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Definition Design of One Way Slabs

CE A433 RC Design T. Bart Quimby, P.E., Ph.D.


Spring 2007
(updated Spring 2009)

A One Way Slab is simply a very wide beam that b th t spans between supports

Design for a 12 Width


When you solve for As, you are solving for l i f As/ft width.

Beam/Slab Profile

Design variables: Thickness (h) and Reinforcing

Solving for Thickness, h


Thickness may controlled by either:
Shear Flexure Deflection

Thickness Based on Shear


Shear stirrups are not possible in a slab so all you have is Vc for strength. strength
ACI 318-08 31811.4.6.1(a) exempts slabs from the requirement that shear reinforcement is required where ever Vu exceeds Vc/2.

Vu Vc = 2 f cbw d d Vu 2 f cbw

Thickness Based on Flexure


Use the three equations that were presented earlier in the semester for computing bd2 for singly reinforced concrete b t beams, using b = 12. i 12
Largest beam size (based on Asmin as specified in the code) Smallest beam size (based on the steel strain being .005) Smallest beam size not likely to have deflection problems (c ~ .375cb)

Thickness Base on Deflection


We havent covered deflection calculations yet. See ACI 318-08 9.5.2 318- 9 5 2
You must comply with the requirements of ACI 318-08 Table 9.5(a) if you want to totally 318ignore deflections

Other Considerations
For thinner multi-span slabs, it might be useful multito put the steel at mid depth so that it can act as both positive and negative reinforcing.
Then h = d*2

Flexural Steel
Consider as a rectangular singly reinforced beam where b = 12 The resulting As is the reqd As PER FOOT OF req d WIDTH. Also consider min As requirement ACI 318-08 31810.5.1 All bars can provide this As by selecting an appropriate spacing
Spacing = Ab/(reqd As/ft width) /(reqd Watch units!!!! Mu < Asfy(d-Asfy/(1.7fcb)) (dSolve for As

Cover requirements are a bit different


See ACI 318-08 7.7.1(c) 318-

You might need to make allowance for a wear surface

Spacing Limits
ACI 318-08 7.6.5 has an upper limit on 318bar spacing
S < min(3h, 18 ) 18)
Bar Ab (in^2) #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #14 #18 0.11 0.20 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.79 1.00 1.27 1.56 2.25 4.00 db (in)

Typical Calculation
Controlling Flexural Steel Requirement 0.294 in^2/ftw max s (in) 4.49 8.16 12.65 17.95 24.48 32.23 40.80 51.82 63.65 91.81 163.21 Use s (in) 4.50 8.50 13.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 Act. As (in^2/ftw) 0.293 0.282 0.286 0.293 0.400 0.527 0.667 0.847 1.040 1.500 2.667 Act d (in) 8.06 8.00 7.94 7.88 7.81 7.75 7.69 7.62 7.55 7.40 7.12 pMn (ft-k/ftw) 10.36 9.90 9.95 10.11 13.53 17.45 21.59 26.64 31.73 42.53 61.93 0.927 0.970 0.965 0.950 0.710 0.550 0.445 0.361 0.303 0.226 0.155 Mu/pMn c (in) 0.507 0.488 0.495 0.507 0.692 0.911 1.153 1.465 1.799 2.595 4.614 0.04466 0.04613 0.04510 0.04355 0.03087 0.02252 0.01699 0.01260 0.00958 0.00556 0.00163 Stl Strain

0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 0.875 1.000 1.128 1.270 1.410 1.693 2.257

The lower limit is as used in previous beam problems..


The clear distance between bars > max(1, max aggregate size/.75)

Note: Check development lengths

Temperature & Shrinkage Steel


ACI 318-08 7.12 318Reqd As/ft width = (12)h (12)h This steel is placed TRANSVERSE to the flexural steel. ACI 318-08 7.12.2.2 318Spacing < min(5h,18) = 0.0020 for fy < 60 ksi = 0.0018 for fy = 60 ksi

T&S Calculation
ACI 318-08 7.12.2.3 Spacing limits: S < min[5h, 18]

Layout
Temperature & Shrinkage Steel

Example #1
Continuous One-way Slab OneFlexural Steel

Example Problem
Materials: fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi ksi, Imposed Loads: Live = 100 psf, Dead = 25 psf psf,

Finding h
At this point, we have enough information to determine h using ACI 318-08 Table 3189.5a:
Cantilevers: h > L/10 = 24/10 = 2.4 Main Spans: h > L/24 = 120/28 = 4.29

We still need to check shear and flexure requirements but need more info!

Determine Loads
Consider only a 1 ft width of beam (b = 12) wLL = 100 psf = 100 plf/ft width wDL = 25 psf + weight of slab p g
Make a guess at a slab thickness or write the equations of shear and moment in terms of slab thickness Lets try h = 6 we will need to fix this later if it turns out to be greater. wDL = 25 psf + (150 pcf)*.5 ft = 100 psf = 100 plf/ftw wu = 1.2(100 plf/ftw) + 1.6(100 plf/ftw) = 280 plf/ftw

An Almost Arbitrary Decision


We will place the steel at mid-depth of the slab midso that it handles both positive and negative moments
This means that we only need to design for the worst y g case moment (positive or negative) along the span. As a result, d = h/2 This is a good choice for a short relatively thin (less than 8) slab. This makes things pretty simple. Only have to design one set of flexural steel!

Determine Maximum Shears


Use ACI 318-08 8.3 (the slab meets the criteria!) 318to compute internal forces (or you can do a full elastic analysis) The cantilevers are exempt from 8 3 since they 8.3 are statically determinant (i.e. dont meet the criteria to use 8.3) The two center spans are the same
Vu = wu*Ln = (280 plf/ftw)*(1.5 ft) = 420 lb/ftw plf/ftw)*(1.5 lb/ftw Vu = wu*Ln/2= (280 plf/ftw)*(9 ft)/2 = 1260 lb/ftw plf/ftw)*(9 lb/ftw

Determine Reqd h Based on Shear


For our choice:
d d d h = > > > h/2 > Vu/[2sqrt(fc)bw)] /[2sqrt(f (1260 lb/ftw)/[.75(2)sqrt(4,000)(12)] lb/ftw)/[.75(2)sqrt(4,000)(12)] sqrt(4,000)(12 )] (4,000)(12 1.11 in 2.22 in

Deflection criteria (Table 9.5a) still controls!!!

Determine Maximum Moments


Main spans: Ln = 9 ft
Can use ACI 318-05 8.3: 318Max positive Mu = wu*Ln2/16 = 1,418 ft-lb/ftw ft-lb/ftw Max negative Mu = wu*Ln2/11 = 2,062 ft-lb/ftw ft-lb/ftw

Select h Based on Flexure


Can use the equations derived for choosing the size of rectangular singly reinforced beams earlier in the semester.
Use b = 12 and solve for d.

Cantilevers are statically determinate: Ln = 1.5 ft. Design for Mu = 2,062 ft-lb/ftw ft-lb/ftw
Mu = wu*Ln2/2 = 315 ft-lb/ftw ft-lb/ftw

Try solving the equations for both max and min size to bracket the possibilities.
Max size (based on min reinforcing): h = 6.87 in Min size (based on stl strain = 0.005): h = 3.17 in

Now Make a Choice!


I choose to use h = 5 it is in the range for flexure and meets Table 9.5a deflection criteria and Shear Strength criteria Other choices that meet the limits computed are also valid No real need to go back and fix the h that our load estimate since they are close and the assumption was conservative, but can do it to refine the design if we want to.

Determine the Flexural Steel


Solve the flexural design inequality for As:
Mu < Asfy(d-Asfy/(1.7*fcb)) (d/(1.7*f As > 0.194 in2/ftw Watch those units!!!

Also check to make sure that the minimum As is met The larger value controls
Use As > 0.194 in2/ftw As > max(200,3sqrt(fc))*bwd/fy = 0.0949 in2/ftw max(200,3sqrt(f ))*b

Select the Flexural Steel

Consider T&S Steel


For our case, = 0.0018 Reqd As > 0.0018(12)(5) = 0.108 in2/ftw Max allowed spacing = min(18,5h) = 18 Compute some spacing and choose a bar:
For #3 bar:
s < 0.11 in2 / (0.108 in2/ftw) = 1.02 ft = 12.2 in ftw)

Use #4 @ 12 O.C.

For #4 bar: s < 22.2 in use 18 #3 is the better choice!

Use #3 @ 12 O.C. for T&S steel

Final Design Example #2


Single Span One-way Slab OneSlab Thickness = 5 Longitudinal Steel = #4 @ 12 O.C. @ mid-depth midTransverse Steel = #3 @ 12 O.C.

Example Problem
Materials: fc = 3 ksi, fy = 60 ksi ksi, Imposed Loads: Live = 100 psf, Dead = 10 psf psf,

Finding h
Recall that the slab thickness, h, will be dictated by shear, flexure or deflection. At this point, we have enough information p g to determine h using ACI 318-08 Table 3189.5a in lieu of deflection calculations:
Simple Supported Span:
h > L/20 = 180/20 = 9.00

We still need to check shear and flexure requirements but need more info!

Determine Loads
Consider only a 1 ft width of beam (b = 12) wLL = 100 psf = 100 plf/ft width plf/ft wDL = 10 psf + weight of slab p g
In this example, we will write an equation for the load as a function of h, using units of inches for h. wDL = 25 psf + (150 pcf)*h/12= (25 + 12.5h) psf = (25 pcf)*h/12= + 12.5h) plf/ftw plf/ wu = 1.2((25+12.5h) plf/ftw) + 1.6(100 plf/ftw) = (172 + plf/ftw) plf/ftw) 15h) plf/ftw plf/

Choose Where to Place The Flexural Steel


For this problem, we will place the flexural steel at the lowest possible location in the slab.
This is Thi i a good choice since th d h i i there are only positive l iti moments in the slab. As a result, d = h cover db/2
For now, assume cover = 0.75 and db/2 = .5 You will need to verify the assumptions before you are finished!

d = h 1.25

Determine Maximum Shear


In this case, shear can be computed using Statics.
Vu = wu*L/2= ((172 + 15h) plf/ftw)*(15 ft)/2 plf/ftw)*(15 Vu = (1,290 + 112.5h) lb/ftw (1 290 112 5h) lb/ftw

Determine Reqd h Based on Shear


For our choice:
d = h-1.25 > Vu/[2sqrt(fc)bw)] h/[2sqrt(f h-1.25 > ((1,290+112.5h) plf/ftw) / ((1,290+112.5h plf/ftw) [.75(2)sqrt(4,000)(12)] [.75(2)sqrt(4,000)(12)] h > 2.46 in

Deflection criteria (Table 9.5a) still controls!!!

Determine Maximum Moment


Main span: L = 15 ft
Mu = wu*Ln2/8 Mu = ((172+15h) plf/ftw) * (15 ft)2 / 8 plf/ftw)

Select h Based on Flexure


Can use the equations derived for choosing the size of rectangular singly reinforced beams earlier in the semester.
Use b = 12 and solve for d.

Mu = (4,838+422h) ft-lb/ftw ft-lb/ftw

Try solving the equations for both max and min size to bracket the possibilities.
Max size (based on min reinforcing): h = 7.38 in Min size (based on stl strain = 0.005): h = 4.08 in

Deflection Criteria still controls


Table 9.5a is very conservative since larger than max flexural size criteria

Now Make a Choice!


I choose to use h = 6 it is in the range for flexure and meets Shear Strength criteria. It does NOT meet Table 9.5a criteria, which simply means th t deflection calculations will be that d fl ti l l ti ill b required. Other choices that meet the limits computed are also valid.

Determine the Flexural Steel


Solve the flexural design inequality for As:
Mu < Asfy(d-Asfy/(1.7*fcb)) (d/(1.7*f As > 0.365 in2/ftw Watch those units!!!

Also check to make sure that the minimum As is met The larger value controls
Use As > 0.365 in2/ftw As > max[200,3sqrt(fc)]*bwd/fy = 0.180 in2/ftw max[200,3sqrt(f )]*b

Select the Flexural Steel

Consider T&S Steel


For our case, = 0.0018 Reqd As > 0.0018(12)(6) = 0.1296 in2/ftw Max ll M allowed spacing = d i min(18,5h) = 18 Use #5 @ 10 O.C. for T&S steel
A good choice because it is the same size and spacing as flexural steel. Hard to make a mistake in the field.

Use #5 @ 10 O.C.
easier to work with than #4 @ 6.5 O.C. and low amount of steel

Final Design

Floor Slab in Guatemala

Slab Thickness = 6 Longitudinal Steel = #5 @ 10 O.C. w / cover Transverse Steel = #5 @ 10 O.C.

Cantilever Slab in Portland, OR

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