Chapter 7 Yielding criteria

1. Criteria for yielding (1) What is the meaning about yield criterion? In this case the stress is un-axial and this point can readily be determined. But what if there are several stress acting at a point in different direction
The criteria for deciding which combination of multi-axial

stress will cause yielding are called criteria. (2). Theory of yield criterion(A) Tresa criterion Yielding will occur when the maximum shear stress reaches the values of the maximum shear stress occurring under simple tension. The maximum shear stress in multi-axial stress = the maximum shear stress in simple tension
2 1 3 2 3 0 max 1 , , = 2 2 2 2

, 0

1 2

For pure shear ( k )

1 + 2 = 0 1 = 2 2 k= 1 = 1 = 2
2

k =

1 2
2

0
2

=k

k =

0
2

For pure shear (k ) state, the yielding is happened if k =

0
2

(2)The von-Mises yield criterion Yielding begin when the octahedral shear stress reaches the octahedral shear stress at yield in simple tension.
oct = oct ,o

 oct =
oct ,o =

1 2 2 ( x y ) 2 + ( y z ) 2 + ( x z ) 2 + 6( xy 2 + yz + zx ) 3
2 0 3

oct ,o

oct = oct ,o
1 2 2 2 2 ( x z ) 2 + ( x y ) 2 + ( x z ) 2 + 6( xy + yz + zx ) = 0 3 3

2 0 3

For the principal stress

1 2 ( 1 3 ) 2 + ( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 = 0 3 3

1 2 2 2 J 2 = [( x y ) 2 + ( y z ) 2 + ( x z ) 2 + 6( xy + xz + yz )] 6

J2 =
2 o

For the case of pure shear

 1 = 2 = k , z = 0
6 2 k= 0 3 3 1 0 k = 3

: k von-Mises yield :
J2 = k 2

Discussion: For Tresca criterion criteion

1 kT = 0 = 0.5 0 2

For Von-Mises Yield

kV =

1 0 = 0.577 0 3

kV > kT

(3)Yield surface and Haigh-westergaard stress space From the yielding criterion, the shear condition in multi-axial stress = the shear condition in simple tension
F ( ij ) = K (k ) < 1 >

ij : The stress state

k : obtain from simple tension

(3) Yield surface And Haigh-Westergaard stress space From the form of yielding criterion. That is

The shear condition in multiaxial stress = The shear condition in simple tension

F ( ij ) = K (k )

----------------(1)
obtain from simple tension

The stress state

(A). Represents a hyper surface in the six-dimensional stress space, any point on this surface represents a points a point at which yielding can begin and function (1) is called the yielding function. The surface in the stress space is called the yield surface. Since the rotating the axes does not affect the yielding state, we can choose the principal axes for the coordinates.

F ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) = K

Furthermore, since it is always assumed that hydrostatic tension or compression does not influence yielding , we can assume that only the stress deviators enter into the yielding function.

f ( s1 , s2 , s3 ) = K
5

and s1 , s2 , s3 can be writen in terms of the invariants J1 , J 2 , J 3

J1 = s1 + s2 + s3 = 0 1 2 2 Where J 2 = ( s12 + s2 + s3 ) 2 1 3 3 3 J 3 = 3 ( s1 + s2 + s3 )

f ( J 2 , J 3 ) = K (k )

For von-mises criterial

oct =
=

1 2 2 2 s12 + s2 + s3 = o ( m ) 3 3

2 1 2 o J 22 = 3 3 1 2 J 2 = o = k 2 , and k is the yield in pure shear. 3

For Tresca criterion:

1 2 ( 1 m ) ( 2 m ) s1 s2 o ( m ) = = = 2 2 2 2

3 2 4 J 2 27 J 32 36k 2 J 2 + 96k 4 J 2 64k 6 = 0

B. Haigh-Wester-gaard stress space. => yielding criterion can be expressed as function of ( 1 , 2 , 3 )

6

 1 , 2 , 3 ,.

The principal ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) coordinate system represents a stress space called the Haigh-wWester-gaard stress space.

Consider a line ON which passing through the origin, and having equal angles With the coordinates axes, then every point on this line is
1 + 2 + 3 3

uuur

1 = 2 = 3 = m =

()

The plane perpendicular to ON , its equation will be

1 + 2 + 3 = 3

uuur

Where
uuu r uuu ON r r OPg uuu = (ON ) and : is the distance from origin to the plane

and

1 + 2 + 3 = 0, is the plane called -plane.

And this is the pure shear stress condition.

uuu r u uuu ON r r 1 1 1 And A = A = OP uuur = 1 + 2 + 3 = 3 m 3 3 3 ON

u u u r r r r r r B = P A = ( 1 m )i + ( 2 m ) j + ( 3 m )k

B 2 = ( 1 m ) 2 + ( 2 m ) 2 + ( 3 m ) 2
2 2 = s12 + s2 + s3

(Q J 2 =

1 2 2 2 1 ( s1 + s2 + s3 ) = sij sij ) 2 2
#

B2 = 2J 2 B = 2J =
1 2 2

1 2 and J 2 = 0 (von Mises) 3 u r => the components of B are therefore the stress deriators s1 , s2 , s3

2 0 3

=>
uuu r 1 u u u r r r ON P = A + B = 3 m uuu + 2 J 22 r ON u r B u r B (at Haigh - Wester - gaard stress space)

Since it is assumed that yielding is determined by the deriatoric state of stress only, it follows that if one of the points on the line through p parallel to ON lies on the yield surface => they must all lie on the yield surface, since they all have the same deriatoric stress components. Hence the yield surface must be composed of lines parallel to ON ; i.e, it must be a cylinder with generators parallel to
uuur ON . uuur uuur

Note: (a) The intersection of this yield cylinder with any plane perpendicular to it will produce a curve called the yield locus. Since this curve will be the same for all planes perpendicular to the cylinder. => For this purpose we choose the -plane which m = 0 . (b) If, as usual, isotropy is assumed so that rotating the axes does not affect the yielding. That means a line perpendicular to

1 , 1 ; 2 , 2 ; 3 , 3 ; are therefore lines of symmetry and we now

have six symmetric sectors. (1,-1, 2,-2, 3,-3) (c) The yield surface must be symmetric in the principal stress since it certainly does not matter.

=> Hence, we have divided the yield locus into 12 symmetric sectors, each of 30o . and we need only consider the stress states lying in one of these sectors.

C. The stress in -plane

a= b=

2 2 2 cos 300 1 cos 300 = ( 2 1 ) / 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 (2 3 2 1 ) 3 2 sin 300 1 sin 300 = 3 3 3 6

1 r 2 = a 2 + b 2 = ( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 3 = ( 1 m ) 2 + ( 2 m ) 2 + ( 3 m ) 2 = 2J2 1 (2 3 2 1 ) 2 2 1 6 = tan 1 3 1 3( 2 1 ) ( 2 1 ) 2 (if 3 > 2 > 1 )

= tan 1

b = tan 1 a

3 tan =

2 3 2 1 2 1

For von Mise yield criterion

10

1 2 1 J2 = o = r2 3 2 2 2 r2 = o 3

The yield locus is therefore a circle of radius r =

2 o 3

NoTe: (a).for = 0
3 tan = 2 3 2 1 =0 2 1

1 ( 1 + 2 ) 2 1 1 and m = ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) = ( 1 + 2 ) = 3 3 2 at -plane m = 0 3 = 0, That means =0 is pure shear state 3 =

(b) for = 300 , from 3 tan 300 =

3 = 2 => uniaxial stress

2 3 2 1 =1 2 1

(c) If the yield locus is assumed to be convex, the bounds on yield loci will be between C' A B' and C A B.

11

A yielding curve below CAB Which pass the C, A, B point will not be convex is call lower bound. a yielding curve outside C C' A B' B which pass the C,A,B point will not be convex also is call upper bound.

(4) Subsequent yield surfaces, Loading and unloading

initial yield, yielding , yielding surface strain hardens

For a yield Function

F ( ij ) = k

()

And

k is a value wich defind a yield surface. and strain-harden function F( ij ) is loading function.

After yielding has occurred, k take on a new value, depending on the strain-hardening properties of the material. After yielding has occurred, k takes on a new value, depending on the strain-hardening properties of the material.
12

A. Loading and unloading for a strain-hardening material Three cases for a strain-hardening material: (A) Loading plastic flow is occurring.
F = k , dF = F d ij > 0 ij F d ij = 0 ij F d ij < 0 ij u ur u F F ur d j = ( e j ) ( d i e j ) j j u r ur u = F d i e j

(B)

Neutral loading stress state moving on yield surface.

F = k , dF =

(C)

unloading
F = k , dF =

Note: ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) , dF =

u r F : yield surface

ur u d i e j :

dF =

F d j < 0 unloading j

B. Subsequent yield loci (A) Isotropic hardening If 0' > 0 , then the new yield locus is a circle of radius
2 ' 3

for von-Misses criterion, which is larger than, but concentric with , the origin yield circle. The material is called strain harden isotropically.

13

(B) Bauschinger effect

: ,!

Prager Kinematic model Assume : (a) The rigid frame having the shape of the yield surface (b)The frame is assumed to be constrained against rotation and to be perfectly smooth, so that only forces normal to the frame can be transmitted to it. (c)The state of stress and the state of strain are represented in the model in different ways, For example, for a rigid strain-hardening
14

material, the displacement of center of the frame relative to the origin is proportional to the total strain, and the state of stress is represented by the position of the pin relative to the origin.

Note: the isotropic hardening assumption is still generally used. For

small plastic strain it probably gives answers that are sufficiently accurate.

15

6,Plastic stress-strain relations, stress-strain .

(1)

General derivation of plastic stress-strain relations.

(note: ) For obtaining general stress-strain relation, two definition and two assumption are needed. Definition:
(a)Positive work is done by external agency during the application of the set of stress. d ij d ij > 0 (b)The net work performed by it over the cycle of application and removal is zero or position. d ijd ijp 0(delcte elastic strain engergy)

Assume:(a)A loading function exists. At each stage of the plastic deformation there exists a function
( ij )

so

that

further

plastic

deformation takes place only for ( ij ) > k Both and k may depend on the existing state of stress and on the strain history.
16

(b)The relation between infinitesimals of stress and plastic strain is linear:

Gij = dF d ijp = cijk l d k l

Note: (a) cijk l may be functions of stress, strain, and history of loading that implies they are independent of the d ij (b)From assumption 1, it follows that for plastic may be applied to the stress and strain increments. If d 'ij and d ''ij are two increments producing plastic strain increments, d p 'ij and d p ''ij .And

d '' Bl : incremental stress perpendicular to f ' d Bl : incremental stress tangent to f( ij )

' d Bl produce no plastic flow(,

From assumption 2. d p ij = cijk l (d k' l + d k'' l ) = cijk l d k'' l From assumption 1. dF =

Q
F F d k l = (d k' l + d k'' l ) > 0 k l k l

F F F d k' l = 0 dF = d k'' l > 0 d k' l k l k l k l F F F dF = a >0 k l k l k l

and d k'' l = a

17

a =

dF >0 F F k l k l F F dF ( ) = cijk l k l k l F F k l k l

From d ijp = cijk l d k'' l = cijk l a

= cijk l (

dF )dF = Gij = dF F F k l k l
F ) ke F F ( )( ) ke ke (

d ijp = Gij dF

and

Gij = Cijke

is called potential function From definition 2.

' '' d ij d ijp 0 (d ij + d ij )d ijp 0 ' Because d ij produce no d ijp We can chose any constc.

positive or negative, ' '' ' will produce the same (d ij + d ij )d ijp < 0 d ij d ijp = 0 p plastic increment d ij
' d ij Gij dF = 0

' Q dF > 0 d ij d ijp = 0 F G ij ' d ij Gij dF = 0 ij

Gij = G

F = Cijke ij

F (G is a constant which may ) ke be function of stress, strain F F ( )( ) and history of loading) ke ke (

18

 d ijp = G

f dF Hardening value ij ^ yield locus F ij (d: is a nonnegative constant which may vary through out the loading history )

= GdF = d

F ij

=> The plastic strain increment vector must be normal to the yield surface. ( Note : From d ijp = G
=G F F '' d kl ij kl F dF ij (dF = F '' d kl ) kl

'' dF d kl , dF yield locus )

The flow rules associated with von-Mises and Tresca

()

For the von-Mises yield function

F ( ij ) = J 2 =

1 1 1 2 ( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 1 3 ) 2 = sij sij = o 2 6 3

From

d ijp = GdF

F F sij = GdF ij sij ij

( sij = ij m

sij ij

= 1)

= GdFsij = d sij Paradtl - Reuss equation

19

()

For Tresca yield function

Assuming it is known which is the maximum principal stress

1 and minimum principal stress 3 , 1 > 2 > 3

F=

1 1 ( 1 3 ) = 0 2 2

F 1 F F 1 = , =0 , = 1 2 o 3 2

1 p d 1 = 2 d d 2p = 0 1 d 3p = d 2

(1)(2) are known as the flow rules associated with the von-Mises and Tresca criteria.
.Perfectly Plastic Material

For ideal plasticity it is also assumed that F ( ij ) exists and is function of stress only , and that plastic flow take place without limit when F ( ij ) =k, and the material behaves elastically when F ( ij ) <k. For plastic flow.
F F F dF = d ij = 0 d ijp // d ijp = d ij ij ij d d p = 0 ij ij

20

 d ijp //

F F d ijp = d where d is a scalar. ij ij

.Determination of the function G.. Effective stress and strain

()Effective stress e From yield criterion F ( ij ) = K ( 0 ) or f ( ij ) = 0 From uni-axial tensile test.

, e , 0 e effective stress.

Definition

1 F ( ij ) = K ( e ) = J 2 = e2 For Von-Mises 3

sij d ep == 0 d ijp = F F = sk l , k l ij 3 sij sij 2

3 F 2 ij F F k l k l

d ep =

3 F 2 ij

' F F e k l k l

d e

e = 3 2 =

Note: e = 0 ,. ()Effective plastic strain d ep From the definition of plastic work=Effective plastic work
e d ep = sij d ep (If plastic flow is happened)
d =
p e

sij

d =
p e

sij 3 sij sij 2

0d

p e

and d = Gd sij sij =

p e

d ijp Gd

21

d ep d ep 2 p p d ij d ij = 3 3 p p d ij d ij 2
d ep = 3 p p d ij d ij (For Von-mises criterion ) 2

3 p p p (d xp ) 2 + (d yp ) 2 + (d zp ) 2 + 2(d xy ) 2 + (d yz ) 2 + (d zx ) 2 2

For uniaxial tens it test d yp = d xp , d zp = d xp

d ep = d xp

1 2

1 2

sij d ep = e d ep = 0 d xp

()Determination of the Function G. From d ijp = GdF

F 2 and d ep = d ijp d ijp 3 ij

d ep = GdF

2 F F 3 ij ij d ep F F ij ij

dFG =

3 2

d ijp =

3 F 2 ij F F k l k l

d ep =

3 F 2 ij

' F F e k l k l

d e

( e' =

d e ) The slope of the uniaxial stress-plastic strain curve at d ep

the current value of e

22

For Von-Mises criterion

F F = sk l , = sij k l ij

d ijp =
=

3 sij 2 d p ( Q = 3 s s ) F = s , F = s e e ij ij kl ij 2 k l ij sk l s k l

3 sij 3 sij d e d ep = 2 e 2 e e'

3 sij 2 d p (Q = 3 s s ) e e ij ij 2 sk l sk l

d ijp =

3 sij 3 sij d e d ep = (The flow rule associated with von mises 2 e 2 e e'

yield criterion)

sij

or

3p = ij 2 2 e p sij = p ij 3

3 s p 3 s e ij = ij e = ij ' 2 e 2 e e
p

and

1 v v vi ,e ij = ( i + j ) 2 xj xj

e =

3 p p ij ij 2
sij = 2 e p ij 3 p

If

the

velocity

field

is

know

p 1 v v 2 p p vi , e ij = ( i + j ) e = ij ij 3 2 x j x j

23

 sij will be know, If in plastic state.

(?) Incremental and deformation theories For

d ijp = 3 sij d ep 2 e d ijp = 3 sij d ep 2 e

are

called

incremental

stress-strain relations because they relate the increments of plastic strain to the stress. For the case of proportion or radial loading i.e if all the stress are increasing in ratio (stressed disk or cylinders), the incremental theory reduces of the deformation theory.
sij = K e = K 3 s p ijp = e 2
0 ij 0 e

IF

3 s p p d ij = 2 d e

0 ij 0 e

0 ij = K ij

and

is

monotonically increasing function of

0 sij = Ksij Then 0 e = K e

d ijp =

0 0 3 sij 3 sij d ep d ijp = d ep 0 0 2 e 2 e

0 3 sij p = e 2 e0
p ij

The plastic strain is a function only of the current of stress and

is independent of the loading path. (?)Convexity of yield surface. Singular points.

.

Convexity of yield surface

Let some external agency add stresses along some arbitrary path inside the surface until a state of stress d ij is reached which is on the

24

yield surface. Now suppose the external agency to add a very small outward pointed stress increment d ij which produces small plastic strain increments d ij , as coell as elastic increments. The work done by the external agency over the cycle is

(1)

Elastoplastic problems of spheres and cylinders

= =

Spherical coordinates The problems of spheres

(a) The equilibrium equation

(r + dr )( r + dr )d ( r + dr ) sin d rrdr sin d 2r sin ddrd = 0

r 2rdr + drr dr 2rdr = 0 dr 2(r ) + = Fr dr r
2

and Fr body force per unit

volume (b) The strain-displacement or compatibility relation

25

du u r = , = = ~~~~~< 1 > dr r du d ( r ) d r = + =0 From < 1 >, r = dr dr dr r rp + p + p = 0 rp = 2 p

(c) The stress-strain relation

1 r = (r 2 ) + rp E 1 1 = [ ( + r )] + p = [(1 ) r ] + p E E

. Von-Miese yield function

1 2 1 1 J 2 = 0 , J 2 = Sij S ij = [( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 ] 3 2 6

and 1 = r , 2 = 3 =
2 ( r ) 2 = 0 0 = r

.Prandfl-reuss Equation

From d ijp =

3 d ep S ij d ep = 2 re

2 p p d ij d ij = d rp 3

d rp = d ep sgn( r )

Polar coordinates-For cylinders problems

(1)

The equation of equilibrium of stress

d r r + = Fr dr r

(2)

The strain-displacement relations or compatibility equation

r =
du u , = dr r

d r + =0 dr r

rp + p + zp = 0

26

(3)

The stress-strain relation

1 r = [ r ( + z )] + rp E 1 p = [ ( z + r )] + E 1 z = [ z ( r + )] ( p + rp ) E

NOTE: for the case of plane stress z = 0 and for the case of plane strain z = 0 or z = const. for generalized strain. In both cases the stear stresses and strains are zero.
Thick Hollow sphere with internal pressure

Consider a sphere with inner radius a and outer radius b , subjected to an internal pressure P. It is obvious that complete symmetry about the center will exist so that the radial and any two tangential direction will be principal direction.

(1)

Elastic solution
1 r = E ( r 2 ) d From and + r = 0 1 dr r = [(1 ) r ] E

d d r 1 1 E [(1 ) dr dr ] + Er (1 + )( r ) = 0 compatituibility d r +2 r = 0 equabhuiums dr r

equations

27

2(1 ) d 1 d r = 1 + dr 1 + dr 1 = r + c1 2 From 2c d r 3 + r = 1 dr r r r d r + 3 r = 2c1 dr

d r 3 2c + r = 1 dr r r d , r = ez dz

let =

d d dr d z d = = e =r = rD dz dr dz dr dr

( + 3) r = 2c1
y h = c2 e 3 z = c2 1 r3

yp =

2c1 1 2 2 2c1 = = c1 (1 + ( ) 2 ) = c1 ( + 3) 3 3 3 3(1 + ) 3 3 c2 2 + c1 r3 3 r = c2 2 + c1 r3 3

y = yh + y p =

c2 2 r ( a ) = P = a 3 + 3 c1 From boundary condition c 2 r (b) = 0 = 2 + c1 = 0 3 b 3 c1 = 3 Pa 3 Pa 3b 3 , c2 = 3 2 b3 a 3 (b a 3 )

Pa 3 Pa 3 b3 a 3b 3 1 r = 3 (1 3 ) + 3 = 3 (b a 3 ) r 3 b a 3 b a 3 a 3 1 3 Pa = r + 2 2 b3 a 3

For convenience the following dimensionless quantities are now introduced:

= b r P , S r = r , S = , = , P = 0 0 0 a a

3 3 Sr = r = P 3 3 0 ( 1) 3 3 S = P 2 + 2 3 ( 3 1)
dw = ( ij ij )d ijp + d ij d ijp and ij : some state of stress inside

28

the loading surface

p p Q d ij d ij 0 d ij d ij cos 0 2 2 (acute angle) Q ( ) 0 d p cos 0 (acute angle) ij ij ij ij ij 2 2

For convex surface

No vector ij ij can pass outside the surface intersecting the

surface twice. The surface must therefore be convex. ( at

2

condition)

29

For surface is not convex

If the surface is not convex , there exist, some points ij , ij such

that the vector ij ij form an obtuse angle.

Singular point-

The yield surface has vertices or corners where the gradient is not defined (Tresca hexagon). Such point can be treated by introducing an auxiliary parameter. 7.Application To solve any plasticity problem, four sets of relations must be satisfied as: (a)

The equation of equilibrium of stress

ij x j + fj = 0

(b)

The strain-displacement or compatibility relations:

1 u u ij = ( i + j ) 2 x j xi = 0 for plasticity ii

30

(c)

The stress-strain relations

IVon-Mises yield function

1 2 1 J 2 = 0 , J 2 = sij sij 3 2

II Prandtl-Reuss Equations
d ijp = 3 d sij 2 e
p e

e = and d p = e

Test by tensidle-tet 2 p p d ij d ij 3 3 sij sij 2

(d)

The boundary conditions

ij l i = j stress-boundary displacement-boundary u j = U J

p26

31

p31
If we know m , then any point stress could be know.

If curves are now drawn in the xy plane such that at every point of each curve the tangent coincides with one of maximum shear direction, The two families of curves called shear lines, or slip lines.
line line

Note:<a> , are merely parameters or curvilinear coordinates used to designate the point under consideration, just as x and y designate the point. <b>Take a curve element, From monrs cycles

32

v d x 1 v v du x =x = =, y = y , xy = ( x + y ) x dt y 2 y x dt

From ,

= v cos v sin v y = sin + v cos = 0 2 K1 = c1 along line m m + 2 K 2 = c2 along line

If we choose the
= 0, , = = x y

curve linear coordinate system

m 2K =0 2 K1 = c1 along -curve m m + 2 K = 0 m + 2 K 2 = c2 along -curve

Hencky equation, From boundary condition, we obtain c1 , c2

If we know 1 , 2 m x , y , xy
.

Geiringer Velocities equation

From Prandtl-Reuss equation, and incompressibility condition

y d x d y x y p d 3 x y = x = d ij = sij xy xy xy e 2 d xy d + d = 0 d iip = 0 x y x+ y = 0 u u 1 u u and x = x , y = y , xy = ( x + y ) 2 y x y x v y d 1 v v y du x vx , y = , xy = ( x + ) x =x = = 2 y x x dt x y dt
p e

33

v y vx ( x ) ( y ) y = x vx v y 2 xy + ) ( y x v v y ( x+ )=0 x y

Since the principal axes of stress and stress and of plastic strain increment coincide, it follows that the maximum shear stress lines and maximum shear velocity lines coincides, or the stress slip lines are the same as the velocity slip line.
the strain rates normal to the and direction are equal to

the mean strain rate, that mean.

d d 1 = = ( x + y ) = 0 There dt dt 2

are no extension, only

shearing flows in the slip direction. (,) Now consider the velocities in the slip direction
And x v y = v sin + v cos

v = v cos v sin

Take , curve-line coordinate = 0

v v = ( x ) =0 = v =0 x and v v = ( y ) =0 = v + = 0 y
dv v d = 0 along a line dv + v d = 0 along a line

Geiringer velocities equation

.Geometry of the slip-line field

34

Henckys first law the angle between two slip lines of one family at the points where they are cut by a slip line of the other family is constant along their lengths.

From Henckys equation

m 2 K1 = c1 along line m + 2 K 2 = c2 along line

along AD- -line = mD 2K D along DC- -line mD 2=+ mC mA = + 4K D 2 K A 2 KC = 2 KC + 2 K A 4K B 4K D + 4K B = 4K C + 4K A D + B = C + A A B = D C

along AD- -line mA 2 K A = mD 2K D along DC- -line mD 2 K D = mC +2K C

mC mA = 4 K D 2 K A 2K C

The same method along AB and BC

mC mA = 2 KC + 2 K A 4K B
4K D 2 K A 2 KC = 2 K C + 2 K A 4K B 4K D + 4K B = 4K C + 4K A D + B = C + A A B = D C

35

(3)Maximum And Octahedral shear stress

. Maximum shear stress

Let us take the coordinate axes in the principal direction. And any section direction is v = l i + n j + mk = v j
r r r r

From

ij vi = Tvj

1v1 = Tv1 , 2 v2 = Tv 2 , 3v3 = Tv 3

uu uu r r 2 2 2 Tv 2 = Tvg = 12 v12 + 2 v2 + 32 v3 Tv

36