement and connections for recording thoracic respiration effort
Fig. 2.7(a): Transform tool bar
Fig. 2.7(b): Graph window function tool bar
Fig. 2.7(c): Acquisition set up
Fig. 2.7(d): On opening the new graph, graphic journal
Fig. 2.7(e): Setting channel label
Fig. 2.7 (f): Set screen horizontal axis
Fig. 2.7(g): Set screen horizontal axis
Fig. 2.7(h): Channel selection, (i) Cursor tools
Fig. 2.7(j): Edit tool bar
Fig. 2.7(k): Clipboard
Fig. 2.7(l): Journal
Fig. 3.1: One signal lags by j unit with the other signal
Fig. 3.2(a): ECG signal having 5006 samples with sampling rate 500 samples/sec
Fig. 3.2(b): EEG Signal having 5006 samples with sampling rate 500 samples/sec
Fig. 3.2(c): Cross-correlation between the ECG signal and the EEG signal
Fig. 3.3(b): Auto-correlation of ECG signal
Fig. 3.3(c): EEG Signal having 5006 samples with sampling rate 500 samples/sec
Fig. 3.3(d): Auto-correlation of the EEG signal
Fig. 3.4(b): Auto power spectral density estimate of ECG signal
Fig. 3.4(c): EEG Signal having 5006 samples with sampling rate 500 samples/sec
Fig. 3.4(d): Auto power spectral density estimate of EEG signal
Fig. 3.5(c): Cross-power spectral density between the ECG signal and the EEG signal
Fig. 3.6(c): Coherence between the ECG signal and the EEG signal
vii

Fig. 4.1: ECG Signals at the respiratory rates. First signal in the figure 6.1 is at nearly
zero breathing rate for 9.99 seconds and similarly second and third signals at
the 10 to 12 BPM(breaths per minute) and 15 to 20 BPM
Fig. 4.2: EEG Signals respiratory rates. First signal in the Figure 6.1(a) is at nearly zero
breathing rate for 9.99 seconds and similarly second and third signals at the 10
to 12 BPM and 15 to 20 BPM
Fig. 4.3: Coherence between the ECG and EEG signals respiratory rates
Fig. 4.4: Phase Coherence between the ECG and EEG signals respiratory rates
Fig. 5.1: ECG signals and corresponding EEG signals of the first subject (S
1
)
Fig. 5.2(a): Coherence between ECG and EEG (Fp1-Fp2) in Frequency Band (0 to 35 Hz)
for S
1

Fig. 5.2(b): Coherence between ECG and EEG (C3-C4) for S
1

Fig. 5.2(c): Coherence between ECG and EEG (P3-P4) for S
1

Fig. 5.2(d): Coherence between ECG and EEG (O1-O2) for S
1

Fig. 5.3(a): Coherence phase between ECG and EEG (Fp1-Fp2) in Frequency Band (0 to
35 Hz) for S
1

Fig. 5.3(b): Coherence phase between ECG and EEG (C3-C4) for S
1

Fig. 5.3(c): Coherence phase between ECG and EEG (P3-P4) for S
1

Fig. 5.3(d): Coherence phase between ECG and EEG (O1-O2) for S
1

Fig. 5.4: ECG signals and corresponding EEG signals of the second subject (S
2
)
for S
2

2

2

2

35 Hz) for S
2

2

2

2

Fig. 5.7: ECG signals and corresponding EEG signals of the second subject (S
3
)
for S
3

3

viii

3

3

35 Hz) for S
3

3

3

3

Fig. 5.10(a): Box plot of Coherence between the ECG signals corresponding to the EEG
signals {1-EEG (Fp1-Fp2), 2-EEG (C3-C4), 3-EEG (P3-P4), 4-EEG (O1-O2)}
of the First Subject (S
1
)
Fig. 5.10(b): Box plot of Coherence between the ECG signals corresponding to the EEG
signals of the Second Subject (S
2
)
Fig. 5.10(c): Box plot of Coherence between the ECG signals corresponding to the EEG
signals of the Third Subject (S
3
)
Fig. 5.11(a): Histogram of Coherence between the ECG signals corresponding to the EEG
signals {1-EEG (Fp1-Fp2), 2-EEG (C3-C4), 3-EEG (P3-P4), 4-EEG (O1-O2)}
of the First Subject (S
1
)
Fig. 5.11(b): Histogram of Coherence between the ECG signals corresponding to the EEG
signals of the Second Subject (S
2
)
Fig. 5.11(c): Histogram of Coherence between the ECG signals corresponding to the EEG
signals of the Third Subject (S
3
)
Fig. 5.12(a): Box plot of Coherence phase between the ECG signals corresponding to the
EEG signals {1-EEG (Fp1-Fp2), 2-EEG (C3-C4), 3-EEG (P3-P4), 4-EEG
(O1-O2)} of the First Subject (S
1
)
Fig. 5.12(b): Box plot of Coherence phase between the ECG signals corresponding to the
EEG signals of the Second Subject (S
2
)
Fig. 5.12(c): Box plot of Coherence phase between the ECG signals corresponding to the
EEG signals of the Third Subject (S
3
)

Abbreviations and Acronyms
ix

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ANS Autonomic Nervous System
AV Atrio-Ventricular
BP Blood Pressure
BPM Beats per Minute, Breaths per Minute
BSL Biopac Student Lab
CAD Coronary Artery Disease
CFA Cardiac Field Artifact
CK Creatine Kinase
CNS Central Nervous System
CPSD Cross Power Spectrum Density
DC Direct Current
ECG Electrocardiogram
EEG Electroencephalogram
EKG Electrokardiagram
EMD Empirical Mode Decomposition
EMG Electromyogram
EOG Electrooculogram
EPS Electrophysiological Studies
EPSP Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
ERS Event-Related Synchronization
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
GSR Galvanic Skin Resistance
HF High Frequency
HS Heart Sound
IMF Intrinsic Mode Function
IPSP Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
LF Low Frequency
MSC Magnitude Squared Coherence
PCG Phonocardiogram
PPG Photoplethysmograph
Abbreviations and Acronyms
x

PSD Power Spectrum Density
QRS Electrocardiogram QRS Complex
RSP Respiration
RSPR Respiration Rate
SA Sino-atrial
SKT Skin Temperature
TOE Transoesphageal Echocardiogram
UIM Universal Interfacing Module
USB Universal Serial Bus
VLF Very Low Frequency
List of Publications
xi

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Singh. G and Singh. D Coherence Analysis between ECG Signal and EEG
Signal BEATS-2010 conducted by NIT, Jalandhar, Punjab, India, Dec 2010, pp.33.
Singh. G, Gupta. V, Singh. D Estimation of Coherence between ECG Signal and
EEG Signal, IJECT, Volume 1 Issue 1, ISSN: 2230-7109(online), 2230-9543(print),
pp. 25-28, Dec 2010.

Contents
xii

CONTENTS

Candidates Declaration i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgements iv
List of figures and tables v
Abbreviation and acronyms ix
List of Publications x
Contents xi
Abstract xiv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCATION
1.1. A Brief Introduction of Human Heart and Electrocardiogram
1.1.1. Physiology of Human Heart
1.1.2. Significance of Heart as an organ
1.1.3. Chambers of Heart
1.1.4. Operation of Heart
1.1.5. Heart Ailments
1.1.6. Diagnostics techniques for Heart diseases
1.2. A Brief Introduction of Human Brain and Electroencephalogram.
1.2.1 Functional Areas Of Cerebrum
1.2.2 Electroencephalogram (EEG)
1.2.3 Rhythmic Brain Activity
1.3. Respiratory Rate
1.3.1 Optimum Breathing
1.4. Literature Review
1.5. Objective of This Thesis Work
CHAPTER 2: PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA ACQUISITION
2.1. MP100 System
2.2.1. Introduction
2.2.2. MP100 block Diagram.
2.2. ECG100C Electrocardiogram Amplifier Module
2.3. EEG100C Electroencephalogram Amplifier Module
Contents
xiii

2.4. RSP100CRespiration pneumogram amplifier module
2.5. Various Functions of AcqKnowledge3.9.0 software
CHAPTER 3: COHERENCE AND PHASE COHERENCE FUNCTION
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Cross-Correlation
3.1.2 Auto-Correlation
3.1.3 Correlation Co-efficient Definition
3.2 Spectral Density Functions
3.3 Coherence Function from Spectral Analysis
CHAPTER 4: COHERENCE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ECG AND EEG SIGNAL
4.1. Introduction
4.2. ECG and EEG signals
4.3. Coherence and Phase Coherence between the ECG and EEG signals acquired at
different breathing rates
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1. Coherence Analysis for first subject
5.1.1 ECG and EEG signals
5.1.2 Coherence
5.1.3 Phase coherence
5.2. Coherence Analysis for second subject
5.2.2 Coherence
5.3. Coherence Analysis for third subject
5.3.2 Coherence
5.4. Combine Coherence Analysis for all four subjects
5.5. Combine Phase Coherence Analysis for all four subjects
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCES
APPENDIX

Abstract
xiv
Abstract

ECG or electrocardiogram and EEG or electroencephalogram are the very important
parameters when it comes to diagnosis and treatment of human heart and brain related
problems. For this reason signal processing of such signals are of utmost importance. A
continuous non-invasive, low cost and accurate monitoring of functioning of heart and brain
have been proven to be invaluable in various diagnostics applications and clinical
applications.
All the organs of the human body have some synchronism, association and
correlation to each other. In this work we investigate the coherence and phase coherence
between the ECG and EEG; means the association between the human brain and heart.
These signals have proper responses in some specific frequency bands. We acquired 50 ECG
and EEG signals simultaneously using Biopac Inc. Acqknowledge3.9.0 software and MP100
hardware for this work. All data collected from healthy subjects under the age group (21-36
years old) at the sampling rate is 500 samples/second. The number of samples used for the
analysis of association or correlation is 5006 for each signal. We also acquired respiratory
rate by setting the Calculate Channel in the Acqknowledge3.9.0 software simultaneously with
corresponding ECG, EEG and Respiratory signals. The data acquisition is done at different
Respiratory Rates. The different respiratory rates are 0-4 breaths/minute (Low Breathing
Rate), 10-12 breaths/minute (Normal Breathing) and 16-20 breaths/minute (High Breathing
Rate). The EEG signals acquired from the four different positions; the Frontal
,
Central
, Parietal
and Occipital
Brain Regions.
A measure of coupling and as a measure of a functional association (relationship)
between two signals (here, ECG Signal and EEG Signal); is interpreted as Coherence.
Mathematically the Coherence is the degree of relationship or association of frequency
spectra between the two signals (ECG and EEG) at a particular frequency. In this work the
Magnitude Squared Coherence (MSC) is investigated in the frequency band 0Hz to 35Hz.
Preliminary results obtained from the examination of three subjects show the existence of a
maximum MSC at the normal respiration rate respiration frequency and mean of MSCs of no
airflow, normal airflow and high airflow ECG and EEG signals is found to be continuously
decreasing in the frequency band(0-35Hz).
Abstract
xv

Secondary results are found to be that the maximum mean of magnitude squared
coherence is among the three subjects coherence between the ECG and EEG signal from
parietal
. Furthermore, the frequency content in both heart signals and brain signals
was calculated via power spectrum analysis with frequency band in the two organs was
investigated.

Abstract
xv

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. A Brief Introduction of Human Heart & Electrocardiogram(ECG):
1.1.1. Physiology of Heart:
The heart is a muscular organ in all vertebrates responsible for pumping blood
through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The term cardiac (as in
cardiology) means "related to the heart" and comes from the Greek , kardia, for
"heart".
The heart of a vertebrate is composed of cardiac muscle, an involuntary muscle
tissue which is found only within this organ. The average human heart, beating at 72 beats
per minute, will beat approximately 2.5 billion times during a lifetime (about 66 years). It
weighs on average 250 gm to 300 gm in females and 300 gm to 350 gm in males [1].
The heart is usually situated in the middle of the thorax with the largest part of
the heart slightly offset to the left (although sometimes it is on the right, see figure 1.1),
underneath the breastbone.

Figure1.1: The Human Heart with Coronary Arteries
The heart is usually felt to be on the left side because the left heart (left ventricle) is
stronger (it pumps to all body parts).
Abstract
xv

1.2.1. Significance of Heart as an organ:
The function of the right side of the heart is to collect de-oxygenated blood, in the
right atrium, from the body (via superior and inferior vena cava) and pump it, via the right
ventricle, into the lungs (pulmonary circulation) so that carbon dioxide can be dropped off
and oxygen picked up (gas exchange). This happens through the passive process of diffusion.
The left side (see left heart) collects oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium.
From the left atrium the blood moves to the left ventricle which pumps it out to the body (via
the aorta). On both sides, the lower ventricles are thicker and stronger than the upper atria.
The muscle wall surrounding the left ventricle is thicker than the wall surrounding the right
ventricle due to the higher force needed to pump the blood through the systemic circulation.
Starting in the right atrium, the blood flows through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
Here it is pumped out the pulmonary semi-lunar valve and travels through the pulmonary
artery to the lungs. From there, blood flows back through the pulmonary vein to the left
atrium. It then travels through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, from where it is pumped
through the aortic semi-lunar valve to the aorta. The aorta forks and the blood is divided
between major arteries which supply the upper and lower body. The blood travels in the
arteries to the smaller arterioles, then finally to the tiny capillaries which feed each cell. The
(relatively) deoxygenated blood then travels to the venules, which coalesce into veins, then to
the inferior and superior venae cava and finally back to the right atrium where the process
began.
The impulses generated during the heart cycle produce electrical currents, which are
conducted through body fluids to the skin, where they can be detected by electrodes and
recorded as an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) [3].
1.3.1. Chambers of Heart:
The outer layer of the pericardium surrounds the roots of your heart's major blood
vessels and is attached by ligaments to your spinal column, diaphragm, and other parts of
your body. The inner layer of the pericardium is attached to the heart muscle. A coating of
fluid separates the two layers of membrane, letting the heart move as it beats, yet still be
attached to your body.

Abstract
xv

Figure1.2: Heart Valves
The heart contains four chambers; two thin-walled atria separated from each other by
an inter-atrial septum and two thicker-walled ventricles possessing common wall in the inter-
ventricular septum.
Atria and ventricles are connected by a fibrous A-V ring. This ring is penetrated on the
right side by the tricuspid valve and on the left side by the mitral valve as shown in Fig 1.2.
The two valves consist of flaps or cusps, which are attached at the periphery of the valve ring.
The heart wall, which is composed of a cardiac muscle tissue, is referred as the
myocardium. The muscle cells of myocardium are classified into five functionally and
anatomically separate parts namely, sino-atrial (SA) node, atrio-ventricular (AV) node, His-
purkinje system, atrial muscle and ventricular muscle each having different characteristic
action potentials. They are mainly involved in the maintenance of two primary and well
synchronized physiological events, namely, the hearts mechanical activity (pumping of the
blood) and the hearts electrical activity (the transmission of electrochemical impulses for the
coordination of the hearts effort). These two activities give rise to an orderly heart beat.
Four types of valves regulate blood flow through your heart shown in figure 1.2:
The Tricuspid valve regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right
ventricle.
The Pulmonary valve controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the
pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to your lungs to pick up oxygen.
The Mitral valve lets oxygen-rich blood from your lungs pass from the left
atrium into the left ventricle.
Abstract
xv

The Aortic valve opens the way for oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left
ventricle into the aorta, your body's largest artery, where it is delivered to the
rest of your body.
1.4.1. Operation of Heart:
1.1.4.1. The Conduction System :
Electrical impulses from the heart muscle (the myocardium) cause the heart to
contract. This electrical signal begins in the sino-atrial (SA) node, located at the top of the
right atrium. The SA node is sometimes called the heart's "natural pacemaker." An electrical
impulse from this natural pacemaker travels through the muscle fibres of the atria and
ventricles, causing them to contract. Although the SA node sends electrical impulses at a
certain rate, the heart rate may still change depending on physical demands, stress, or
hormonal factors.
Some cardiac cells are self-excitable, contracting without any signal from the nervous
system, even if removed from the heart and placed in culture. Each of these cells has its own
intrinsic contraction rhythm. A region of the human heart called the sino-atrial node (SA
node), or pacemaker, sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract. The
SA node generates electrical impulses, much like those produced by nerve cells. Impulses
from the SA node spread rapidly through the walls of the atria, causing both atria to contract
in unison. The impulses also pass to another region of specialized cardiac muscle tissue, a
relay point called the atrio-ventricular (AV) node, located in the wall between the right
atrium and the right ventricle. Here, the impulses are delayed for about 0.1s before spreading
to the walls of the ventricle. The delay ensures that the atria empty completely before the
ventricles contract.
Abstract
xv

Figure 1.3: Cardiac Conduction System
1.1.4.2. The Circulatory System:
The heart and circulatory system make up the cardiovascular system. The heart works
as a pump that pushes blood to the organs, tissues, and cells of your body. Blood delivers
oxygen and nutrients to every cell and removes the carbon dioxide and waste products made
by those cells. Blood is carried from the heart to the rest of the body through a complex
network of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. Blood is returned to your heart through venules
and veins. If all the vessels of this network in the body were laid end-to-end, they would
extend for about 60,000 miles (more than 96,500 kilo-meters), which is far enough to circle
the earth more than twice..!!
1.5.1. Heart Ailments:
Heart ailments are increasing in the current years. Much hospital admission took place
because of the growing heart diseases. The common diseases among the heart ailments are
coronary arteries blockage that supplies blood to the persons heart, it is popularly known as
CAD (Coronary Artery Disease). Heart can also gets affected by the defects in congenital
heart which are present since birth in one percent of infants approximately. There are many
advances that are taking position in the direction to cure any kind of heart disease. Some
years back the treatment for heart diseases were available but they were either surgery or with
medicines. But as the time passes with the development of new technologies and sciences
made any type of heart treatment very easy. The latest improvement is made in the area of
Abstract
xv

worldwide cardiology; several curative treatments are done by making the small cut of 1.0
mm in the groin or in the wrist vein.
These actions are taken as well as adopted to provide maximum relieve to the patients
along with minimal risk. Surgical bypass was the only treatment available twenty-six years
back for the artery blockage. But nowadays-countless situations can easily be managed and
handled by a simple method known as Angioplasty. By this treatment a patient can walk after
twelve hours and can go back to their works after forty-eight hours, because heart ailments
treatment is very simple. But in some cases say fifteen to twenty percent cases it carries the
danger of re-blockage, specifically in those cases where patient is suffering from sugar
problem or Diabetes mellitus.
Heart does a number of main and useful works and its work is never ending till death.
There are many common diseases of heart and the treatment is also available but as the time
passes the treatment is becoming very expensive as well as risk is also there. The home
remedies can cure heart ailments also. The best technique to cure the heart ailments is to gear
up in the direction of the cleansing diet, since, it purifies the blood and the cleaner your blood
will be the less chances you will face of any kind of toxicity piling up in the area of your
heart.
1.1.5.a. Heart Attack:
Heart attack is caused when the blood flow to the heart muscle is obstructed and if the
blood supply is not re- established immediately the heart muscle begins to perish due to lack
of oxygen.
Heart attack is one of the most important mortality factors among Americans. Heart
attack can be best treated within the first hour of symptoms. Seek emergency medical aid as
timeliness is crucial in reducing the mortality rates. Heart attacks are normally caused due to
the thickening and narrowing of the coronary arteries due to the deposition of fatty materials
such as cholesterol. It blocks the free flow of oxygenated blood to the heart and results in a
condition called the coronary artery disease.
The first step in the event of a heart attack would be remove the blockage to ensure
blood supply as heart muscles will start dying to be replaced by scar tissue, if oxygen supply
remains cut off for more than 20 minutes. This in turn would have far reaching consequences
in the future. Serious impediments of heart disease can result in life threatening conditions
Abstract
xv

like heart failure or arrhythmias. Heart failure happens when the heart cannot pump adequate
blood throughout the body and the irregularity in the heart beat patterns might result in the
death of the patient if timely medical aid is not extended. Watch out for some of the common
symptoms such as chest discomfort, squeezing pain and cyclic pain along the neck, shoulders
and jaw region which lasts for a few minutes the disappear to come back after some time.
Breathlessness, stomach discomfort, fainting etc are also commonly seen. Do not take these
warning symptoms lightly and even if these vanish completely, it is recommended to consult
a doctor at the earliest. Call an ambulance to save time and keeping an aspirin tablet under the
tongue might help to minimize the damages caused by the blood clots in the artery.
A heart attack is alarming alright however of you can identify the heart attack
symptoms you can save a precious life of your near and dear ones. Majority of people have
the false notion that heart attack is always massive and serious where the person clasps his
chest and slumps to his chair just like in a movie. However in reality, heart attacks progress
slowly as a minor discomfort, which many tend to ignore. Recognizing these symptoms can
make all the difference between life and death. In case you notice any of these signs do
consult a doctor as fast action is what matters.
Remember timely help is the key in the management of heart attacks as there are
many effective anti coagulants such as aspirin and nitro-glycerine, which can stop a heart
attack in the initial stages itself. The sooner they are administered the greater would be the
chances of a full recovery. You can reduce the risk of heart attack by certain life style
changes. If you are a smoker try to quit this habit; reduce high blood pressure and cholesterol
and in case you have had a heart attack before follow the medications promptly as per the
doctors advice.
1.1.5.b. High blood pressure/ Hypertension:
The pressure exerted by the blood on the arteries as it is pumped through the blood
vessels in called blood pressure. If the blood pressure reading shows 140/90 mmHg or higher,
you have high blood pressure or hypertension. The normal blood pressure of a healthy adult
should be lower than 120/80 mmHg. If blood pressure is high, the heart pumps the blood
harder, which in turn leaves the arteries hardened resulting in atherosclerosis.
The blood pressure is measured by using a sphygmomanometer and one end of the
stethoscope is placed over an artery to record the readings. The pressure at which the first
Abstract
xv

pulse sound can be heard is called systolic blood pressure and the pressure level where the
sound disappears is the diastolic pressure and is expressed in millimetre of mercury (mm Hg).
High blood pressure and excess body weight are closely related. So, weight management is
the most important phase in the treatment of your high blood pressure. Requisite dietary
changes coupled with a well planned work out might help you to keep hypertension under
check.
In some people high blood pressure could be triggered by another disease then it is
called secondary hypertension, which gets back to normal once the root cause is solved.
Some of the causes for secondary hypertension include tumours, kidney ailments, narrowing
of the aorta, pregnancy etc.
While in the majority of cases no particular reason could be attributed to high blood
pressure and it is often referred to as primary hypertension. Hypertension is normally
associated with old age as the arteries get hardened with age and in some cases it shows a
hereditary history as well. In people suffering from salt sensitivity, the blood pressure shoots
up with the usage of salt. Such patients should desist from eating fast foods and deep fried
salty items and if you take care to avoid high sodium food sources, the blood pressure could
be managed easily. Alcohol consumption is yet another cause of heart disease and also for
high blood pressure; make sure that you do not consume more than two drinks a day to steer
clear of this risk. People with high blood pressure should take immediate medical aid to
control it in time.
1.6.1. Diagnostics Techniques for Heart Diseases:
There are several tests available to diagnose possible heart disease. How the physician
decides which tests to perform (and how many) depends on factors such as your risk factors,
history of heart problems, current symptoms and the physician's interpretation of these
factors.
The tests usually begin with the simplest and may progress to more complicated ones.
Specific tests depend on your particular problem(s) and the physician's assessment. Tests that
do not involve inserting needles, instruments or fluids into the body are termed non-invasive.
Those that do are called invasive tests.
1.1.6.1. Non-Invasive Tests:
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1.1.6.1.a. Electrocardiogram (ECG):
This is the most common test for heart conditions. It is a simple, painless test that
takes about 10 minutes. Every time the heart beats, natural electrical currents can be picked
up by electrodes placed on various points around the body. These natural electrical currents
are recorded on paper. The tracing records the heart rate and rhythm and whether the muscle
is conducting the electricity normally. Damaged heart muscle, or muscle that is short of
oxygen, will result in a different appearance on the tracing. The resultant tracing can give the
doctor a lot of information about your heart, but, like most tests, the ECG is not infallible. If
one have angina, the heart tracing may be normal if it is recorded at rest when one is free of
pain. In this case one may need an exercise ECG.
1.1.6.1.b. Phonocardiogram(PCG):
The physiological variability of the mechanical function of the heart is reflected in the
produced acoustic vibrationsthe heart sounds. Heart sounds have been widely used in
clinical practices and the phonocardiography is the graphical continuous non-invasive,
recording of heart sounds.
Although the Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal provides reliable indications for
electrical dysfunctions related to the hearts pacing and conduction systems, as well as for
conditions of myocardial ischemia. However, mechanical dysfunctions that are not
accompanied by electrical changes may not be reflected in the electrocardiogram. In addition,
patients with chronic heart disease such as heart failure often have enduring ECG
abnormalities [4], which reduce the efficacy of ECG monitoring in detecting worsening of the
disease. Hence in some cases of heart diseases, there is need of Phonocardiogram test.
Especially, The heart valvular diseases i.e. Mitral valve Stenosis, Mitral regurgitations,
Arterial-Septal defect etc are reflected from Phonocardiogram test.
1.1.6.1.c. Holter Monitoring:
The purpose of Holter monitoring is to look for heart rhythm problems over a 24 to
48-hours period. The Holter monitor is a small, portable, battery powered ECG machine worn
when at home. It will record your heart rate and rhythm over a period of time. You will be
asked to keep a diary of activities and any symptoms that you experience while the Holter
monitor is being worn. At the end of the time period, the monitor needs to be returned to the
hospital and a technician will view the recorded information.
1.1.6.1.d. Echocardiogram:
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This test uses sound waves to study the movement of the heart's chambers and valves.
This is particularly useful as you can assess different areas of the heart while it is beating.
The echo sound waves create an image on the monitor as an ultrasound transducer probe is
passed over the chest and heart.
1.1.6.1.e. Exercise Stress Test (treadmill test or exercise ECG):
Some heart problems only show up when the heart is working hard. To assess this, it
is necessary to monitor the heart when you are exercising. A continuous ECG is done to
achieve this. The test takes a maximum of 10 minutes. You will be connected to an ECG
machine and blood pressure monitoring facilities. You then walk on a treadmill which will
slowly increase in speed and incline. At various stages you will have blood pressure and ECG
recorded.
1.1.6.2. Invasive Tests:
1.1.6.2.a. Echocardiogram Stress Test:
This is similar to a resting echo test. It is performed on people who need to have a
exercise ECG but are unable to walk any great distance due to mobility problems. Medication
is given via an IV cannula to simulate exercise. Heart function and rhythm are monitored.
1.1.6.2.b. Transoesphageal Echocardiogram (TOE):
A TOE gains more information about how your heart is functioning from a closer
position, without the chest wall blocking ultrasound recordings. Because your heart sits next
to the oesophagus you get clearer pictures. This test uses the same special sound wave
technology that a regular echocardiogram uses, but the pictures are taken by inserting a
special probe into the oesophagus (the food tube that connects the mouth with the stomach)
rather than placing it on the patient's chest wall. A local anaesthetic spray is administered to
the back of the mouth to numb that area and prevent gagging. You will be given sedation to
make you relaxed and drowsy but not completely asleep. Your nurse will advise you when
you can eat and drink again, this are about one to two hours.
1.1.6.2.c. Electrophysiological Studies (EPS):
Your cardiologist might refer you for electrophysiology studies if you have an
abnormal heart rhythm or palpitations. Fine tubes called electrode catheters are introduced
through a vein and/or artery, usually in the groin. They are then gently moved into position in
the heart, where they stimulate the heart and record electrical impulses. This type of
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investigation assists the doctor to make a definitive diagnosis and plan treatment for
arrhythmia management.
1.1.6.2.d. Blood Tests:
Various blood tests may be performed depending on your type of heart disease. These
all help to build a picture of the nature of your disease.
Included might be assays for:
- Electrolytes
- Full blood count
- Hormone levels
- Blood clotting times
- Cardiac enzymes.
In recent years the most commonly used blood test to measure the level of cardiac
muscle damages are proteins called troponins. The level of troponins in the blood helps to
give a quick and accurate idea of the amount of muscle damage after a heart attack.
1.1.6.2.e. Cardiac Troponins:
Cardiac troponins measurements help either confirm or exclude a heart attack in a
person who may be having, or recently had, a cardiac event. They also help decide what
treatments a person with unstable angina may need. Troponins T and Troponins I are proteins
that are part of the heart or cardiac muscle. When heart muscle injury occurs, these proteins
are released. Troponins T and I are more sensitive to heart muscle damage than the enzyme
creatine kinase (CK). This makes them a valuable test to detect mild heart attacks. They can
be detected in blood as early as three hours after a heart attack associated chest pain starts.
The levels peak at 10 to 24 hours and can still be detected up to five to 10 days later. This
means that if you have had chest pain for several days a heart attack can still be detected.
1.2. A Brief Introduction of Human Brain & Electroencephalogram(EEG):
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate
animals. The brain controls the other organ systems of the body, either by activating muscles
or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
The brain constitutes about one-fiftieth of the body weight and lies within the cranial
cavity. The parts of the brain are cerebrum, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and
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cerebellum. For descriptive purposes each hemisphere of the cerebrum is divided into lobes
which take the names of the bones of the cranium under which they lie:
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
The boundaries of the lobes are marked by deep sulci (fissures). These are the central,
lateral and parieto-occipital sulci.

Figure1.4: The lobes and sulci of the cerebrum.
1.2.1 Functional Areas of Cerebrum
The main areas of the cerebrum associated with sensory perception and voluntary
motor activity are known but it is unlikely that any area is associated exclusively with only
one function. Except where specially mentioned, the different areas are active in both
hemispheres.
There are three main varieties of activity associated with the cerebral cortex:
Mental activities involved in memory, intelligence, sense of responsibility, thinking,
reasoning, moral sense and learning are attributed to the higher centres
Sensory perception, including the perception of pain, temperature, touch, sight,
hearing, taste and smell
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Initiation and control of skeletal (voluntary) muscle contraction.

Figure 1.5: Functional areas of the cerebrum (Courtesy: Ross and Wilson - Anatomy and
Physiology in Health and Illness)
1.2.2 Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Richard Caton (18421926), a scientist from Liverpool, England, used a
galvanometer and placed two electrodes over the scalp of a human subject and thereby first
recorded brain activity in the form of electrical signals in 1875. Since then, the concepts of
electro-(referring to registration of brain electrical activities) encephalo- (referring to emitting
the signals from the head), and gram (or graphy), which means drawing or writing, were
combined so that the term EEG was henceforth used to denote electrical neural activity of the
brain.
The Central Nervous System generally consists of nerve cells and glia cells, which are
located between neurons. Each nerve cell consists of axons, dendrites, and cell bodies. Nerve
cells respond to stimuli and transmit information over long distances. An axon is a long
cylinder, which transmits an electrical impulse and can be several metres long in vertebrates.
Dendrites are connected to either the axons or dendrites of other cells and receive impulses
from other nerves or relay the signals to other nerves. In the human brain each nerve is
connected to approximately 10,000 other nerves, mostly through dendritic connections.
The activities in the CNS are mainly related to the synaptic currents transferred
between the junctions (called synapses) of axons and dendrites, or dendrites and dendrites of
cells. A potential of 6070 mV with negative polarity may be recorded under the membrane
of the cell body. This potential changes with variations in synaptic activities. If an action
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potential travels along the fibre, which ends in an excitatory synapse, an excitatory
postsynaptic potential (EPSP) occurs in the following neuron. If two action potentials travel
along the same fibre over a short distance, there will be a summation of EPSPs producing an
action potential on the postsynaptic neuron providing a certain threshold of membrane
potential is reached. If the fibre ends in an inhibitory synapse, then hyperpolarization will
occur, indicating an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
Following the generation of an IPSP, there is an overflow of cations from the nerve
cell or an inflow of anions into the nerve cell. This flow ultimately causes a change in
potential long the nerve cell membrane. Primary transmembranous currents generate
secondary inonal currents along the cell membranes in the intra- and extracellular space. The
portion of these currents that flow through the extracellular space is directly responsible for
the generation of field potentials. These field potentials, usually with less than 100 Hz
frequency, are called EEGs when there are no changes in the signal average and DC if there
are slow drifts in the average signals, which may mask the actual EEG signals. A
combination of EEG and DC potentials is often observed for some abnormalities in the brain
such as seizure.
An EEG signal is a measurement of currents that flow during synaptic excitations of
the dendrites of many pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex. When brain cells (neurons)
are activated, the synaptic currents are produced within the dendrites. This current generates a
magnetic field measurable by electromyogram (EMG) machines and a secondary electrical
field over the scalp measurable by EEG systems.
1.2.3 Rhythmic Brain Activity
EEG signal voltage amplitude ranges from about 1 to 100 micro volts peak to peak at
low frequencies (0.5 to 100 Hz) at the cranial surface. At the surface of cerebrum, signal may
be 10 times stronger.
In healthy adults, the amplitudes and frequencies of EEG signals change from one
state of a human to another, such as wakefulness and sleep. The characteristics of the waves
also change with age. There are five major brain waves distinguished by their different
frequency ranges and amplitudes. These frequency bands from low to high frequencies
respectively are called alpha (), theta (), beta (), delta (), and gamma ().
1.2.3.a Delta wave:
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Delta waves lie within the range of 0.54 Hz. These waves are primarily associated
with deep sleep and may be present in the waking state. Theta waves lie within the range of
47.5 Hz. Theta waves appear as consciousness slips towards drowsiness. Theta waves have
been associated with access to unconscious material, creative inspiration and deep
meditation. A theta wave is often accompanied by other frequencies and seems to be related
to the level of arousal. The theta wave plays an important role in infancy and childhood.

Figure 1.6: Rhythmic brain activity (Courtesy: EEG Signal Processing; Saeid Sanei and J.A.
Chambers)
1.2.3.b Theta waves:
For theta waves the frequency lies between 4 Hz to 8Hz. Theta are normally seen
young children. It may be seen in drowsiness or arousal in older children and adults. It can
also be seen in meditation. Excess theta for age represents abnormal activity. It can be seen as
a focal disturbance in focal sub cortical lesions; it can be seen in generalised distribution in
diffuse disorder or metabolic encephalopathy or deep midline disorders or some instances of
hydrocephalus.
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1.2.3.c Alpha Wave:
Alpha waves appear in the posterior half of the head and are usually found over the
occipital region of the brain. They can be detected in all parts of posterior lobes of the brain.
For alpha waves the frequency lies within the range of 813 Hz, and commonly appears as a
round or sinusoidal shaped signal. However, in rare cases it may manifest itself as sharp
waves. In such cases, the negative component appears to be sharp and the positive component
appears to be rounded, similar to the wave morphology of the rolandic mu () rhythm. Alpha
waves have been thought to indicate both a relaxed awareness without any attention or
concentration. The alpha wave is the most prominent rhythm in the whole realm of brain
activity. An alpha wave has higher amplitude over the occipital areas and has amplitude of
normally less than 50 V.
1.2.3.d Sensorimotor rhythm / mu rhythm:
Mu rhythm is alpha-range activity that is seen over the sensorimotor cortex. It
characteristically attenuates with movement of contralateral arm (or mental imagery of
movement of the contralateral arm)
1.2.3.e Beta Wave:
A beta wave is the electrical activity of the brain varying within the range of 1426
Hz (though in some literature no upper bound is given).A beta wave is the usual waking
rhythm of the brain associated with active thinking, active attention, focus on the outside
world, or solving concrete problems, and is found in normal adults. A high-level beta wave
may be acquired when a human is in a panic state. Rhythmical beta activity is encountered
chiefly over the frontal and central regions. Importantly, a central beta rhythm is related to
the rolandic mu rhythm and can be blocked by motor activity or tactile stimulation. The
amplitude of beta rhythm is normally under 30 V. The frequencies above 30 Hz (mainly up
to 45 Hz) correspond to the gamma range (sometimes called the fast beta wave). Although
the amplitudes of these rhythms are very low and their occurrence is rare, detection of these
rhythms can be used for confirmation of certain brain diseases. The regions of high EEG
frequencies and highest levels of cerebral blood flow (as well as oxygen and glucose uptake)
are located in the frontocentral area. The gamma wave band has also been proved to be a
good indication of event-related synchronization (ERS) of the brain and can be used to
demonstrate the locus for right and left index finger movement, right toes, and the rather
broad and bilateral area for tongue movement.
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Table 1.1: Rhythmic brain activity

Delta Theta Alpha Beta Gamma
Frequency
(Hz)
0.5- 4 4 - 8 8 - 13 13 - 22 22 - 50
Amplitude
(V)
< 100 < 100 < 20 < 20 < 2
Predominant
Location
------ ------
Occipital
Area
Frontal Area ------
Found in
Infants,
Deep sleep
etc...
Children,
sleeping
adults etc...
Light sleep,
Eyes closed
High state of
wakefulness
Sensory
stimulation
1.3. Respiratory Rate:
Respiration rate, pulmonary ventilation rate or ventilation rate) is the number of
breaths a living being, such as a human, takes within a certain amount of time (frequently
given in breaths per minute).
The human respiration rate is usually measured when a person is at rest and simply
involves counting the number of breathes for one minute by counting how many times the
chest rises. Respiration rates may increase with fever, illness, or other medical conditions.
When checking respiration, it is important to also note whether a person has any difficulty
Respiratory rates measurement in children less than five years, for a 30 second or 60
second period, suggesting the 60 seconds resulted in the least variability. Another study
found that rapid respiratory rates in babies, counted using a stethoscope, were 2050% higher
than those counted from beside the cot without the aid of the stethoscope.
1.3.1 Optimum Breathing:
A trained, systematic approach to deep breathing may lower respiration rates in
cardiac patients, helping them to maintain healthy blood oxygen levels and become more
physically fit. In one study, 15 cardiac patients were assigned to one of two experimental
groups. One of the groups learned "complete yoga breathing," a style of respiration that
encourages slow, deep breathing at a rate of about six breaths per minute. Those patients
continued practicing the breathing method at home for an hour a day. After a month, the
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patients practicing the breathing technique breathed more slowly, had higher levels of blood
oxygen, and performed better on exercise tests.
Table 1.2: Average respiratory rates, by age:
Age Average Respiratory Rate (BPM)
1. Newborns Average 44 breaths per minute
2. Infants 2040 breaths per minute
3. Preschool children 2030 breaths per minute
4. Older children 1625 breaths per minute
5. Adults 1220 breaths per minute
6. Adults during strenuous exercise 3545 breaths per minute
7. Athletes 6070 breaths per minute

Respiratory minute volume is the volume of air which can be inhaled (inhaled minute
volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a person's lungs in one minute. The value
of respiratory rate as an indicator of potential respiratory dysfunction has been investigated
but findings suggest it is of limited value.
One study found that only 33% of people presenting to an emergency department with
oxygen saturation below 90% had an increased respiratory rate.
An evaluation of respiratory rate for the differentiation of the severity of illness in
babies less than 6 months found it not to be very useful. Approximately half of the babies had
a respiratory rate above 50 breaths per minute, thereby questioning the value of having a
"cut-off" at 50 breaths per minute as the indicator of serious respiratory illness. It has also
been reported that factors such as crying, sleeping, agitation and age have a significant
influence on the respiratory rate.
1.4. Literature review:
1.4.1 History of Electrocardiogram (ECG):
Alexander Muirhead is reported to have attached wires to a feverish patient's wrist to
obtain a record of the patient's heartbeat while studying for his Doctor of Science (in
electricity) in 1872 at St Bartholomew's Hospital. An initial breakthrough came when Willem
Einthoven, working in Leiden, Netherlands, used the string galvanometer that he invented in
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1903. Using today's self-adhesive electrodes Einthoven's subjects would immerse each of
their limbs into containers of salt solutions from which the ECG was recorded. Einthoven
assigned the letters P, Q, R, S and T to the various deflections, and described the
electrocardiographic features of a number of cardiovascular disorders. In 1924, he was
awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery. Though the basic principles of that
era are still in use today, there have been many advances in electrocardiography over the
years. The instrumentation, for example, has evolved from a cumbersome laboratory
apparatus to compact electronic systems that often include computerized interpretation of the
electrocardiogram.

Figure 1.7: Willem Einthoven, working in Leiden, Netherlands, used the string galvanometer that he invented
in 1903.
By definition a 12-lead ECG will show a short segment of the recording of each of the
12-leads. This is often arranged in a grid of 4 columns by three rows, the first columns being
the limb leads as lead-I, lead-II and lead-III, the second column the augmented limb leads as
lead-aVR, lead-aVL and lead- aVF and the last two columns being the chest leads as leads
and
. It is usually possible to change this layout so it is vital to check the

labels to see which lead is represented. Each column will usually record the same moment in
time for the three leads and then the recording will switch to the next column which will
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record the heart beats after that point. It is possible for the heart rhythm to change between
the columns of leads.

Figure 1.8: Experimental Setup of 12 Lead ECG Acquisitions from Atria 6100
1.4.2 History of Electrocardiogram (EEG):
A timeline of the history of EEG is given by Swartz. Richard Caton (18421926), a
physician practicing in Liverpool, presented his findings about electrical phenomena of the
exposed cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys in the British Medical Journal in 1875.
In 1890, Polish physiologist Adolf Beck published an investigation of spontaneous
electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered
by light.
In 1912, Russian physiologist, Vladimir Vladimirovich Pravdich-Neminsky published
the first animal EEG and the evoked potential of the mammalian (dog). In 1914, Napoleon
Cybulskiand Jelenska-Macieszyna photographed EEG-recordings of experimentally induced
seizures.
German physiologist and psychiatrist Hans Berger (18731941) recorded the first human
EEG in 1924.
The acquisition of EEG is described in the next chapter 2 (Physiological data
acquisition).
1.4.3 Work done so far in Coherence analysis of Physiological Signals:
1.4.3.a A Study of Heart Rate and Brain System Complexity and Their Interaction in Sleep-
Deprived Subjects by AK Kokonozi, EM Michail, IC Chouvarda, and NM Maglaveras
In 2008 , we investigate the synchronization of the dynamic behaviour of heart rate
(ECG) and brain (EEG) signals using sample entropy as a measure of complexity. EEG and
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ECG recordings were collected during experiment with sleep-deprived subjects exposed to
real field driving conditions. The degree to which brain and heart complexity loose
complexity in a synchronous manner, indicating a possible interaction between the two
systems is investigated. Furthermore, the frequency content in both heart rate and brain
signals was calculated via power spectrum analysis and the association of synchronisation
patterns with prevalent frequencies in the two systems was investigated.
This study shows interesting preliminary results for the synchronization of heart and
brain signals during real field driving conditions. A slight interaction between these systems
can be observed, which varies during the driving task, depending on the drivers fatigue and
special events.
In order to assess and determine the correlation of EEG and ECG signals, we need to
further investigate their dynamic behaviour under different driving conditions (more Subjects
of different age and health status in different drowsiness level and driving conditions) [26].
1.4.3.b Interaction between Sleep EEG and ECG Signals during and after Obstructive Sleep
Apnea Events with or without Arousals by AH Khandoker, CK Karmakar, and M
Palaniswami
In 2008, this is a preliminary attempt to directly investigate the interactions of sleep
EEG and ECG signals during normal, OSA breathing event and events following its
termination with or without arousal in non-REM (NREM) and REM sleep stages. ECG and
EEG signals were collected from 10 patients with OSA and 5 healthy subjects. Coherence
between two signals (Coherence between ECG and EEG) over different frequency
bands(range:0~40Hz) were calculated for normal breathing events, OSA events and events
following OSA terminations (with/without arousals) in NREM as well as REM sleep. In
normal breathing events, overall Coherence in REM sleep is higher than that in NREM sleep.
Significant (p<0.01) differences of Coherence between OSA events with and without
arousals were found in NREM sleep over 0.5-25 Hz bands but in REM sleep over 3.0-12 Hz.
This research could be useful in understanding cardiac dysfunction in sleep apnoea patient.
The limitation of this study is that proper separation of the effect of cardiac electric
field from heart cycle related brain potentials was not considered. Although the cardiac field
artifact (CFA) in the EEG is not relevant in most clinical and experimental situations because
of its small magnitude, but in connection with heart cycle-related EEG averaging it turns out
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to be a problem. In this study we have not used any computational method to remove the
CFA from the averaged EEG data [3].
1.4.3.c Coherence Analysis between Respiration and PPG Signal by Bivariate AR Model by
Yue-Der Lin, Wei-Ting Liu, Ching-Che Tsai, and Wen-Hsiu Chen
In 2009, PPG is a potential tool in clinical applications. Among such, the relationship
between respiration and PPG signal has attracted attention in past decades. In this research, a
bivariate AR spectral estimation method was utilized for the coherence analysis between
these two signals. Ten healthy subjects participated in this research with signals measured at
different respiratory rates. The results demonstrate that high coherence exists between
respiration and PPG signal, whereas the coherence disappears in breath-holding experiments.
These results imply that PPG signal reveals the respiratory information. The utilized method
may provide an attractive alternative approach for the related researches.
The existence of coherent peak can be determined by checking whether the
corresponding pole inside the unit circle is prominent or not. It has been shown that the
coherence spectrum is sensitive and specific to the respiration in this research. It may be
possible to acquire the respiratory information from PPG signal by single-channel AR
method with the consideration of poles around the respiratory frequency [1].
1.4.3.d Single-Trial EEG-EMG Coherence Analysis Reveals Muscle Fatigue-Related
Progressive Alterations in Corticomuscular Coupling by Qi Yang, Vlodek Siemionow,
Wanxiang Yao, Vinod Sahgal, and Guang H. Yue
In 2010, voluntary muscle fatigue is a progressive process. A recent study
demonstrated muscle fatigue-induced weakening of functional corticomuscular coupling
measured by coherence between the brain [electroencephalogram (EEG)] and muscle
[electromyogram (EMG)] signals after a relatively long-duration muscle contraction.
Comparing the EEG-EMG coherence before versus after fatigue or between data of two long-
duration time blocks is not adequate to reveal the dynamic nature of the fatigue process. The
purpose of this study was to address this issue by quantifying single-trial EEG-EMG
coherence and EEG, EMG power based on wavelet transform. The energy of both the EEG
and EMG signals decreased significantly with muscle fatigue. This provides extra
information to demonstrate a time course of dynamic adaptations of the functional
corticomuscular coupling, as well as brain and muscle signals during muscle fatigue [9].
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1.4.3.e On the Recording Reference Contribution to EEG Correlation, Phase Synchorony,
and Coherence by Sanqing Hu, Matt Stead, Qionghai Dai, and Gregory A. Worrell
The degree of synchronization in electroencephalography (EEG) signals is commonly
characterized by the time-series measures, namely, correlation, phase synchrony, and
magnitude squared coherence (MSC). However, it is now well established that the
interpretation of the results from these measures are confounded by the recording reference
signal and that this problem is not mitigated by the use of other EEG montages, such as
bipolar and average reference. In this paper, we analyze the impact of reference signal
amplitude and power on EEG signal correlation, phase synchrony, and MSC. We show that,
first, when two nonreferential signals have negative correlation, the phase synchrony and the
absolute value of the correlation of the two referential signals may have two regions of
behaviour characterized by a monotonic decrease to zero and then a monotonic increase to
one as the amplitude of the reference signal varies in . It is notable that even a small
change of the amplitude may lead to significant impact on these two measures. Second, when
two nonreferential signals have positive correlation, the correlation and phase-synchrony
values of the two referential signals can monotonically increase to one (or monotonically
decrease to some positive value and then monotonically increase to one) as the amplitude of
the reference signal varies in . Third, when two nonreferential signals have negative
cross-power, the MSC of the two referential signals can monotonically decrease to zero and
then monotonically increase to one as reference signal power varies in . Fourth, when
two nonreferential signals have positive cross-power, the MSC of the two referential signals
can monotonically increase to one as the reference signal power varies in . In general,
the reference signal with small amplitude or power relative to the signals of interest may
decrease or increase the values of correlation, phase synchrony, and MSC.
However, the reference signal with high relative amplitude or power will always
increase each of the three measures. In our previous paper, we developed a method to identify
and extract the reference signal contribution to intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings. In this
paper, we apply this approach to referential iEEG recorded from human subjects and directly
investigate the contribution of recording reference on correlation, phase synchrony, and
MSC. The experimental results demonstrate the significant impact that the recording
reference may have on these bivariate measures [2].

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1.5. Objective of this Thesis Work:
The main objectives of this thesis work are:
Acquisition of Electrocardiogram, Electroencephalogram and Respiratory signal
simultaneously.
Calculation of respiratory rate simultaneously with the ECG, EEG and Respiration
Analysis of coherence and phase coherence between the ECG and EEG signals
acquired from the different brain regions to investigate that which region of brain is
more functionally associated to the corresponding heart signal.
The study of heart and heart sound chosen for Thesis work due to following reasons:
According to the world health organisation (WHO), Indians are the much greater risk
of contracting heart diseases and brain disorders than other nationalities.
As per the recent report of THE TIMES OF INDIA, dated April 28, 2010, Dr. Pratap
C. Reddy, Founder Chairman, Appllo Hospital, Says, Reports point to India
becoming the heart disease capital of the world, if we havent become it already. This
is a dubious distinction.
According to recent report of the Indian health ministry, 10 percent of adults suffer
from hypertension and the country is home to 25-30 millions diabetics. The number of
deaths from heart attack is projected to increase to two millions in 2010.

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Chapter 2
PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA ACQUISITION
Physiological signals like ECG, EEG, Heart Rate, Air flow and respiration rate etc.
are measured by using Biopac Inc. MP100 System. The MP100 unit takes incoming signals
and converts them into digital signals that can be processed with your computer. Data
collection generally involves taking incoming signals (usually analog) and sending them to
the computer, where they are (a) displayed on the screen and (b) stored in the computers
memory (or on the hard disk). In this dissertation work, ECG, EEG and respiratory signals
are measured by using mainly MP100 system simultaneously. The ECG, EEG and respiratory
signals are recorded for different subject and for the same subject under different condition.
The physiological signals are acquired from 65 persons in the age group 19-36 years for this
study. The physiological signals are acquired in the software environment of Biopac
Acqknowledge3.9.0 on the computer that is connected through the USB data cable.
2.1 MP100 System:
2.1.1 Introduction
The MP100 system is computer based data acquisition system that perform many of
the same function as a chart recorder or other data viewing device, but is superior to such
device in that it transcends the physical limits commonly encountered (such as paper width or
speed).The MP data acquisition unit (MP100) is the heart of MP system. The MP unit takes
incoming signal and converts them into digital signal that can be processed with your
computer. MP system can be used for a wide range of application, including
- ECG
- EEG
- EMG
- EOG
- GSR
- Evoked response
- Plethsmography
- Pulmonary Function etc.
Abstract
xv

Data collection generally involves taking incoming signal (usually analog) and
sending them to computer , where they are (a) displayed on the screen and (b)store on the
computer memory(or on the hard disk).These signals can then be stored for future
examination much as a word processor stores a document or a statistics program saves a data
file. Graphical and numerical representation of the data can also be produced for use for other
program.
The MP100 system offers USB ready data acquisition and analysis. It record
multiple channels differing sample rates, at speed up to 70kHz .The system is designed to
satisfy the following Medical Safety Test Standards affiliated with IEC601-1:
1. Creep age and air Clearance
2. Dielectric Strength
3. Patient Leakage Current
2.1.2 MP100 Block Diagram

Figure 2.1(a): Block Diagram of Multi-channel Data Acquisition System Biopac Inc. MP100

Figure 2.1(b): Hardware Components of Multi-channel Data Acquisition System Biopac Inc. MP100
Abstract
xv

Table 2.1: Experimental Hardware Setup
Sr. No. Acquisition Hardware Hardwares Name
1. Data acquisition unit MP100C
2. Universal interface module UIM100C
3. USB adapter USB1W(PC) or USB1M(Macintosh)
4. Transformer AC100A
5. Cables CBLSERA cable, CBLS100 cable set

2.1.2.a Signal source
Transducers are biopotential electrodes are the source of signal for the biopack
system. These sensors are systematically placed on the subject and connected to the signal
conditioning modules through connecting leads. Ag-Agcl disposable electrodes are used for
ECG recording.
2.1.2.b Signal conditioning modules
Signals from the sensor are given to signal conditioning module for amplification and
filtering. The MP100 system has 9 signal conditioning module for different physiological
variable. It has 3 ECG100c modules for ECG recording, two EEG100C module for ECG
recording, SKT100C is for temperature recording, and RSP100c module for respiration rate
measurement. Besides the above module it also has two general purpose amplifier modules
which can be used for displacement sensor or blood pressure measurement. No. of channel
can be extended up to 16.
2.1.2.c UIM100 C Universal Interfacing module
The UIM100C universal interfacing module is the interface between the MP100 and
external device. Typically the UIM100C is used to input preamplifier signal and digital
signal to the MP100 acquisition unit. Other signal connect to various signal condition
modules. The universal interface module is designed to serve as a general purpose interface
to most type of laboratory equipment. The UIM100C consist of sixteen 3.5mm miniphone
jack connector for analog input, to 3.5mm miniphone connector for analog output, and screw
terminals for the sixteen digital lines, external trigger and supply voltage.
The UIM100C allow access to sixteen analog input and two analog output on one
side, and sixteen digital i/o lines, and external triggers, and supply voltage on the other side.
Abstract
xv

The UIM100C is designed to compatible with a variety of different input device, including
the biopack series of signal conditioning amplifier.
Connection between UIM100C and the MP100 acquisition unit are made via two
cable one for analog signal and one digital signal. Use the 6 meters cables included with your
system to connect the UIM100C to the acquisition unit. UIM100C enables the main device to
communicate with other device. It control the polling and interrupt in the communication
[Appendix].
2.1.2.d MP100 data acquisition unit
MP100 system has and internal microprocessor to control the data acquisition and
communication with the computer. There are sixteen analog input channel, two analog output
channel , sixteen digital channel that can be used for either input or output , and an external
trigger input.
Table 2.2: Specification of data acquisition unit Biopac Inc. MP100
Sr. No Parameters Corresponding Values
1. No. of Analog Channel 16
2. Input Voltage Range 10V
3. Accuracy 0. 003
4. A/D Resolution 16 Bits
5. No. of Digital Channel 16
6. Output Voltage Range 10V
7. Output Derive Current 5mA
8. No. of Calculation Channel 16

Figure 2.2: Graph of Experimental Data Acquired using MP100 and Acqknowledge3.9.0
Abstract
xv

Figure 2.3: Snap of Subject and Technician during Data Acquisition using MP100 and Acqknowledge3.9.0
2.2 ECG100C Electrocardiogram Amplifier Module
The electrocardiogram amplifier module (ECG100C) is a single channel, high gain,
differential input, biopotential amplifier designed specifically for monitoring the hearts
electrical activity [Appendix].
2.2.1 Applications:
- Einthovens triangle potential measurement (3-lead ECG)
- Chaos investigations (heart rate variability)
- Heart arrhythmia analysis
- Exercise physiology studies
The ECG100C will connect directly to any of BIOPAC Systems, Inc.s series of Ag-
AgCl lead electrodes. Use two shielded electrodes (EL208S) for the signal inputs and one
unshielded electrode (EL258S) for the ground.
2.2.2 ECG100C Calibration
The ECG100C is factory set and does not require calibration.
Table 2.3: ECG100C Specifications
Abstract
xv

Sr. No. Parameters Corresponding Range values
1. Gain 500, 1000, 2000, 5000
2. Output Selection Normal, R-wave indicator
3. Output Range 10V (analog)
4. Frequency Response Low Pass Filter 35Hz, 150Hz
5. High Pass Filter 0.05Hz, 1.0Hz
6. Notch Filter 50dB rejection @ 50/60Hz
7. Noise Voltage 0.1V rms (0.05-35Hz)
8. Signal Source Electrodes (three electrode leads required)
9. Z (input) Differential 2M
10. Input Voltage Range Gain Vin (mV)
500 20
1000 10
2000 5
5000 2
11. Weight 350 grams
12. Dimensions 4cm (wide) x 11cm (deep) x 19cm (high)

Figure 2.4: The electrode connections to the ECG100C for the measurement of Lead I. Signals from this
electrode montage can be used to calculate BPM and general-purpose ECG applications.
2.3 EEG100C Electroencephalogram Amplifier Module
The electroencephalogram amplifier module (EEG100C) is a single-channel, high-
gain, differential input, biopotential amplifier designed specifically for monitoring the
neuronal activity of the brain [Appendix].
2.3.1 Applications:
- Conventional EEG (16 channel, unipolar or bipolar)
- Sleep studies
Abstract
xv

- Epilepsy investigations
- Evoked responses
- Tumor pathology studies
- Cognition studies
The EEG100C will connect directly to any of BIOPAC Systems, Inc.s series of Ag-
AgCl lead electrodes. Typically, EL503 electrodes are recommended for evoked response
measurements. Use two shielded electrodes (LEAD110S) for the signal inputs and one
unshielded electrode (LEAD110) for ground.
2.3.2 EEG100C Calibration
The EEG100C is factory set and does not require calibration. To confirm the accuracy
of the device, use the CBLCALC.
Table 2.4: EEG100C Specifications
Sr. No. Parameters Corresponding Range values
1. Gain 500, 1000, 2000, 5000
2. Output Selection Normal, Alpha Wave indicator
4. Frequency Response Low Pass Filter 35Hz, 100Hz
5. High Pass Filter 0.1Hz, 1.0 Hz
7. Noise Voltage 0.1V rms (0.05-35Hz)
8. Signal Source Electrodes (three electrode leads required)
9. Z (input) Differential 2M
10. Input Voltage Range Gain Vin (mV)
5000 2
10000 1
20000 0.5
50000 0.2
12. Dimensions 4cm (wide) x 11cm (deep) x 19cm (high)
Abstract
xv

Figure 2.5(a): Bipolar EEG electrode leads placement, (b) International 10-20 electrode placement on the
different brain regions
2.4 RSP100C - Respiration pneumogram amplifier module
The RSP100C respiration pneumogram amplifier module is a single channel,
differential amplifier designed specifically for recording respiration effort. The RSP100C is
designed for use in the following [Appendix].
2.4.1 Applications:
- Allergic responses analysis
- Exercise physiology studies
- Psychophysiological investigations
- Respiration rate determination
- Sleep studies
The RSP100C works with the TSD201 respiration transducer to measure abdominal
or thoracic expansion and contraction. The RSP100C includes a lower frequency response
selection switch that permits either absolute (DC) or relative (via a 0.05 high pass filter)
respiratory effort measurements. The following illustration shows the placement and
connections for recording thoracic respiration effort using the RSP100C and the TSD201
respiration transducer.
2.4.2 Frequency Response Characteristics
Abstract
xv

The 0.05Hz lower frequency response setting is a single pole roll-off filter. The 0.5Hz
lower frequency response setting is a two pole roll-off filter. Modules can be set for 50 or
60Hz notch options, depending on the destination country.
2.4.3 RSP100C Calibration
None required.
Table 2.5: RSP100C Specifications
Sr. No. Parameters Corresponding Range Values
1. Gain 10, 20, 50, 100
2. Output Selection Normal, Alpha Wave indicator
4. Frequency Response: Low Pass Filter 1Hz, 10 Hz
5. Frequency Response: High Pass Filter 0.05 Hz, 0.5 Hz
7. Noise Voltage 0.2V rms amplifier contribution
8. Signal Source TSD201
9. Excitation Voltage 0.5 V
11. Dimensions 4cm (wide) x 11cm (deep) x 19cm
(high)

Figure 2.6: The placement and connections for recording thoracic respiration effort using the RSP100C and the
TSD201 respiration transducer.
2.5. Various Functions of AcqKnowledge3.9.0 software:
Abstract
xv

(a) (b)

(c)

(d) (d)

(e)
Abstract
xv

(f) (g)

(h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)
Figure 2.7: (a) Transform tool bar, (b) Graph window function tool bar, (c) Acquisition set up, (d) On opening
the new graph, graphic journal, (e) Setting channel label, (f) Set screen horizontal axis, (g) Set screen horizontal
axis, (h) Channel selection, (i) Cursor tools, (j) Edit tool bar, (k) Clipboard, (l) Journal

For detail description goes to appendix (www.biopac.com).

Abstract
xv

Chapter 3
COHERENCE AND PHASE COHERENCE FUNCTION

3.1. Introduction
It is necessary to be able to quantify the degree of interdependence of one process
upon another, or to establish the similarity between one set of data and another. Correlation
can be defined mathematically and can be quantify. Consider how to data sequences each
consisting of simultaneously sampled values taken from the two corresponding waveforms or
signals. If the two signals varied similarly point for point, then a measure of their correlation
might be taken by the sum of the products of the corresponding pairs of points [39].
3.1.1. Cross-correlation
The Discrete cross-correlation
between two data sequences
and
each
containing data might therefore be written as

The definition of cross-correlation, however produces a result whitch depends on the
number of sampling points taken. This is corrected for the normalizing the result to the
number of points by dividing by . Alternatively this may be regarded as averaging the sum
of products. Thus an improved definition is

However, the signals are highly correlated, although they are out of phase.

x

n

j

Abstract
xv

Figure 3.1: One signal lags by j unit with the other signal
As illustrated in the above figure 3.1 this is equivalent to changing
to

where j represents the amount of lag which is the number of sampling points by which

has been sifted to the left. An alternative, but equivalent, procedure is to sift
to the right.
The formula for the cross-correlation thus becomes

Of course, it is also possible to consider correlation in the continuous time domain,
and some analog signal correlation is implemented in this way, in the continuous domain
and j and

However, if
and
are periodic with period
the above equation 3.5 simplified to

If the signals are finite energy signals, for example non-periodic pulse-type signals,
then average evaluated over time as is not taken because and
is
always vanishingly small. For this case above equation 3.6 is used in the principle.

In practice, a finite record length will be processed and so equation 3.7 will be
applied:
Abstract
xv

Figure 3.2(a): ECG signal having 5006 samples with sampling rate 500 samples/sec (b) EEG Signal having
5006 samples with sampling rate 500 samples/sec (c) Cross-correlation between the ECG signal and the EEG
signal
3.1.2. Autocorrelation
Autocorrelation is the cross-correlation of a signal with itself. Informally, it is the
similarity between observations as a function of the time separation between them. It is a
mathematical tool for finding repeating patterns, such as the presence of a periodic signal
which has been buried under noise, or identifying the missing fundamental frequency in a
signal implied by its harmonic frequencies. It is often used in signal processing for analyzing
functions or series of values, such as time domain signals [38].
3.1.2.a Continuous Auto-Correlation:
The autocorrelation function gives an average measure of the time-domain properties
of a signal waveform. It is defined as (3.9):
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-0.2
0
0.2
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
V
)
No. of samples of ECG Signal
(a)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-2
0
2
4
x 10
-3
No. of samples of EEG Signal
(b)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
V
)
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
0.085
0.09
0.095
Lags b/w ECG and EEG(C3-C4)
(c)
C
r
o
s
s
-
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
Abstract
xv

This is the average product of the signal,
, and a time-shifted version of itself,
. The expression above applies to the case of a continuous signal of infinite

duration. In practice, the intervals must be finite and it is necessary to use a modified version
as given by (3.10).

The autocorrelation function may be applied to deterministic as well as random
signals. Each of the frequency components in the signal
produces a corresponding term

in the autocorrelation function having the same period in the time-shifted variable, , as the
original component has in the time variable, t. The amplitude is equal to half of the squared
value of the original.
3.1.2.b Discrete Auto-Correlation:
Discrete auto-correlation is the cross-correlation between the discrete/sampled signal
and signal itself and given as

where j is called the lag between the two sampled signals.
and
are the
discrete/sampled signals. N is the length of the sampled signal, means no. of samples taken in
the sampled signal and [39].

Abstract
xv

Figure 3.3(a): ECG signal having 5006 samples with sampling rate 500 samples/sec (b) Auto-correlation of
ECG signal (c) EEG Signal having 5006 samples with sampling rate 500 samples/sec (d) Auto-correlation of the
EEG signal
3.1.3. Correlation Co-efficient Definition:
It is a measure of the strength of linear association between two variables. Correlation
will always between -1.0 and +1.0. If the correlation is positive, we have a positive
relationship. If it is negative, the relationship is negative.
How to Interpret a Correlation Coefficient
The sign and the absolute value of a correlation coefficient describe the direction and the
magnitude of the relationship between two variables.
- The value of a correlation coefficient ranges between -1 and 1.
- The greater the absolute value of a correlation coefficient, the stronger
the linear relationship.
- The strongest linear relationship is indicated by a correlation coefficient of -1 or 1.
- The weakest linear relationship is indicated by a correlation coefficient equal to 0.
- A positive correlation means that if one variable gets bigger, the other variable
tends to get bigger.
-100 -50 0 50 100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Lags b/w ECG and ECG itself
(b)
A
u
t
o
-
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
x 10
-3
(c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
V
)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
V
)
(a)
-100 -50 0 50 100
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
x 10
-3
Lags b/w EEG & EEG itself
(d)
A
u
t
o
-
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
Abstract
xv

- A negative correlation means that if one variable gets bigger, the other variable
tends to get smaller.
3.2. Spectral Density Functions:
Spectral density functions can be derived in several ways. One method takes the
Direct Fourier Transform of previously calculated autocorrelation and cross-correlation
functions to yield the two-sided spectral density functions given in (3.13).

These integrals always exist for finite intervals. The quantities
and
are
the auto spectral density functions of signals x(t) and y(t) respectively,
Example of auto power spectral density as:

Figure 3.4(a): ECG signal having 5006 samples with sampling rate 500 samples/sec (b) Auto power spectral
density estimate of ECG signal (c) EEG Signal having 5006 samples with sampling rate 500 samples/sec (d)
Auto power spectral density estimate of EEG signal
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
No. of Samples of ECG Signal
(a)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
V
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
Normalized Frequency (t rad/sample)
(b)
P
o
w
e
r
/
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
d
B
/
r
a
d
/
s
a
m
p
l
e
)
Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
x 10
-3
No. of Samples of EEG Signal
(c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
V
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-80
-75
-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
(d)
P
o
w
e
r
/
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
d
B
/
r
a
d
/
s
a
m
p
l
e
)
Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate
Abstract
xv

and
is the cross-spectral density function between and

Example of cross power spectral density as:

Figure 3.5(a): ECG signal having 5006 samples with sampling rate 500 samples/sec (b) EEG Signal having
5006 samples with sampling rate 500 samples/sec (c) Cross-power spectral density between the ECG signal and
the EEG signal
In terms of physically measurable one-sided spectral density functions where f varies over
, the results are given in (3.16):

Note that the cross-spectrum is a complex function with real and imaginary functions, where
is the coincident spectral density function (cospectrum) and
is the
quadrature spectral density function (quad-spectrum) as shown in (3.19).

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-0.2
0
0.2
(a)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
V
)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-2
0
2
4
x 10
-3
(b)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
V
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-100
-50
0
(c)
P
o
w
e
r
/
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
d
B
/
r
a
d
/
s
a
m
p
l
e
)
Welch Cross Power Spectral Density Estimate
Abstract
xv

In complex polar notation, the cross-spectral density becomes (3.20).

where
|
)
Here, the auto spectra of the input
and the cross-spectra
. Nevertheless, the
complete frequency response function with gain and phase can be obtained when both
and
are known.
3.3. Coherence Function from Spectral Analysis:
Coherence is the degree of relationship or association of frequency spectra between
the ECG and EEG signals at a particular frequency. Notes the peaks in the coherence
spectrum in the figure 3.6(a) as, at 0.01Hz, 5Hz, 31Hz, corresponding approximately to the
different respiratory rates as zero(0-4 BPM), 10-14BPM (Normal Breathing Rate) and 16-
20BPM(High Breathing Rate). The spectral content for each lead is highly similar regardless
of the lead configuration, although the actual energy at each frequency may differ. The
magnitude squared coherence estimate between two signals x (ECG Signal) and y (EEG
Signal), is
(3.23)
) ( ) (
) (
) (
2
2
f P f P
f P
f C
yy xx
xy
xy xy
= =
Here ) ( f C
xy
or
2
xy
is the magnitude squared coherence between the ECG and EEG signals.
Coherence phase is given as
Abstract
xv

{ }
{ }
(3.24)
Re
Im
tan ) (
1
=

xy
xy
P
P
f u
Where ) ( f P
xx
is the power spectral estimate of x (ECG Signal), ) ( f P
yy
is the power spectral
estimate of y (EEG Signal), and
is the cross power spectral estimate of x and y.

Coherence is a function of frequency with ) ( f C
xy
ranging between 0 and 1 and indicates how
well signal x corresponds to signal y at each frequency. The degree of synchronization in
electroencephalography (EEG) signal and ECG signal is commonly characterized by
coherence phase and magnitude squared coherence (MSC).
Example of coherence b/w ECG and EEG
signals:

Figure 3.6(a): Figure 3.5(a): ECG signal having 5006 samples with sampling rate 500 samples/sec (b) EEG
Signal having 5006 samples with sampling rate 500 samples/sec (c) Coherence between the ECG signal and the
EEG signal
The coherence is a frequency domain function with observed values ranging from 0 to
1. At each frequency where the coherence function is performed, it represents the fraction of
the power output related to input. If the coherence function is less than 1, then there are three
possible explanations:
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-0.2
0
0.2
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
V
)
(a)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-2
0
2
4
x 10
-3
(b)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
V
)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
0.5
1
C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
Frequency Band(Hz)
(c)
Abstract
xv

1. There is noise in the system or
2. The system has some nonlinearity generating energy at other frequencies or
3. There are other inputs into the system that have not be accounted for [38].

Abstract
xv

Chapter 4
COHERENCE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ECG AND EEG
Primarily we analysed the coherence and the phase coherence between the ECG and
EEG signals acquired at the different respiratory rates. The ECG and EEG signals acquired
from the normally healthy subject at the different respiratory rates as
- Zero airflow (0-4breaths/min).
- Normal airflow (10-12 breaths/min).
- High airflow (16-20breaths/min).
The ECG and EEG signals acquired simultaneously with the respiratory signal. Data
collection is done in the Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory in the department of
Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jalandhar. The
Multi-channel data acquisition Biopac Inc. MP100 system is used to acquire data from the
healthy subject of the age group (20-35 Years).
4.1. ECG and EEG Signals:

Figure 4.1 ECG Signals at the respiratory rates. First signal in the figure 6.1 is at nearly zero breathing rate
for 9.99 seconds and similarly second and third signals at the 10 to 12 BPM(breaths per minute) and 15 to
20 BPM.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-0.5
0
0.5
1
ECG Signals
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Abstract
xv

Figure 4.2 EEG Signals respiratory rates. First signal in the Figure 6.1(a) is at nearly zero breathing rate for
9.99 seconds and similarly second and third signals at the 10 to 12 BPM and 15 to 20 BPM.

Table 4.1 Different parameters of the acquired signals
Group Signals Max Min Mean Stddev

No
Airflow
ECG 0.6845 -0.4263 0.0030 0.1096
EEG 0.1529 -0.1462 0.0020 0.0487
HR 112.1495 102.5641 106.0609 2.4184

Normal
Airflow
ECG 0.6647 -0.4306 2.9511e-004 0.1105
EEG 0.1407 -0.1602 -0.0024 0.0498
HR 88.8888 70.5882 75.5919 4.8133

High
Airflow
ECG 0.7526 -0.2954 0.0017 0.1158
EEG 0.01760 -0.02082 0.00028 0.0050
HR 92.3077 71.4285 82.3465 7.2561

Table 4.2 Signals Acquisition Settings
Signals Analog
Channel
Unit Window
(Vertical)
ECG A3 mV -1000 to +1000(mV)
EEG A1 mV -1000 to +1000(mV)
Airflow A6 V -2 to +2(V)
HR C3 BPM 40 to 180 (BPM)
Resp. Rate C6 BPM 0 to 25 (BPM)

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
EEG Signals
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-40
-20
0
20
Abstract
xv

4.2. Coherence and Phase Coherence between the ECG and EEG signals
acquired at different breathing rates:

Figure 4.3 Coherence between the ECG and EEG signals respiratory rates

Figure 4.4 Phase Coherence between the ECG and EEG signals respiratory rates

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Coherence amongs the ECG and EEG Signals
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
0
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0.15
0.2
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Phase Coherence amongs the ECG and EEG Signals
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Abstract
xv

The coherence between the ECG signal and EEG signal at low airflow means low
respirator rate is found to be just lesser than 0.5 that is 0.4650 near the frequency 0.1Hz that
is also called the respiratory frequency. Similarly the coherence between the ECG and EEG
signal at the normal airflow means the normal respiratory rate is found to be more than 0.5
that is 0.6004 near the frequency 0.1Hz. Poor coherence is found between the ECG and
corresponding EEG signal in the frequency range at the higher respiratory rates.
Table 4.3 Coherence analysis of results at different respiratory rates
Group Results Max Min Mean Stddev
No
Airflow
Coherence 0.4650 0.0045 0.1208 0.0948
Phase
Coherence
1.3925 -1.3672 -0.1626 0.6080
Normal
Airflow
Coherence 0.6004 0.0033 0.0867 0.1215
Phase
Coherence
1.5423 -1.4865 -0.2222 0.8914
High
Airflow
Coherence 0.1882 0.0063 0.0866 0.0428
Phase
Coherence
1.5528 -1.5106 -0.0351 0.8550

The continuous flow of blood throughout the human body is maintained by body
organ; called as Heart. The mechanical function of heart is reflected in the electrical form; is
called Electrocardiogram and also called ECG. A continuous non-invasive, low cost and
accurate monitoring of functioning of heart has been proven to be invaluable in various
diagnostics applications and clinical applications.
The electrical activity of the human brain is reflected as Electroencephalogram and
also called EEG. The EEG signals arises from the fact that these waveforms provide the non-
invasive diagnostic tool in a wealth of disorders that include epilepsy and comma assessment
in intensive care unit.
We acquired 50 ECG and EEG signals simultaneously using Biopac Inc.
Acqknowledge3.9.0 software and MP100 hardware for this work. All data collected from
healthy subjects under the age group (21-36 years old) at the sampling rate is 500
samples/second. The number of samples used for the analysis of association or correlation is
5006 for each signal. We also acquired respiratory rate by setting the Calculate Channel in
the Acqknowledge3.9.0 software simultaneously with corresponding ECG, EEG and
Respiratory signals. The data acquisition is done at different Respiratory Rates. The different
respiratory rates are 0-4 breaths/minute (Low Breathing Rate), 10-12 breaths/minute (Normal
Abstract
xv

Breathing) and 16-20 breaths/minute (High Breathing Rate). The EEG signals acquired from
the four different positions; the Frontal
, Central
, Parietal
and
Occipital
Brain Regions.
Table 4.4 ECG and EEG signals fron 1 to 25 subjects statistics
Subjects Signals Max() Min() Mean() Stddev() Median()
Subject 1 ECG 0.11200 -0.02319 0.01980 0.02905 0.00427
EEG 0.00458 -0.00153 0.00086 0.00064 0.00092
Subject 2 ECG 0.11200 -0.02777 0.01879 0.02744 0.00488
EEG 0.00549 -0.00214 0.00089 0.00077 0.00092
Subject 3 ECG 0.11108 -0.01495 0.01841 0.02668 0.00397
EEG 0.00275 -0.00183 0.00087 0.00063 0.00092
Subject 4 ECG 0.11383 -0.02411 0.01716 0.02809 0.00275
EEG 0.00244 -0.00153 0.00089 0.00059 0.00092
Subject 5 ECG 0.10376 -0.03326 0.01837 0.02854 0.00366
EEG 0.00366 -0.00122 0.00088 0.00064 0.00092
Subject 6 ECG 0.10651 -0.02045 0.01691 0.02619 0.00336
EEG 0.00366 -0.00122 0.00088 0.00065 0.00092
Subject 7 ECG 0.11200 -0.02594 0.01559 0.02653 0.00305
EEG 0.00336 -0.00275 0.00087 0.00060 0.00092
Subject 8 ECG 0.11169 -0.01678 0.01647 0.02574 0.00305
EEG 0.01099 -0.00916 0.00085 0.00196 0.00092
Subject 9 ECG 0.10254 -0.01495 0.01931 0.02817 0.00336
EEG 0.01312 -0.01343 0.00088 0.00146 0.00092
Subject 10 ECG 0.10590 -0.01648 0.01536 0.02531 0.00305
EEG 0.00610 -0.00488 0.00088 0.00081 0.00092
Subject 11 ECG 0.10864 -0.01831 0.01530 0.02511 0.00336
EEG 0.00488 -0.00214 0.00088 0.00067 0.00092
Subject 12 ECG 0.10986 -0.01740 0.01576 0.02639 0.00336
EEG 0.00397 -0.00183 0.00088 0.00060 0.00092
Subject 13 ECG 0.11230 -0.02777 0.01606 0.02724 0.00305
EEG 0.00336 -0.00153 0.00087 0.00057 0.00092
Subject 14 ECG 0.11200 -0.02319 0.01809 0.02837 0.00336
EEG 0.00397 -0.00153 0.00087 0.00057 0.00092
Subject 15 ECG 0.10193 -0.06805 0.02315 0.02898 0.00793
EEG 0.00336 -0.00092 0.00088 0.00056 0.00092
Subject 16 ECG 0.10651 -0.09705 0.01647 0.03005 0.00305
EEG 0.00305 -0.00031 0.00088 0.00055 0.00092
Subject 17 ECG 0.15625 -2.44995 -0.11052 0.38796 0.00183
EEG 0.00824 -0.00824 0.00088 0.00057 0.00092
Subject 18 ECG 0.11688 -0.06653 0.02311 0.03466 0.00397
EEG 0.00244 -0.00061 0.00088 0.00055 0.00092
Subject 19 ECG 0.10437 -0.06348 0.01668 0.02686 0.00397
EEG 0.00214 -0.00031 0.00088 0.00055 0.00092
Subject 20 ECG 0.09003 -0.00610 0.01249 0.02221 0.00183
EEG 0.00275 -0.00092 0.00090 0.00061 0.00092
Subject 21 ECG 0.09033 -0.00549 0.01157 0.02092 0.00183
Abstract
xv

EEG 0.00305 -0.00092 0.00090 0.00061 0.00092
Subject 22 ECG 0.09064 -0.00580 0.01179 0.02142 0.00153
EEG 0.00488 -0.00183 0.00090 0.00063 0.00092
Subject 23 ECG 0.09064 -0.00549 0.01219 0.02287 0.00153
EEG 0.00397 -0.00122 0.00089 0.00065 0.00092
Subject 24 ECG 0.09186 -0.00702 0.01139 0.02227 0.00153
EEG 0.00305 -0.00153 0.00089 0.00063 0.00092
Subject 25 ECG 0.09186 -0.00641 0.01217 0.02276 0.00183
EEG 0.00427 -0.00183 0.00090 0.00063 0.00092

Table 4.5 ECG and EEG signals from 26 to 50 subjects statistics
Subjects Signals Max() Min() Mean() Stddev() Median()
Subject 26 ECG 0.09918 -0.00610 0.01497 0.02582 0.00275
EEG 0.00275 -0.00061 0.00081 0.00050 0.00092
Subject 27 ECG 0.10071 -0.00580 0.01525 0.02598 0.00305
EEG 0.00275 -0.00061 0.00081 0.00049 0.00092
Subject 28 ECG 0.10040 -0.00580 0.01505 0.02580 0.00305
EEG 0.00244 -0.00061 0.00080 0.00049 0.00092
Subject 29 ECG 0.10468 -0.00793 0.01515 0.02763 0.00244
EEG 0.00641 -0.00244 0.00080 0.00057 0.00092
Subject 30 ECG 0.10468 -0.00793 0.01564 0.02803 0.00244
EEG 0.00519 -0.00122 0.00080 0.00054 0.00092
Subject 31 ECG 0.16174 -0.09430 0.01848 0.03851 0.00275
EEG 0.00946 -0.00732 0.00090 0.00091 0.00092
Subject 32 ECG 0.16235 -0.10895 0.02169 0.04358 0.00214
EEG 0.01740 -0.01343 0.00088 0.00108 0.00092
Subject 33 ECG 0.16327 -0.08636 0.02330 0.04173 0.00305
EEG 0.00671 -0.00275 0.00090 0.00086 0.00092
Subject 34 ECG 0.16052 -0.11261 0.02494 0.04402 0.00275
EEG 0.00702 -0.00275 0.00090 0.00084 0.00092
Subject 35 ECG 0.16571 -0.09796 0.02296 0.03991 0.00366
EEG 0.00732 -0.00641 0.00088 0.00111 0.00092
Subject 36 ECG 0.09460 -0.00885 0.01215 0.02384 0.00122
EEG 0.00488 -0.00183 0.00090 0.00070 0.00092
Subject 37 ECG 0.09399 -0.00793 0.01304 0.02470 0.00122
EEG 0.00458 -0.00153 0.00091 0.00069 0.00092
Subject 38 ECG 0.09277 -0.00763 0.01285 0.02398 0.00153
EEG 0.00519 -0.00183 0.00091 0.00074 0.00092
Subject 39 ECG 0.09277 -0.00824 0.01195 0.02326 0.00153
EEG 0.00549 -0.00244 0.00089 0.00113 0.00092
Subject 40 ECG 0.09216 -0.00702 0.01232 0.02333 0.00153
EEG 0.00732 -0.00275 0.00091 0.00071 0.00092
Subject 41 ECG 0.13885 -0.06561 0.01862 0.03619 0.00153
EEG 0.00549 -0.00275 0.00081 0.00126 0.00092
Subject 42 ECG 0.13855 -0.06042 0.01813 0.03632 0.00153
EEG 0.00397 -0.00214 0.00079 0.00126 0.00092
Subject 43 ECG 0.13885 -0.06073 0.01802 0.03617 0.00153
EEG 0.00641 -0.00366 0.00081 0.00128 0.00092
Abstract
xv

Subject 44 ECG 0.13794 -0.05371 0.01800 0.03600 0.00153
EEG 0.00519 -0.00305 0.00079 0.00135 0.00061
Subject 45 ECG 0.13916 -0.05127 0.01814 0.03536 0.00183
EEG 0.00519 -0.00183 0.00079 0.00122 0.00092
Subject 46 ECG 0.09308 -0.00702 0.01333 0.02417 0.00122
EEG 0.00641 -0.00214 0.00091 0.00067 0.00092
Subject 47 ECG 0.09033 -0.00580 0.01108 0.02058 0.00153
EEG 0.00275 -0.00092 0.00090 0.00060 0.00092
Subject 48 ECG 0.09247 -0.00916 0.01256 0.02398 0.00122
EEG 0.00458 -0.00153 0.00090 0.00066 0.00092
Subject 49 ECG 0.09369 -0.00824 0.01276 0.02392 0.00122
EEG 0.00366 -0.00092 0.00090 0.00062 0.00092
Subject 50 ECG 0.09186 -0.00610 0.01120 0.02204 0.00153
EEG 0.00305 -0.00153 0.00089 0.00062 0.00092

Abstract
xv

Chapter 5
Results and Discussion

All the organs of the human body have some synchronism, association and correlation
to each other. In this work we investigate the coherence and phase coherence between the
ECG and EEG; means the association between the human brain and heart. These signals have
proper responses in some specific frequency bands. We acquired 50 ECG and EEG signals
simultaneously using Biopac Inc. Acqknowledge3.9.0 software and MP100 hardware for this
work. All data collected from healthy subjects under the age group (21-36 years old) at the
sampling rate is 500 samples/second. The number of samples used for the analysis of
coherence and phase coherence is 5006 for each signal. The EEG signals acquired from the
four different positions; the Frontal
, Central
, Parietal
and
Occipital
Brain Regions.
5.1 Coherence analysis for first subject:

Figure 5.1 (a) & (b) ECG signal and corresponding EEG (Fp1-Fp2) signal (Each signal is sampled at the
sampling rate 500 samples/second and No. of samples taken for each signal is 5006) of the S
1
. (c) & (d) ECG
signal and corresponding EEG (C3-C4) signal. (e) & (f) ECG signal and corresponding EEG (P3-P4) signal. (g)
& (h) ECG signal and corresponding EEG (O1-O2) signal.

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Abstract
xv

5.1.2 Coherence between ECG and EEG signals
Coherence between the ECG and corresponding EEG signals acquired from the four
prominent brain regions named as the Frontal
, Central
, Parietal
and Occipital
is investigated as:
It is shown in figure 5.2(a) the mean of coherence is found to be 0.14019 in the
frequency band (0-35Hz) and the maximum coherence is 0.99601 near the frequency 0.1Hz.
There are another two coherence peaks are found near the frequency range 16Hz to 21Hz.
It is shown in figure 5.2(b) the mean of coherence is found to be 0.13861 in the
There are another two coherence peaks are found, one is near the frequency range 4.9Hz and
another near the 31Hz.
It is shown in figure 5.2(c) the mean of coherence is found to be 0.14399 in the
There are another three coherence peaks are found, one is near the frequency 7Hz, second is
near the frequency 26Hz and third is near the frequency 35Hz.
It is shown in figure 5.2(d) the mean of coherence is found to be 0.15198 in the
There are another two coherence peaks are found, one is near the frequency 9.5Hz and
another is near the frequency 35Hz.
Standard deviation means the variation in the coherence from the mean in both
directions (Upward or positive and Downward or negative) is generally increasing
continuously from the coherence between ECG and EEG signals from the Frontal
, Central
, Parietal
and Occipital
respectively.
Abstract
xv

Figure 5.2 (a) Coherence between ECG and EEG (Fp1-Fp2) in Frequency Band (0 to 35 Hz) for S
1
. (b)
Coherence between ECG and EEG (C3-C4). (c) Coherence between ECG and EEG (P3-P4). (d) Coherence
between ECG and EEG (O1-O2).
5.1.3 Phase Coherence between ECG and EEG signals
Phase coherence is the measure of the phase induced by the one signal to another
signal at a particular frequency. Here, it is measured in radians. The mean of phase coherence
is found to be maximum when it is measured between the ECG signal and corresponding
EEG signal acquired from the frontal
region.

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(d)

O1-O2
y mean
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Abstract
xv

Figure 5.3 (a) Coherence phase between ECG and EEG (Fp1-Fp2) in Frequency Band (0 to 35 Hz) for S
1
. (b)
Coherence phase between ECG and EEG (C3-C4). (c) Coherence phase between ECG and EEG (P3-P4). (d)
Coherence phase between ECG and EEG (O1-O2).
Table 5.1 Coherence and phase coherence measure parameters for first subject
Signals Parameters Max Min Mean Stddev Median
ECG and EEG

Coherence 0.99601 0.00032 0.14019 0.13377 0.11068
Phase Coherence 1.54025 -1.56089 0.03108 0.86714 0.08964
ECG and EEG

Coherence 0.99281 0.00068 0.13861 0.13516 0.10629
Phase Coherence 1.56003 -1.47487 -0.02502 0.92418 0.00E+000
ECG and EEG

Coherence 0.99142 0.00010 0.14399 0.14635 0.10466
Phase Coherence 1.55448 -1.55937 0.01754 0.91504 0.00E+000
ECG and EEG

Coherence 0.99663 0.00040 0.15198 0.15084 0.11045
Phase Coherence 1.55119 -1.56665 -0.08314 0.94767 -0.06879

5.2 Coherence analysis for second subject

2
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Abstract
xv

, Central
, Parietal
and Occipital
is investigated as:
There is one coherence peak is found near the frequency 2.5Hz.
There are another three coherence peaks are found, one is near the frequency 21Hz, second
and third are near the frequency range 5.5Hz to 6Hz.
There is coherence peaks is found, near the frequency 5Hz.

Figure 5.5(a) Coherence between ECG and EEG (Fp1-Fp2) in Frequency Band (0 to 35 Hz) for S
2
. (b)
5.2.3 Phase coherence between ECG and EEG signals
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O1-O2
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Abstract
xv

region.

2
. (b)
Table 5.2 Coherence and phase coherence measure parameters for second subject
ECG and EEG

Coherence 0.99819 0.00070 0.13950 0.13801 0.08964
Phase Coherence 1.53778 -1.53407 -0.17700 0.89330 -0.17318
ECG and EEG

Coherence 0.99569 0.00036 0.13569 0.13322 0.09920
Phase Coherence 1.56504 -1.51907 0.11230 0.83720 0.15565
ECG and EEG

Coherence 0.99829 0.00186 0.16404 0.14793 0.14145
Phase Coherence 1.46363 -1.56290 -0.06682 0.90545 -0.04604
ECG and EEG

Coherence 0.99381 0.00072 0.16092 0.15508 0.11476
Phase Coherence 1.55846 -1.56160 -0.03770 0.91949 0.00E+000

5.3 Coherence analysis for third subject
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Abstract
xv

3
. (c) & (d) ECG
, Central
, Parietal
and Occipital
is investigated as:
There are another two coherence peaks are found, one is near the frequency range 2Hz and
another near the 12Hz.
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Abstract
xv

There are another three coherence peaks are found, one is near the frequency 6.5Hz and
second is near the frequency 22Hz and third is near the frequency 24Hz.

Figure 5.8 (a) Coherence between ECG and EEG (Fp1-Fp2) in Frequency Band (0 to 35 Hz) for S
3
. (b)
5.3.3 Phase coherence between ECG and EEG signals
region.

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(a)
C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e

Fp1-Fp2
y mean
y median
y std
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
(b)

C3-C4
y mean
y median
y std
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Frequency Band(Hz)
(c)
C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e

P3-P4
y mean
y median
y std
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Frequency Band(Hz)
(d)

O1-O2
y mean
y median
y std
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
(a)
C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e

P
h
a
s
e

Fp1-Fp2
y mean
y median
y std
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
(b)

C3-C4
y mean
y median
y std
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Frequency Band(Hz)
(c)
C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e

P
h
a
s
e

P3-P4
y mean
y median
y std
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Frequency Band(Hz)
(d)

O1-O2
y std
y median
y mean
Abstract
xv

3
. (b)

Table 5.3 Coherence and phase coherence measure parameters for third subject
ECG and EEG

Coherence 0.99429 0.00085 0.13443 0.12882 0.09564
Phase Coherence 1.49501 -1.54161 0.10652 0.83149 0.13572
ECG and EEG

Coherence 0.99420 0.00537 0.13662 0.13500 0.10517
Phase Coherence 1.56759 -1.55442 -0.04030 0.91074 -0.11559
ECG and EEG

Coherence 0.99733 0.00019 0.14209 0.14504 0.09462
Phase Coherence 1.54749 -1.55333 0.01010 0.88324 -0.02697
ECG and EEG

Coherence 0.99647 0.00211 0.15163 0.14304 0.11715
Phase Coherence 1.55132 -1.54963 -0.10359 0.92867 -0.19947

5.4 Combine coherence analysis for all three subjects
In the figure 5.10(a), (b) and (c) the maximum coherence upper quartile is in the
coherence between ECG and corresponding EEG signal
from all three subjects.

The number of coherence peaks (coherence value greater than 0.5) is found to be more in
the coherence between ECG and EEG signal
in all three subjects. It reflects that the

heart signal has relatively more functional association or relationship to the corresponding
brain signal
at a particular frequency band (0 to 35Hz).

Abstract
xv

Figure 5.10 (a) Coherence between the ECG signals corresponding to the EEG signals {1-EEG (Fp1-Fp2), 2-
EEG (C3-C4), 3-EEG (P3-P4), 4-EEG (O1-O2)} of the First Subject (S
1
). (b) Coherence between the ECG
signals corresponding to the EEG signals of the Second Subject (S
2
). (c) Coherence between the ECG signals
corresponding to the EEG signals of the Third Subject (S
3
).

The figure 5.11 (a), (b) and (c) show the number of coherence values fall in the
different coherence limits for first, second and third subjects respectively. Here, in figure 5.11
(a), (b) and (c) the one coherence value greater than 0.9 is fall in the coherence limit (0.9 to 1)
of all subjects different four types of coherence calculations between the ECG signal and the
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 2 3 4
(a)
C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 2 3 4
(b)
C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 2 3 4
Boxplots for ECG and EEG Signals Coherence from
four Brain Regions
(c)
C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
Abstract
xv

corresponding EEG signals. No coherence value is found in the coherence limits (0.7 to 0.8)
and (0.8 to 0.9).

Figure 5.11 (a) Coherence between the ECG signals corresponding to the EEG signals {1-EEG (Fp1-Fp2), 2-
EEG (C3-C4), 3-EEG (P3-P4), 4-EEG (O1-O2)} of the First Subject (S
1
). (b) Coherence between the ECG
signals corresponding to the EEG signals of the Second Subject (S
2
). (c) Coherence between the ECG signals
corresponding to the EEG signals of the Third Subject (S
3
).
5.5 Combine phase coherence analysis for all three subjects
The figure 5.12(a), (b) and (c) provide the information how the coherence phase mean
vary in the three subjects among the different coherence investigated. The upper phase
coherence quartile (75 percentile of all phase coherence) is found to be maximum in the all
three subjects. The mean of phase coherence varies randomly in the three subjects coherence
investigated.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
20
40
60
80
(a)

N
o
.

o
f

C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e

v
a
l
u
e
s

Coherence b/w ECG & EEG(Fp1-Fp2) of S1
Coherence b/w ECG & EEG(C3-C4) of S1
Coherence b/w ECG & EEG(P3-P4) of S1
Coherence b/w ECG & EEG(O1-O2) of S1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
20
40
60
80
(b)
N
o
.

o
f

C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e

v
a
l
u
e
s
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
20
40
60
80
Coherence Range
(c)
N
o
.

o
f

C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e

v
a
l
u
e
s
Abstract
xv

Figure 5.12 (a) Coherence phase between the ECG signals corresponding to the EEG signals {1-EEG (Fp1-
Fp2), 2-EEG (C3-C4), 3-EEG (P3-P4), 4-EEG (O1-O2)} of the First Subject (S
1
). (b) Coherence phase between
the ECG signals corresponding to the EEG signals of the Second Subject (S
2
). (c) Coherence phase between the
ECG signals corresponding to the EEG signals of the Third Subject (S
3
).

-1
0
1
1 2 3 4
(a)
C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e

P
h
a
s
e
-1
0
1
1 2 3 4
(b)
C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e

P
h
a
s
e
-1
0
1
1 2 3 4
(c)
C
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e

P
h
a
s
e
Abstract
xv

Chapter 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Conclusion:
This research is divided into two phases. In first phase we have evaluated the
coherence and phase coherence between the ECG signals and the EEG signals acquired from
the temporal region of the brain at the different respiratory rates. Here we acquired these
signals at the 500 samples/second (Sampling Rate). Number of sample points (samples) for
each signal is 5006. Data acquisition is done using Biopac Inc. MP100 and the software tool
AcqKnowledge3.9.0 by setting the corresponding calculate channel for getting respiratory
rates simultaneously with the ECG and EEG signals. We have found that the maximum
coherence mean is at the no airflow or zero respiratory rates (0-4 Breaths/min) between the
ECG and EEG signal. We have found that the minimum coherence mean is at the high
airflow or high respiratory rates (16-20 Breaths/min) between the signals. The peak of
coherence is found more than 0.5 at the respiratory frequency 0.1Hz in the coherence
between ECG and EEG signals at the zero respiratory rates and the normal respiratory rates.
In second phase, we acquired the data from 50 subjects and analyse the coherence. In
thesis we include the three subjects data for finding the coherence and phase coherence
between ECG signals and the corresponding EEG signals acquired from the different brain
regions. The different brain regions are the Frontal
, Central
, Parietal
and occipital
from which the EEG signal acquired. The coherence and

phase coherence for each subject and each set of signals is evaluated using magnitude
squared coherence function.
For first subject, the maximum, mean of coherence is in the coherence between the
ECG and the EEG signal acquired from the
region. The maximum numbers of

coherence peaks are in the coherence between ECG and EEG signal acquired from

region. The maximum, mean of phase coherence is in the phase coherence between the ECG
and EEG signal acquired from the frontal brain region
.
For second subject, the maximum, mean of coherence is in the coherence between the
ECG and the EEG signal acquired from the
region. The maximum numbers of

coherence peaks are in the coherence between ECG and EEG signal acquired from

Abstract
xv

region. The maximum, mean of phase coherence is in the phase coherence between the ECG
and EEG signal acquired from the frontal brain region
.
Similarly for the third subject the above coherence measure is analysed.
In conclusion, the results of the investigation of interactions between spectral power
bands of ECG and EEG signals may contribute to a better understanding of physiological
mechanisms underlying the interactions between brain and heart during normal breathing but
need to be further investigated in a larger and more diverse sample of normal healthy
subjects, children, and old subjects at the unipolar EEG signals acquired from the particular
montages as
during different subject

conditions.
Future Scope:
All the organs of the human body have some synchronism, association and correlation
to each other. In this work we investigate the coherence and phase coherence between the
ECG and EEG; means the association between the human brain and heart. Communication
between the heart and brain is actually a dynamic, ongoing, two-way dialogue, with each
organ continuously influencing the other's function. Research has shown that the heart
communicates to the brain in four major ways: neurologically (through the transmission of
nerve impulses), biochemically (via hormones and neurotransmitters), biophysically (through
pressure waves) and energetically (through electromagnetic field interactions).
Communication along all these conduits significantly affects the brain's activity. The
magnitude squared coherence between the two physiological signals provides the valuable
association between the corresponding physiological organs. We also analysed the phase
induced by the one physiological signal to another physiological signal. It is quantified, both
coherence and the phase coherence.
Now, we have the coherence spectrum, and we have analysed the numbers of
coherence peaks in the specified frequency band. The coherence peak reflects that the one
physiological signal is synchronised with another physiological signal at the particular
frequency. The phase coherence spectrum reflects that the one physiological signal induced,
how much phase (lead or lag corresponding to the positive phase and the negative phase) to
the another physiological signal.
Abstract
xv

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[36]. Mahmoud El-Gohary, James McNames, Tim Ellis and Brahm Goldstein, Time
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Abstract
xv

APPENDIX
(A):
A.1. LEAD110 Series Electrode leads
The LEAD110 Series, for use with disposable and other snap connector electrodes, are pinch
leads for easy connection between the EL500-series snap electrodes and any BIOPAC
biopotential amplifier or the GND terminal on the back of the UIM100C. Leads terminate in
standard 2 mm pin plug and connect to BIOPAC modules or to a Modular Extension Cable
(MEC series).
Table A.1: Lead Type Length Usage Note
Sr.
No.
Leads Name Type Length Procedure of Using Leads
1. LEAD110 Unshielded 1 m Works best as a ground electrode
2. LEAD110A Unshielded 3 m Works best with ground or reference electrodes
3. LEAD110S-
R
Shielded 1 m Use with recording electrodes for minimal noise
interference. The white lead plug is for the
electrode contact; the black lead pin plug is for
the lead shield.
4. LEAD110S-
W
Shielded 1 m Use with recording electrodes for minimal noise
interference. The white lead plug is for the
electrode contact; the black lead pin plug is for
the lead shield.
IMPORTANT SAFETY NOTES
1. MEC series cables are not to be used on humans when they are undergoing
electrosurgery or defibrillation. In fact, no BIOPAC equipment should be connected
to human subjects during the course of defibrillation or electrosurgery.
2. When MEC series cables are used, be careful to preserve the isolation of MP system
during defibrillation. No external lab equipment should be connected directly to the
UIM100C, IPS100C or any included amplifier module. To preserve MP system
isolation, all connections of this type should be made using INISO or OUTISO with
the HLT100C. To verify that the isolation of the recording system is intact, use a
Abstract
xv

multimeter to measure resistance from subject ground (on biopotential amplifier) to
mains ground; there should be no DC conductivity.
3. Do not connect the electrode leads attached to the MEC series cables directly to
defibrillator paddles. When using MEC cables, electrode leads should be connected to
the subject directly and not via the defibrillator paddles
A.1.a Common Extensions
MEC100C 100C-series Transducer amplifiers to Touchproof inputs
MEC110C 100C-series Biopotential amplifiers to Touchproof inputs
MEC111C 100C-series Biopotential amplifiers to Touchproof inputsProtected
A.1.b Less Common Extensions
MEC100 DA100C or 100B-series Biopotential or Transducer amplifiers to 2mm socket
inputs
MEC101 100B-Series Biopotential amplifiers to 2mm socket inputs Protected
MEC110 100B-series Biopotential or Transducer amplifiers to Touchproof inputs
MEC111 100B-series Biopotential amplifiers to Touchproof inputsProtected
A.2 TSD201
The TSD201 is a strain gauge transducer designed to measure respiratory-induced
changes in thoracic or abdominal circumference, and can therefore be used to record
respiratory effort. The TSD201 is essentially a resistive transducer and responds in a linear
fashion to changes in elongation through its length, with resistance increasing as length
increases.
The transducer is ideal for a variety of applications because it presents minimal
resistance to movement and is extremely unobtrusive. Due to its unique construction, the
TSD201 can measure extremely slow respiration patterns with no loss in signal amplitude
while maintaining excellent linearity and minimal hysteresis.
The TSD201 plugs directly into the RSP100C amplifier module (page 114). It
includes a fully adjustable nylon strap to accommodate a large range of circumferences (9 cm
to 130 cm). To attach the nylon belt to the respiration transducer, thread the nylon strap
through the corresponding slots so the strap clamps into place when tightened. Place the
transducer around the body at the level of maximum respiratory expansion. This location will
vary from the erect to supine positions (generally about 5 cm below the armpits).
Correct tension adjustment of the respiration transducer is important. For best
sensitivity, the transducer must be just slightly tight at the point of minimum circumference
Abstract
xv

(maximum expiration). To obtain proper tension, stretch the belt around the body and have
the subject exhale. At maximum expiration, adjust the nylon strap so there is slight tension to
hold the strap around the chest.
The transducer has three 2 mm pin plugs to connect to the amplifier. Insert the two
blue lead transducer pin plugs into the two RSP100C inputs labelled XDCR. Either blue lead
can be connected to either XDCR input. Insert the single black transducer lead into the GND
input of the RSP100C. The respiration transducer is ready for measurement.
A.2.a TSD201 Calibration
The TSD201 does not require calibration.
Table A.2: TSD201 Specifications
Sr.No. Parameters Sensor Parameter Range Values
1. True DC Response Yes
2. Variable Resistance Output 5-125 K (increases as length increases)
3. Circumference Range 15 cm x 150 cm (can be increased with a longer strap)
4. Attachment Velcro strap (adjustable length)

5. Sterilizable Yes
6. Sensor Weight 18 gs
7. Sensor Dimensions 66 mm (long), 40 mm (wide), 15 mm (thick)
8. Cable Length 3 m

CBLCALC Calibration Cable for 100C-series Biopotential Amplifiers
CBLCAL Calibration Cable 100-B series Biopotential Amplifiers
Use CBLCAL/C to verify the calibration of the any of the Biopotential amplifiers.
The cable (1.8m) connects between the amplifier input and the UIM100C D/A output 0 or 1.
To verify the amplifiers frequency response and gain settings, create a stimulus signal using
AcqKnowledge and monitor the output of the amplifier connected to the Calibration Cable.
The Calibration Cable incorporates a precision 1/1000 signal attenuator.
Amplifier specification tests are performed at the factory before shipping, but a
Calibration Cable can ensure users peace of mind by permitting precise frequency response
and gain calibrations for exact measurements.
CBLCAL/C Calibration
A.2.b Hardware Setup
Abstract
xv

1. Connect the MP150/100, UIM100C and biopotential amplifiers as normal.
2. Connect the CBLCAL/C between the selected amplifier and the UIM100C, inserting
the single 3.5mm plug into the Analog Output 0 port on the UIM100C.
3. Connect the end containing several 2mm pins into the corresponding holes on the face
of the biopotential amplifier.
4. Select a Gain setting of 1,000 for DA, ECG, EGG, EMG, and EOG, or 5,000 for EEG
and ERS.
5. Turn all filters to the desired position.
6. Select an appropriate channel on the top of the amplifier being tested (usually channel
one, as this is the default setup in the software).
A.2.c Software Setup
1. Under Channel Setup, insure that the default is set to analog channel one (A1).
2. Under Acquisition Setup
a) Choose a sampling rate of 2000Hz (or higher).
b) Choose an acquisition period of at least 5 seconds.
c) Choose Record Last mode.
3. Under Stimulator Setup
a) Select the sine wave for the shape of the output signal.
b) Set the Seg. #1 Width to zero. This means that the signal will be transmitted
continuously starting at time-point zero.
c) Set Seg. #2 Width to 1,000 msec (one second). This is the length of the output
signal.
d) Select Analog Output: 0.
e) Select Output continuously.
f) The most important settings are the signal magnitude and frequency. Set the
magnitude to 5 Volts (i.e., 10V p-p) if the module gain setting is 1,000. If the
lowest module gain setting available is 5,000, choose 1 Volt.
g) Set the frequency to 10Hz to check the gain calibration (on a sinusoidal signal,
this setting is appropriate for all biopotential amplifiers).
A.2.d Calibration Procedure
AcqKnowledge is now set-up to check for the proper calibration of biopotential amplifiers.
1. Start the acquisition. Theoretically, since you are in record last mode and are
outputting a signal continuously, AcqKnowledge could acquire data forever.
2. Stop the acquisition when the waveform has stabilized.
Abstract
xv

3. Use the I-beam cursor to select the latter part of the record.
4. Perform all your calibration measurements on the latter part of the collected record.

(A) Internet Resources Used :
(a) Database Website Names:
- www.physio.net
- www.qdheart.com
- http://www.bsignetics.com/databases.htm
(b) Multimedia Website Names:
- http://coursewareobjects.elsevier.com/objects/hao/anim/13-010ap.htm
- http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.html
- http://www.blaufuss.org/tutonline.html#
- http://www.cardionics.com/video/classroomstudy/index.html
- http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper_heart1.html
- http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/mvs/WHAT.HTM
- http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/mvs/SHOCK/HRTSPLIT.HTM

(c) Tutorials Website Names
- http://www.bsignetics.com/case_studies_productPM.htm
- www.mathworks.com
- www.biopac.com
- www.techonline.com
- www.newwaveinstruments.com
- http://easycalculation.com/statistics/learn-correlation.php
- http://stattrek.com/AP-Statistics-1/Correlation.aspx
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
- http://gmrt.ncra.tifr.res.in/gmrt_hpage/Users/doc/WEBLF/LFRA/node71.html
(B) Commercial Manufacturers:
- BIOPAC System Inc.

Coherence Analysis Between ECG and EEG Signals

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Coherence Analysis Between ECG and EEG Signals

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Coherence Analysis between ECG and EEG Signals

. It is usually possible to change this layout so it is vital to check the

between two data sequences

are periodic with period

the above equation 3.5 simplified to

, and a time-shifted version of itself,

. The expression above applies to the case of a continuous signal of infinite

produces a corresponding term

is the cross-spectral density function between and

is the coincident spectral density function (cospectrum) and

and the cross-spectra

is the cross power spectral estimate of x and y.

from all three subjects.

in all three subjects. It reflects that the

at a particular frequency band (0 to 35Hz).

from which the EEG signal acquired. The coherence and

region. The maximum numbers of

region. The maximum numbers of

during different subject

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