First Law of Thermodynamics

Q system W surroundings If a closed system undergoes a process from state 1 to state 2, then
E
1 2

= K

1 2

E + P

1 2

+ U

1 2

= Q

1 2

1 2

The increase in the KE + increase in PE + increase in internal energy = heat transferred into the system work done by the system For most situations change in KE and PE is negligible so
U
1 2

= Q
2

1 2

1 2

U = (U

U 1) = Q W

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Developing a thermodynamic model involves defining the system and defining the process characteristics such as:

Adiabatic: Constant volume: Constant pressure: Isothermal:

Q = 0 P d = V0 P d = VP V T = c o n s Ut = 0

First Law on a per unit mass basis

a k

e L f a i rw s i tv a i n d d ue

g dt h r bo s yy

s t th se e sm

U Q W = M M M u = q w
where u = U/M, q = Q/M, w = W/M are referred to as specific quantities

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Consider the system changes in time t Q time t U KE PE U+U KE+ PE+PE time t+t
A p p l i y r si nt g Lo aF t w e m s y : s t h t E ( t+ t )- E ( = t )Q W

[ ( +U U ) U ] + [ ( + ) ] + [ (P + P ) P ] = Q W d i v i dh ir no gu g t h b y E U K E P E Q W = + + = t t t t t t I n t h i te U d U lt si m e n 0d e,s g ., .t l o i m a t = t t 0 d t

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d E d U d ( K ) E d ( P )E = + + = Q W d t d t d t d t w h e r e d E = t i m e o rf a c t he f a e n n g e oe r on g t y a i i cnt h e i d n s yw t sh t e e d t Q = n W = n e t e t rf a e t en rf a e t en er o ar gn ys t f o et r t h it ne m s y bt s yt r ah n e sa er o ar gn ys tf te o r f oy t hus t e e ms o r bk y w

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Closed System Operating in a Cycle In a cycle the system starts and ends at the same state after executing a number of processes, e.g, 1
P1,V1

2
P2,V2

Qin

3
P3,V3

4
P4,V4

Qout

Qin

Qout

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l i y r si nt g Lo E W

raF wt h i re f e e c n( y Kt c =El e P = Q W

E 0 =

c y c l e

c y c l e

c y c l e

c y c l e

= Q

c y c l e

c y c l e

= Q = W

1 2

+Q

2 3

+Q

3 4

+ Q

4 1

= Q
V2

i n

c y c l e

1 2

+ W

2 3

+ W

3 4

+ W

4 1

= P
V1

d + V P
V3

V4

P 2

3 4

-W

1 V

+W
V
V4 V1

Wc

c l e

= P
V3

d - V P
V2

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c e s P i n d > V P
V3 V2

V4

V1

Wcycle > 0

net work produced

When the net work for a cycle is positive it is referred to as a Power Cycle For a power cycle W
c y c l e

= Q

c y c l e

= Q

i n

s i n W cc y e c > l e0

i n

> Q

When the net work for the cycle is negative it is referred to as a Refrigeration or Heat Pump Cycle

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