4 Matrices

4.1 Matrices
1. Matrix is numbers arranged in rectangular arrays of columns and rows
2. Numbers written in matrix form is easier to handle
3. Order of matrices is determine by its rows and columns
Order = rows x columns = m x n
We usually denote a matrix by a capital letter.

Example.
1. Determine the order of matrix A = (


)






4. Each number in the array is called an element of the matrix. When we need to read out the
elements of an array, we read it out row by row.

5. Each element is defined by its position in the matrix.
In a matrix A, an element in row i and column j is represented by a
ij

Example:

a
11
(read as a one one )= 2 (first row, first column)
a
12
(read as a one two') = 4 (first row, second column)
a
13
= 5, a
21
= 7, a
22
= 8, a
23
= 9
6. A matrix which has one row is called row matrix.
Examples
1. Determine the order of the following matrices,
a) ( ) b) ( )
Solutions.
a) row = 1 b) row = 1
columns = 2 columns = 3
order = 1 x 2 order = 1 x 3

7. A matrix which has one column is called column matrix.

(


)
Elements



Each number in the array is called an entry or an element of the matrix.
When we need to read out the elements of an array, we read it out row by row.

Each element is defined by its position in the matrix.
In a matrix A, an element in row i and column j is represented by a
ij

Example:

a
11
(read as a one one )= 2 (first row, first column)
a
12
(read as a one two') = 4 (first row, second column


Order = 2 x 3
2 rows (m)
3 columns (m)
Examples
1. Determine the order of the following matrices,
a) (

) b) (

)
Solutions.
a) row = 2 b) row = 3
columns = 1 columns = 1
order = 2 x 1 order = 3 x 1
8. A matrix which has equal number of rows and columns is called square matrix.
9. A diagonal matrix is a square matrix that has all its elements zero except for those in
the diagonal from top left to bottom right; which is known as the leading diagonal of
the matrix.

B is a diagonal matrix
4.2 Equality Of Matrices
1. Two matrices are equal if they have the same order and the corresponding elements
are identical.


Matrices P and Q are equal.


Matrices A and B are not equal because their order is different.
We can use the equality of matrices to solve for variables.
Example:
Given that the following matrices are equal, find the values of x, y and z .

Solution:
Equate the corresponding elements and solve for the variables.
x + 3 = 6
x = 3
y = 1
z 3 = 4
z = 7


4.3 Additions and Subtractions
1. Two or more matrices can be subtract or add if they are in the same order
Addition.

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s d r c
q b p a
s r
q p
d c
b a

Subtraction.
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d c
b a
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q p
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s d r c
q b p a

Example 1
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9
10
4 5
7 3
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7
5
3

Example 1
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3
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5 8
3 7
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7

Example 2
( ) ( ) 5 3 7 1 +
Example 2
( ) ( ) 3 4 7 9
Example 3

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5 7
3 8
6 1
4 2

Example 3
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3 2
1 4
8 7
4 3

Example 4
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6 3
2 1
7 3
5 2

Example 4
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8 6
5 3
3 7
5 2











4.4 Multiplication of a matrix by a number
k
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d c
b a
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kd kc
kb ka

Example 1
5
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20 15
10 5
4 5 3 5
2 5 1 5
4 3
2 1

1. 9
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5 2
7 6
=
2.
3.

4.

5. Find the matrix of M








4.5 Mutiplication of two matrices
1. Two matrices can be multiplied only if the number of columns of the first matrix is
equal to the number of rows of the second matrix.
( X ) x ( Y ) = ( Z )
m x n x n x p = m x p

equal
Examples
1. Determine wether the following pair of matrices can be multiplied
a)

2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 2 x 2 (the number of columns of the first matrix is equal to the
number of rows of the second matrix)
b)

2 x 2 x 1 x 2 = (the number of columns of the first matrix is not equal to the
number of rows of the second matrix)
c)






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3
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8 6
12 4
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1 5
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2 7
9 5
0 1
1 3
3 M
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4 3
2 1
4 3
2 1

( ) =
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2 1
4 3
2 1


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2
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4 3
2 1

2. Mutiplication of two matrices is done as follows
Examples.
a) (


)

b)


4.6 Identity Matrix
1. An identity matrix is a square matrix whose elements in the diagonal are all ones.




2. Identity matrix, when multiplied with matrices with related order will result in the
matrices itself.
ie. If I = identity matrix A = any related matrix
so, IA = AI = A
Examples.
1.

Answer




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4 3
2 1
4 3
2 1
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22 15
10 7
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1 0
0 1
I Matrix, Identity
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1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
I Matrix, Identity

4 8
2 3
RS if where S matrix the Find .
4 8
2 3
R Given that
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1 0
0 1
S
4.7 Inverse Matrix
1. If two matrices are multiplied, and the product is an identity matrix, the two matrices
are inverse matrix of each other.
ie. If A = a matrix and B = another related matrix
and , AB = I : BA = I
so, A and B are inverse of each other

so, inverse of A , , is

is called determinant
If determinant, , then A
-1
does not exist.


ie. AA
-1
= I , =

Examples
1. Determine the inverse of the following matrices
a) b)



2.




3.





4.8 Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations using matrices
Simultaneous Linear Equations can be solved using matrices.


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b a
A If
=
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A
bc ad
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a c
b d
1
A
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d c
b a
bc ad
1
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a c
b d
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1 0
0 1
bc ad
0 = bc ad
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3 1
5 2
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2 1
4 2
n m
m
P
n
m
P
and of value the Find .
4
3 2
2
1
and
4
3
matrices the Given that
1
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=
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=

n m
n m
D
and of value the Find .
2
3
2
is
4 6
3 5
matrix of inverse the Given that
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