AURORAS SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGICAL & RESEARCH ACADEMY

TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION SYSTEM

BY

NAME :

A.SRIKANTH(09D91A0402)

FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION SYSTEM INTRODUCTION Experiments have started this week at two of the Japanese capitals' busiest stations, with special flooring tiles installed in front of ticket turnstiles. Every time a passenger steps on the mats, they trigger a small vibration that can be stored as energy. Multiplied many times over by the 400,000 people who use Tokyo Station on an average day, according to East Japan Railway, and there is sufficient energy to light up electronic signboards. "We are just testing the system at the moment to examine its full potential," said Takuya Ikeba, a spokesman for JR East, adding that the tiles are constructed of layers of rubber sheeting, to absorb the vibrations, and ceramic.

Deeply dependent on imported fuel to power its industries, Japanese companies are at the forefront of research into clean and reusable energy sources. On the other side of Tokyo, a remarkable 2.4 million people pass through the sprawling Shibuya Station on an average week day, with many of them now treading on Sound power Corp.'s "Power Generation Floor."

"An average person, weighing 60 kg, will generate only 0.1 watt in the single second required to take two steps across the tile," said Yoshiaki Takuya, a planner with Sound power Corp. "But when they are covering a large area of floor space and thousands of people are stepping or jumping on them, then we can generate significant amounts of power." Stored in capacitors, the power can be channeled to energy-hungry parts of the station, he said, including the electrical lighting system and the ticket gates.

Human-powered transport has been in existence since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. However modern technology has led to machines to enhance the use of humanpower in more efficient manner. In this context, pedal power is an excellent source of energy and has been in use since the nineteenth century making use of the most powerful muscles in the body. Ninetyfive percent of the exertion put into pedal power is converted into energy. Pedal power can be applied to a wide range of jobs and is a simple, cheap, and convenient source of energy. However, human kinetic energy can be useful in a number of ways but it can also be used to generate electricity based on different approaches and many organizations are already implementing human powered technologies to generate electricity to power small electronic appliances.

Freeplay Energy Company (USA) has released a human-powered electricity generator for commercial sale in which power is generated by pushing up and down with foot on a step-action treadle. A similar, newly released portable energy source is a foot-powered device that allows individuals to pump out power at a 40-watt clip to charge its own internal battery, which is capable of providing a powerful jolt to car batteries and AC and DC devices. In another approach, if everyone had small magnets in their shoes and the paving slabs had inter-connected coils cast inside, all linked to batteries, electricity can be generated and the amount will depend on how many people are on the move. A few months back there was also news in the countrys news papers that some engineer (s) are planning and developing system to harness the energy of vehicle locomotion on the roads Working on the idea to harness human locomotion power, MIT (USA) architecture students James Graham and Thaddeus Jusczyk recently unveiled what they're calling the "Crowd Farm," a setup that would derive energy from pounding feet in crowded places. This technology is a proposal to harness human power as a source of sustainable energy. Population of India and mobility of its masses will turn into boon in generating electricity from its (populations) footsteps. Human locomotion in over crowded subway stations, railway stations, bus stands, airports, temples or rock concerts thus can be converted to electrical energy with the use of this promising technology.

1. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Protector sheet made from soft core material

Power Supply Unit Contrast

Piezo electric transducers array

AC ripple neutralizer

16X2 LCD

AT89S52

Unidirectional Current Controller

Voltage Sampler

ADC

Rechargeable Battery INVERTER

Load

Power

EXPLANATION OF EACH BLOCK: Piezoelectric sensor: A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure pressure, acceleration, strain or force by converting

them to an electrical signal. Piezoelectric sensors have proven to be versatile tools for the measurement of various processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control and for research and development in many different industries it was only in the 1950s that the piezoelectric effect started to be used for industrial sensing applications. Since then, this measuring principle has been increasingly used and can be regarded as a mature technology with an outstanding inherent reliability. It has been successfully used in various applications, such as in medical, aerospace, nuclear instrumentation, and as a pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile phones. In the automotive industry, piezoelectric elements are used to monitor combustion when developing internal combustion engines. The sensors are either directly mounted into additional holes into the cylinder head or the spark/glow plug is equipped with a built in miniature piezoelectric sensor.

Symbol of Piezo electric sensor

BATTERY Battery (electricity), an array of electrochemical cells for electricity storage, either individually linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.

Categories and types of batteries Batteries are classified into two broad categories, each type with advantages and disadvantages.

Primary batteries irreversibly (within limits of practicality) transform chemical energy to electrical energy. When the initial supply of reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be readily restored to the battery by electrical means. Secondary batteries can be recharged; that is, they can have their chemical reactions reversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring their original composition.

Historically, some types of primary batteries used, for example, for telegraph circuits, were restored to operation by replacing the components of the battery consumed by the chemical reaction. Secondary batteries are not indefinitely rechargeable due to dissipation of the active materials, loss of electrolyte and internal corrosion.

Rectifier: The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification. The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge

rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.

Fig: Rectifier Circuit

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance R L and hence the load current flows through RL. Voltage regulator:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems

associated with single point regulation. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.

INVERTER INVERTER

Inverter: An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct

current (DC) to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits.

Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, to from small switching power supplies in direct

computers,

large electric

utility high-voltage

current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.

There are two main types of inverter. The output of a modified sine wave inverter is similar to a square wave output except that the output goes to zero volts for a time before switching positive or negative. It is simple and low cost and is compatible with most

electronic devices, except for sensitive or specialized equipment, for example certain laser printers. A pure sine wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output (<3% total harmonic distortion) that is essentially the same as utility-supplied grid power. Thus it is compatible with all AC electronic devices. This is the type used in grid-tie inverters. Its design is more complex, and costs 5 or 10 times more per unit power . The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC converters were made to work in reverse, and thus were "inverted", to convert DC to AC. The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.

Symbol of Inverter

6.1.Circuit description: In one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a transformer through the centre tap of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current to flow back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end of the primary winding and then the other. The alternation of the direction of current in the primary winding of the transformer produces alternating

current (AC) in the secondary circuit.

The electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary contacts and a spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable contact against one of the stationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls the movable contact to the opposite stationary contact. The current in the electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the switch so that the switch continually switches rapidly back and forth. This type of electromechanical inverter switch, called a vibrator or buzzer, was once used in vacuum tube automobile radios. A similar mechanism has been used in door bells, buzzers and tattoo guns. As they became available with adequate power

ratings, transistors and various other types of semiconductor switches have been incorporated into inverter circuit designs.

Only one step is inclined in certain small angle which is used to generate thepower. The pushing power is converted into electrical energy by proper drivingarrangement. The rack & pinion, spring arrangement is fixed at the inclined step. The spring is used to return the inclined step in same position by releasingthe load. The pinion shaft is connected to the supported by end bearings as shown infig. The larger sprocket also coupled with the pinion shaft, so that it is runningthe same speed of pinion. The larger sprocket is coupled to the small cycle sprocket with the help of chain (cycle). This larger sprocket is used to transfer the rotation force to the smaller sprocket. The smaller sprocket is running same direction for the forward and reversedirection of rotational movement of the larger sprocket. This action locks like a cycle pedaling action. The fly wheel and gear wheelis also coupled to the smaller sprocket shaft. The flywheel is used to increase the rpm of the smaller sprocket shaft. The gear wheel is coupled to the generator shaft with the help of another gear wheel.

The generator is used here, is permanent magnet D.C generator. The generated voltage is 12Volt D.C. This D.C voltage is stored to the Lead-acid 12 Volt battery. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the12 Volt D.C to the 230 Volt A.C.

ADVANTAGES Reliable Economical Eco-Friendly Less consumption of Non- renewable energies.

APPLICATIONS Foot step generated power can be used for agricultural, home applications, streeght-lightining. Foot step power generation can be used in emergency power failure situations. Metros, Rural Applications etc.,

FUTURE SCOPE This can be used for many applications in rural areas where power availability is less or totally absence. As India is a developing country where energy management is a big challenge for huge population. By using this project we can drive both a.c. as well as D.C loads according to the piezo electric sensor. force we applied on the