Professional Documents
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E 1 0 - E c 3 E L E C T R 0 - O U L# U3 E - - 6 A r t i c i e s f r o m R u s s i a n s c i e n t i f i c T R literature of the | 960s i ng phenomenal , results of experiments: i E l e c t r i c a ls t r a t i f i c a t . i o no ^report ( O b u U l e h e s u c c e s sa t e ) . , ' f r e-s oi w un g s f giafts t r U t. _ e l e c t r i c a l t r e a t m e no f s e e d s . .R e d / g r e e nu e - g r e e ni q h t etfse c - .-. t bI / l - i oit v i o l e t - I i g h t s v s . i n s e c t s ...c o n c e n i r a t p u t s 6 d r n i i g h i s ed y i e l d & e a r l i e r c r o pw i t h o n l i 3 0 m i n u t ets e a t m e n t a i i y ! ) . l n n t c i n c i e a s e o r o e ,i + -
ACfeSruK?
sith TErtrncnt of Plslt! rnd t!td. q'nolnr' gtootn Proctlt-t tftr Sool"
iutricotsrnd.Pultcd
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noa.' Arizonr and' Pr'lr' iio"J, Nc* Merico' san ."i-.ir".'ii i""tttii- ilt"uro, ln lndisncommuniry'not
oct rcc. Funh.rmote, Auars! grtrnc csrltonitcd rlfrlfr' ;'rh;;iJ ". ulcd oa"'thitd l6t fecd tnrt hit c.o(t uPPingrwcgt milk "-i.utf. "ftrc 66ooto 73ooPou'dr rton ;;;;;" ir lunarcd -ciglt P"t ccrr' *ir"T." .t- nloccir tlrt hir rlfdfr our' olrntsqci! flvonbly stoolltrS l''" btrnch growrll.on thc rt"."y iiio.i* hit ifiJ-o.-tt or tircir stcmr'ehich in
gto?.t t cocur.d so wrll for thc l9tto ctpcctr ii".o.iott thrt hG confidently
7 .d: "49 rctrt tctr Phatad ol MrY dfrlfr -!od ."i S io frcrhlY Plorcd qlound. All rcrca tcr? $PrrYadon I'|rt oo" 8rllon of, liquid ctlqun' il rad. "ith ;-ft-;i ftnY ra3uvrnt. t'l
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li'.iiu". iir'i"i "i**r""t
corn mclons' aropt,p"ppatt,tomatoca' rnd &marsnth'
Pcnn' H8lold Aungtl, s Mcveyto*n' to -"ii'.'*at driry frrmc!' h'd a-chsncc svlvenir contcst for alfalfa lt'"-,'rt.
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,llso succcssfulsith Ctrllon s m'' Aaron thod wst PcnnJYlvanirfermcr of Morison !-covc isc Zimmcrman, vho pro' u,,S'A'. Jlnuary' 1966) Acrcs of alfalfs erch wcrghlng duc:td bslcs with on acrcsSc11g113d iiu'lt-a.. Zimmermen ntliz?d 93 i;";"Ti;;' ss 88sin3torlt 37 b'l's i.i.i *t "". land, or 3,4E7pourd! vct' oo unttcrtcd -*"lpoundt Pcr sc!c' No lcts tuc' sur 1.3E7 chip struckmcFt' in hot ;;i; vul.' Citv'C.fiio-i8' sho ilcrc'tcd by oect iit-oa"ioirt slfElfs Productio! thc lut thnc of sir lf,qi'i".r"itFtg
; ""lttiffi ij"-;:l"Tffitct !'crsturesx.T: in the JL ficer trlo ana miPs wcrc splryed on "':S 5O!. Coltrol .io liqurd fish rnd scg*eed
i"i. il pcr end 10-6-6 fertilizet st ooc quart sdjuvsnt' with I little sPr8Y acrc, "MY harvcn drla, ttkcn dun'lS-tnc q6 8 ,.*ni *""f of Xottmbr lhowcd: p.t acre (bpr) oE thc,contrcl luJ.it
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40
*::1.ffi;'ll;hH":l:,#ll: ii.-"G,-rlt" ,io.t tr'icdcr bdve! crrt).'' to 60% doublc lv onc I)orlocln Blekc s fcllol'lo*la' rnd hc :n"'*"'*:'$tq#;'i::1i,[:i;in thc country' StruckEleF Stcr Kthl of Chcrokce, glst r.xly'o'Yc' ii"" *rrii il.ii""t ogticulturc' 8nd it! frilur6'
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ffi;;dd
ray somc of hir Phnu Puttint out rt At th! trtft nmc' - n* tat" P"t ttatt' 'ut d crtlson's mcthod ro G E;i caD' m^kc J1'000 ou r tmdl g|rdca ol rnclolr thrt wciShcd en rvcretc ldouoc to 3
riT,'{#i*ffi:;""l"fi:tr
old' l,o.iii iia *ttt plrntsfourvc*s agc tro ycrn of J'i"li"r,'11".. only
t"-"*; iL*tiit ";d Hb msrch to r dificrcnt i;-i;;' rclctton' a reasoncd drurnircr wr:
-.
th' tontz."tt oDlyrhrough to 6,ES of amounts cxpcnlivc' .i -ii"*,-""a totrl costs t"niri""tt' 'cungst's .i.mi"ir ioi-t"trton t nutrifltt w* s50 Pr
glizc .ctc. *frictr allowed him !o an
CORN uPwllr Cornrro{rrs dso havccornc r imorcsiic !6ult3. Afrct ttlttlng with SonicBloom ii"iii naa vui?tY thrt includcd icason i'".ii" " a droPof rrir' JIm -ii "-*"g r-J *iii*ttt.i' oot"rt"ttti' Io?r' rchisYad ili.r. wncll' pcr from97 to 130bushcls rctc'
e! his ncithbon fot milct 8roun6 w'rc
i-,i i *"i0" "t* codPrcd to I -c-*, muldr fot ultrstrd fnritt' *il];t Illtnois' H'w' on sooic Bloorn. Iccd ';-"-g n-i.rr-"t "iJ rith normrllvlbr- yiclds l;'.
llDor lD' 'clrtci ocr err rnd rtquirilg itrtcnsiv? *ith thc rduits fii. H; ;rr s'llc l-fti.ft'..tn.a him r oqr pro{lt of '
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lrEctfAn El jrortcr of trtc com rad Ttrl rcrc .qudt plc.tcd othcr lltltrbb rtth thdr sob BloD drdFd r!ruj!' Doa Jeaa of Fat Mrtrtt. Pl6ldt, v!S!tr!h. isof "S..podc" 3r*a c'?.rd hh cscuabc coqlt bt 1@i, ll. I! m rort 'r'h l(xl ftt lq, YbG. tutncd out l7,m po!d1 a t14 lx rtc.drtd ton& of frult E .pFl|!t 50 cot fot crch "cttc." on thc lclt b&t ot tbr MLddPPi Rlwr nol frs fto6 llr rcuca, ffill Knhs, of Rlvlr Pdb. l{Lcoartn. tiplcd hit t't cor! tbld h hb tnct thrc. crrr o! 65% of Itrd.o. rfitd!8 htr comarltr, rad ctdtcd up |! 6dthc mrtcd 50tl plur larngo rros bord ritt ruch trblo rGtgrblcr .r brkcd oniort, tonrior, FPFI', bcrar, trcct pcrt rad crcumbdr rnd crca rccoad-Fr rrprtrgur. Sornc 225 rlilc| to ths cst, tlr! P!tq, of Sturgcon Br , dro ttcr nuldplc-reFd trr* corn; "Blg Boy" tocrtoc! f,ith clunctt of 12 to 14 ftritr lDttcrd of the normd 3 to 4; rad thc "bcrt-trrdng cucunbcn I crlr gr3r," for dl of rhlch ha rccivrd prcrniun priccr rt tarvcsdlfictrrt lmdl rtor3 tuppltinS "or8raic" prcducr,
fton O to lm. Clurtrn of pod! rctr typicr[t 5 to 7 F blrct, tonsdnc. |t hiSh || 9 pcc brrcl Tbs unracd b.rar bd r t odroct to bchrrt lllo thcn|Giv!. dltnblrt plut , ddts both rloqrd o |mtht' rld rrourd ths buttos|ldr thrt Stcr up tbo"! thc ca!o!t, TE tld bc.nt hrd ftr rodul6 ou thcir 'rtt |t corDparld ualrcatld to rhhh hed rcrard aodulrdoo.Thc q. trr rolrld 'rr plstld cotrdluoudt dur. in8 drtlltbt houlr for tro rGlr h Juas." on'/|l{GEl At LB.lh. Florid& i! th3 hrlrt of onoof Floridr'r lcdlog orlnF$orlng ccEtst|, Rot Mcclurg, rho rill hrlrttt i! lrtc Mrrch of thit y!|r, dtlmrtrr rt lcut r a0% ilcrtrrc h orrnt! pmduddoaoa thc 160rcr?t hc Ecrtrd, If hrt )sr'r priccr hold, thir will ncrn r ll00 pct rctr ircrcrrc in rcltauc. Mote ri8trificstrtt, hir trclt rftctcd, lllc thota of roort Floridr onagcracn,dtl (YDT)," r ro frr ia. "youngtrcc docltac clrrrbh dburc ?hlch thrirclt thct root lyJtcmr, rarc bcginalng, uadcr thc Crrkoa.dcviscd milirtrrtloo, to rlturn to hcdtt rt thor! by the frqt thrt thsy wcreproducing to 60 onngrt in cu. 50
SOYBEAI{S Priticulrrly imprc{ivc r,crc tcatt of thc lound rDd nutdent method run on soybcenr by Gctad Cathon, r btmcr and scniorcditor of hofcuional Farncts of Americo, in Ccdr Frllt, Iowr, whoselong journdiltlc crpcricnce htd madchim hiShly skcpdcrlof Carlson's ciaimr. In E formd rtport of his flcld trisls, hc statcdthrt rvc[8c yicld! werr thc foilonin8; BPA F o ru n t F r t a d r c P r, . . , , , . , , , , . 3 7 c Fo( cropr trrrtcd only sith "Soaic loon" tound . . . ..,,.44.2 B For cropr tslttld rith "sonic Bloom" rcund rnd thtlr rp yinS! of "Sonic Bloom" utricntt,...........,5n For croD! trcrtcd with "Soric Bloom".#s rcund rnd fivc rPnY' ingr of "Sonic Bloon" lutdcnttTs'2 Genld Cerlson rddr: "Thcse trieb vcrt dotlc in rtlps ia thrrc sdjr$nt 9lott. Plonccr 6rlt bcltr! wllc phntcd on Mry 20. The plou tlcltcd rith round only out.yicldcdthc tamc vuicty on rimilrr toi.lt onc-hdf nile dtttlnt rnd crpotcd to ttcithcr touDdl[orryql. Additiinel lprtyt on thc flvc'rgrry rcrcr8! wcrc rppllcd bY hud. Othc! sprryt rctc rpPllcd bt 8mund boom rnd tnctor' Soybcr8 wct! eitiblY Itrrrf itr tFrted ficlds, with rn inclcrtc -podr gc. Phat, Podt aurnbering ln
trart to urfr.tad YDT lltcr frral lacre bcrrill only 5 to 5. Mcclun hop.r lirt rnothff ycrr'r ttlrtncnt of thc tlcotnF iflg tFG! mly brint thcm back to nor. mel which mry imPly r rrvolutiooary solutioato s dirrrsc Problcmon which thc strte of Florid! hrs thu3 f!. fruit. lcssly sp?trt millions of dollsrs of rc' lcarch moncy. of community Lale In mid.Floridr's wslcs, Rodncy Dcan, I nuncr]'mln, trcatcd Birter, Hrmlin and Vrlcncir bEby orsng ttr.t to find thst thst quictly doublcd in lizc rt comPrrcd '*ith unttrrtcd stock. Thc kcy to thc doublhg rc.rncd to bc thc frct thrt thc littlc trlrr rccciying tfltmcnt Put out lcrv6 mor! thrn tTicc thc tizc of thc hdf-dollrr iizcd lervesof thcir untrcrtcd ncighboit, sllori!8 thctn to rrl.h r strgc for trusplrntirS in the ficld in two-thirdt the tlmc rormrlly requltrd. Mray of thc rbovc growcrr hsw irdl. crtcd th?y lntc[d to incrru thc nutn. bcr of rcEt tFrt?d in l9E6 tnd MrtYin Kochn. a Ner Ordct Mennonitcfrmet in lroti, Kms|!, hrt siglcd up to tErt E00gcrcs of corn rnd sunfloqcrs-for r totrl clrt of t50 pc! acrr-cultivrtcd by hirnrclf 8nd hit h'o brothcn. Cerlson also ht3 Plsnt to mlkc his oroccsr evailsblc to the Olivc Grrvst tcntcr for the Improvcmcntof Humrn Fuacioniag i! wicbitr, Keotrr, r ho' littic mcdicll rct$ch ilttihttion thich pltnr to Jtrfi s Ssrdenof hctbt to ttt thck n[tritionrl qullitlct' Thc c!nt?t't
hbontoria rul rlto do crnftrl rarly. scr of Sonic Bl@m tr.rtad prlduca to dctc! i! ln.r!|t.. ilt itr rnito rcidr rnd othcr nuaidolrlt tnFnrlt con. tanB. Itt 19E5,Cdro! r! ulcd thc follor. ing invrntory of Infonnrfon: . solic Bloon hg aq bcan trrtrd on ovrt I 00 tpccict of plrtrtt rith nrr!. ed tuccrtt. o A Putple Partion Wne t hottu phnt rhich no?tt|dly rttlifi r lctrSth of no mo't thrn I E inchcr, 3rer I ,300 fct brck lld fodh oa nuroslt rpr.ld *irct irung rdlu thc ccillng ltt r llv. in3 rom. Thc f.rt lt rccordld h thr Gtimut Roo* of Reotdt. Cttlrcn told mc: "l mrdc rbout ,l0O, cunlno fton thrt vbc rnd, rhGl I rcld them, I ircludcd ny tclcpionc nunbe! rith crch cutd!8, plur th? mstrg; I/ de plar, dlct. cell mc fot o rtplaccacnt, Orct thr!" to four moltht, I tot mrny cdlt , . . lot to trt thst ray of thc plrDtr rltr dytry, but to rlpon thrt .ll thr cuttlngr hrd gto'E fto r 75 to 100 ft3i loo8, out ofpoir oaly 4 lacher tdl." . Crdtoni4d hu3! rtitc crcllflor* hrdr could bc prckcd only four to r bot i! bora thrt normdty contdr r dorcn hcrdr. ThG Mhncrotrr frrmer ?ho 8lc? thc outrlzsdhcrdr vhich wcre dltc||c-rcti$r.at md of rclpriond tstc, ncttcd 1200,000on 20 acrec,or pcr $10,000 rcte, Hh cortsfor thc ncEt. mcnt clmc to only S1,000. . Soybcsnphntt producrd up to 300 podr pc! plsnt (30 to 35 podr rr normal), eith more bcenr on cach ridc shootthrn on rny untlertcd planr. The berqs, tEstcd ia Witconlill, contrincd 27% protcinrt agsinst normcl 15%. r . Cucumbcr flncr with up ro iir (in. stcrd of jutt on!) cucumbcr pcr lc8f rcSrDcnt."l crll thir shrlhnging thc rcd," Carkon lid. . Ptpryr ttlct on thc Bl8 ltl8nd of Hrweii with l3S lrr$ prpryu (normrl .10.35)."Scc *hcrc thcy'vc bcsn rim. mcd rnd cut brck rt thc bottom . . , r lot of thcn uruelly dlc tfrct thtt, but thc rprrycd tlccs bctln to put prpsy$ out 8ll ovcr rgrin," Cerlson com. mcnrcq. . On root rFtcmr bctwccn tnrtcd rnd un$crtcd wintcr whcrt lrhntr, th tErted onet reetr Iongerrnd lushcr. . EiShtcnornout lcnuc hcrdr flllcd to thc brirn r bo: thrt norrnrlly c!a. tdlt 24 hcr&. . An old mrcrdrmir nut trlc in Hrmii conridcEd "p t th? rgr of pr!. dustion'' rvr! puning out nuts in rll $egrr of mrturity plut flor'rt, viriu8lly bccomiD8 "?va.bcriin8" tftr. !a . A Srccnhourcln Hewdl fcd ovcr 500 pcoplc?ith vrgctrblcr o! jun hrlf r! rclt of grodnS rsdr(t . . . 20 l|rg!
t$lt DGrdrY of c|lclrf|bcr! wcie c!n' rrrnrti harvcttrd jurt 3t dryr lncr plsnring from rcld . . ;07t incrc$s '"to rec recordcd for squ$h "*"al crorth tnd 50% for buth bcrli. An ryocrdo trtr in Hrrrii produccd fruir clustcn of 16 to 20 rvocadosin olrcr of thc normrl I or 2. r A Floridr otlnS! t!!c wrs treated on onc sidc onlY. Thc trrtcd half rcrrlcd orengc in rll ttrgd of maturi' tt, plut coPiousiloret 8m*th. maklng tii" thc rbovc-mcntioncd oi'it. ' The mrcrdemir nut. ".v6'bcsrin8. urrtrgttcd sidc r,rs pcdcstrianly nomal' . Ditt Dhtlts ovcr four feet tdl' call8 lillica ov; 5it fcst nll, bcll pcppcr ghntt bring 50 Pcppcrs.nd up, and with 200 to JOo blooms ifricer "iolcr (30 bl@rnt beirg normd), PlthrDt thc mct rmrzing rsPect of Dea Crtison's discovcrt b ttIGfrcr thrt, not donc pla.t!' but rl$ thci e?'it.
iag in ovtt 40 of thc ertth'r nrtionl. s.rr th" C'hildFa h|t Eportcd tntt n|t $cdr mrturcd wlll tnd producd etccl' lgat ctoD. ia I regioa thclr dry'titnc tcnocn-rutll rrc oftcn me$urrd rt 145 Fr Ar I finish thir acrount, rDothcr300 pouldr of trcrtcd sqd wct? thiPPGdto Sudu fot plxrtinS.
gtgy or do plonts
'Bul !h. hsaF to6!|yi. l.a it rny lnut co(rcaa! atd to td to6a *cta ll|.unl Bill K.lhtl. |! orlrnr trr' dlncr from RtuG' F lt, wl. rcilt rcarubl.. rnd cul flo;' .d and hu ut d Sonrc gl@a
cloim An insone
rrG rffccicd bt thc si! ultrncoul tlelt- B/ fi1 M. B.trry mrnt of hk tutricots rod sound. ln my3;G D.C. kitcheo, I wubingtoD yo{r. ordon r! .to.l"^l1r.d* opco-poUinrtcd cora sccd ia r bowl -'I b.,nt .utc ro prqruc.Atthc nutricnt solution shilc lcl$ng con- nc.! violcr! qth oycr 2m ot I J-{@' lort|rlo trql tcrdr ttkett from thc samc corn bl@m'
;il, t";;-;ilttowt
Whilc soskirS, thc tFalcd 'cos \r'erebr6!omr. b' po'!t' exDorcd for about an hour 8nd a half to such|r3rltt Inrv
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cr d i r n " r e g a ' m u s i c p l a y e do n ' c a s s c R e i r r m u r r ( o r l l c d s o n r c bv t8gc. By morning, most of th. lrcal.d Blom. Dsvclop.d Dln Canronr ol'nl rcr'nult rno sccds hrd Serminatcd. Put into the
15 rhc product aythblc thcy sproutcd E to 9 deys carlrer oFn!'ons r'n$n8 ro s'z their untrcatcd countcrpans. --i h-rg!J'rt ro btr ror u".a thc horni kit on a doz'n flom "r"" pd;;;;;;s sEn b.ll rpp"'n"ff.tif;#Ti ."-oo "r. which t had bcen growtng ln gooo solt c!!!.rttrpcof highjrcqucnWh"rc"" my pcp' cv ioundimb'dd'd-in lndirt fot .cv"nt ,.r"ols. rr n[]tJrJH:,,"'l:
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''Paoplc conlantly trll aboul th hish qurlitY ol ou 'W. !.tctibl.., h t|)'r. 8. lncrctt d )icldt lno q. gc e.8cl lo rnrr r h c r n . r r l ' c r! o kd shcrd of cvcr1orcclt . Krahn 3:y, hit cu! floa.r ltlt lontc! rnd hc br, lolrce _trtrn.ndor,r grot'th" in rt iolj.t. rod bl@mml olrn whcrc Sonrcgloom hr! b
''w.'v. notrc.d lhc Pl.. hc rr! ar. h.rlthit.'' ''Th.r..r!fl t tr trl.ny rnt d
*or"rn,nt rrrcc rnrprrl* thc fit:t of sccond ?ock ot August. rEatcd gltqts bcgrn bclring maturc chclrtco rdrno rqdt' and
t':g3i-
Plrlu I).. c..b trcfl F.ord'Ftlrrl sr! S.aE Blo..! H! PurDl. Puttd pbd n tt!.d b t* C&es D@t ot
'ttrc.t d our H.lprrS bit ptott l| tbc rcuoo Bru Sron u&a Soolc Bl@r Slo! oFrrt.t D.corrliv. Dcrtnr' cornD.nv rLd lat.t aad lrlltlrr 3 ir! n phntt fot omcca' locLt
miscs to uy pcrson with cvcn a small e.*crd$r l:v|.'lft ! Problcm Dlot of SrouDd thc opPortunlty to teco a3rng.In |dv'nurn8 irimsclf, his family and his neighbors at b"5u|. of rhc trurb unrd
''r'5,ff1i tuii b'rd' mc lilptirt nutric;ttappli' "iilil"l'lii,i! tum, harl& r! cEllcrpr' ?ridir cd. Thit, sruurc oitircunr"crhrr tion of courtl6t gto?cn frot! thgrt c!' ruyof MirnJo[. adrnra proccg rr-u* thrrllmclt to thc moooPolict of rgn' ;cr"epcoprc -. -----,-
lo C!ri!oo. nut.icnlt, rccltdint Sprlrng thc Plrnl qlh rh. nulnc-nt drrur! b !.aond. Tha b.!t rma lor t! crriY ltromh!' bc !hi! u.rh.tlt C.rbon b.g.! hlt rorl 01gr 20 yern sto, At an AnnY boldar gurro in |outh Korcr. hc wrtDca$d r aor!' rn lryrot lo till hct oen child rrtb.r lhm !c. it n.rv.- Al llrra ofi.nl Carlton dcdiclt.d hi, liI! !o tolvitl rhc vorld buolrt Problcm. A!4 ehilc rotting to rchi.v. rh to.l. hc dcv.loFd SoDrcBhon. Aftct toitlt coomclcirl tbat y..n r3o. Crrlto! bc!|i r.llin: nit D.oduct bv mii oftlcr,.ovcn'ttn3 ln r:tlcullutd Public$ innrnlY iioot tnd lhtoud eord'of-mouth' n &r.rrr Sor|c Blom tt Pltcntcd . counan rnd,Carltotl rr rtaltul I o.lcnt in th. Unit.d Sttllt. ' "w'!t hrd ofltt to tlll oul." hc
uurii.rt
-,cltmplc of wh8t hi! mcthoos bmc vc crtrl hrvcroomrnyplrnu As ao "na "Third tb' hout' Dc'!ut' ih'Y lcr cstr do for drought'oppresscd "'ouoo oI Prtlron.prrnt Crtlsoo hrs recently to bi&' { Purplc Wotld" countricl,
r drt!, in Afiics, thtough thc goodofEocstr-tdcrushrrt c'rlt"llT l-"::11
'w. hrw . lot of Pirntr 8or 'i inro lor-liahl rr!|','' bc '|lr. find tirr if rc u t lbE $t! s.r Bl@E tbcy do htrcb b.rE! Er( odlv ibc ficu tt!.a TtcY $ippcd up froE nordr ltrd lor. I! rn lor ;f lhar Lrvt but lhre *i|! Sdb Blood dcY boid duch batlcr," Sroo. lddod thtt hc llt.o Dlut oo tti. in lba omaa o. bc b.cru. thc tPtay l! too4ox,a rlo ut a tbc Prlaaa. i! hit 8t' Arbao trF bi! conlnunic|t r,irh pl|!u $ orlt !b. b.lutln8 qbrr jt po..ibl. ''Somcdry vlll b. rbk to, .|btt *c *ul ri ohlu.rrcrjy tbqn'bcuYr. Anv lomtlo Pltll lirt bcat bm.ro.a ot bot!.9lanl th|r 8rcw l3m f .t i.r lcnnt tt I$r ,.r thc mc$.8c riShi a
9(;"" su, so-ail I'h";;I # n ;;;:. #"-.a,r'"ili,i. i"ii "r iscDt to 5u'Prnoirhcp,.nrv.ldtt.oy.deh.n U"',) scedr rctc Bloom Fatcd
r childrci. multi-million oi''d."",r'" ff*t.1ill-T,ffi'iffi1"-' -so;rc
dollu chrritrblc otSrrirrtioa oPatlt' Bi@'n r r*o-|l.p p.occ,a ih. PhYrnS c.taatt.to tlta Pl.nt l!
fim. Thc loutd ittd ttu!|c oFn lh. Jo tllt! b.ltcr .b|or! llJ rtotn.tt
utilization s i n c e i o n g a g o ' t h e l o w v a t r r e o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f s o l a r e n e r S y u limproving b y p efficiency h e s y n t h e s i s o f o ' of i l i z a t i o n the l a n t s f o r t of yU"t"g"t' lo p":". tn",P:"tO:tl:l:: -Ho""u"' understood ganic maiter has prompred phytopn "s mechanism is ralher well ' althoughthe Pholosynthesi by th" ptant o'g"'iiturlirzat]on of rad i ant energy considerablythe absorPtionand in our abilily *'f iit'oo at the Presenttime, we are "i[ ::]l:1,::'t lhe yielding caPacrly energy by p'lanrsand thus improle *" *t. "i o n e w a y o I i n c l e a s i n g l h e P r o d u c t i v i t y o f a g r i c u l t u r a l P l a n l s i s l h e p o s s i lr i list y o f i n t e n s toy determineothe de- g e t r c b i necessaryi f i n g t h e p h t o e n e r bJen studying fo' sometime ultraiD Plalrts' a Possibili!yrnLch we have pfocesses suniiSht in lhe range from the and rhe spectral-coT P::tttt" of the study of lhe pendence of these Processes '""';;;;;;t; of plants includes "" (lR) radialion' i;clusive Thus' the Photoenergetics vrolet (UV) to the infrared "oc;ave" of the enlire range of eleclromat(lhe blolotjcally mon important action not only of visible ljght rays raves),butalsoofthebortlcrtngultraviolerandinf'a'"dladiationsBesidesthephotosynthetjcactionofllght'the as well as a P } l o ! c ' ] l ] e r g e t L c s o f P l a n l s i s a l s o c o n c e r n e d N i t h n om p i no y ors h e t t i leu irc li in ah ito i n d u e e d s e a c tp r o usl i n s e e d s a n d p ] a n l s N o n n h t y n r l t n g l - no f s c r nd s i o n -s llghl.rays' a l i l a reactrons re t""ti'iy'"'unt" photos!nlhetic bytheUVandlRradjarioniooro"ri.,jo,,uirilt"'trgh,'rn"reactionsthatdeveloPinthrscaseareofrcnreferred!o a s l h o r o b i o l o g i c a lr e a c t i o n s of the eleclromagnellc sPec-flre r:ombrncd 3ct\on ol U\/ alld ll{ ladialions with rays of the !isible Poflion rrLlmlso{lpecialjnlc|.]rtAnLmPoltanisubjectoIPhotoenerselicirr,,estigationslslheac!ionofcolicentraledpulsed s l r n l r g h { C t ' S L )o n s e e d sa l l d P i a l [ ! ' l rhe relsted rs clolel} connecte:\'ith new problem of genetal p}r)sjolog} on the meetThe Plloroencl{erlc! 01 Plants as a t h a t h e sd e v e l o P e d f a \ L h r c ha l s o . o , , , t i r u , " - < r i e ' w u e l d l fLeldr )rr larucular, blLrto!tca,J,o"l"aaon,a,.
Ce interes! f, F i r s !L e n
encoun!e ln otner I
reson' Paramasne'[ic ;;;.l,r:i"'o'",, rli"1f ::::lli:"ru'::::*:l';:",":"IJ:'.'"1:,'*:i,:1"..o. allrc (El)li) can be use.i !cr\ cll'r(
logical {
The Ll
:nl;:l*l,l;['i';ff1"il:1";i:*.:"":*:tj::i::il;rIH:i]::"J;l';::Ji:L*
problemn ,rr"n"*, a"""a".--" r ' " a r t n e p l o b l e m f h j g h l yo ' S a n i z e d o r n a r ! w i l l c o n s r i t u t t h e c h i e fs c i e n r i i i c r e a . S z e n t - G y o r g[y2 ] i n r r o d u i c o n c e Po f r h e e n c r s e t i ci f e c y c i e ' t l w h i c hc o n s r s r n l h e f a c r r h a !e l e c r r o n s n r i ' i n g s y s r e ma r er , r r , l is s r u , , i l ot.o th i J h e r n e r g y e v e l s y p h o r o n s , - nS e l b a f r c fr v h i c h , l " y a " r . " " o ' , o i i " , , r e v e r , r n i r r i n g o r r i o no f r h " i , , e p s g,or,,u "*"0
narLrrar are sciencc: ro rhe first prace,rhe ,l^u,.]".^.'Ihat o l e l e m e n ! a r P a r t i c l eis p h ) s r c s ) i::"-::l**o.t"r d s 'l h e p r o b l e no f p r r m a r y n o t h e rk o r n or, p a r r r c l eo r mlalrlr 'e r la l d ,, n , n j n " o " s ' . " ' " ' ,l n r I e s e c o r rp l a c e ,t h e s l f u c t u r e n db e h a v j o f d h i S h l yo r g a n i z e m a r r e r n b i o l o s v d a i of ""'u:i;;1,-;,
ue,tralnopinions expressed the Novei prjze winners by . N. ^ Se N. interestror the subsequent [1.]and A. szent-cyorSyi [2, 3] are of rheor",i;,;;.;; ; j-'"1'^:'i:'::' ll .bemenov
entrgetlc bonri- cal bc ! r a r i . f o r n r e r lr j r r o e r e c t r o n 'fhe ri-.ovt apitfo:lcl, to lft ult( ol the tlleor) ol puiserl r i I L r. , rrr l r r, . ,, . , , ' , tt" t t " 't0 "t' o i " t "' t tl)e pulscd s!nliLhl Ho\fa\ai. \(, ,ir,,, llr:i c\anlir)e logtcal cliect
n,o,,o\aren, rie quesrron tran.fo:n.:,tro,:,. ."".";;;;;,;;,;,;::,'j,.:i:I,:;:::ii,il,,l][i,i"ii ,n"r", .1,''", ,l"j] h r sm o r o Q f a Pi hr o e n e r g e r r c s tt"'', G)org\r l r' j,
l : r l , \ a s r e d u c e d a i a r c f\ o r k , " , n " , , , ri , l,LiD t , ]o rl c e rl nllll t gl" . h ( ' ) l . l cl : _ - ' l l l l
c r r e r l q rl . . . l
:ml::.::;l*lji,,jyjhi,:1li#:li:i:ir: ";:",;:i,,.,::,::i:,":1;,;:l;*
to.cd
tral rer ril \,IicL ..nacrotlle erlcfLtlics oi blolo!lc a l f f o c e - i s e sp r o n . l r . r r u ! , j n d e \ . er o p L l g llla! l'rlc fcsonancc nrcthod rn ,.lI,g ,,," tlle nlltlrc of cotlcrnlrltc,.l ".,,..,, "" , " p r l s e d \ L r i r l i ! h t ( c j r s l .")i : r n,d ij " sr r " r , , u l L)r.
;';;, However, "hrch an ,r,", i'il:"r":]":1 "r".,,,on n,Ju", ",ung b)'r{eak curre,)rs " erecr.c bv sunrishr v;hich ^,i x r r e t r n e o r a [ en e t a b o ] i s na r ::",.:l"l,,l* r r b a s i c f a c r T h e o r h e r p i s r u l a r e "J'l'"i,},""i'o,,lll""iiilli";j]jl,f,,'"'u"'"0e o n l ) s u l e f i m l o s e d o n rhis i s , ni ,t" -er f ol t t: o w i _ u r E l e c t r o r t ! i , h ' ,l r c-5nS: :Tffi::T:
l e a v e a f t e r l h e n r s c l ! c so n i \ A fF end I)r,N-N
l h t
o l I J i a .I r o d L r a r i v i r ) of l)lii'li CPSI cor)rtlIuter :] rltI(_|nIrIIrII J J l L t ro t r : r ( l t a l )c l t t r l \ . l . , rellc(1cl lront a reflcctor ue! ln con-)ari!ol) \\]th a tC, cotseqLCntl),, rr)IeIri _ l t : r l ir l ] l : t l l t l t ! ] t t : r t a c t . r t l L j n !.\i ir J:,aror (,onceItraLed srrIlighr c:rn lrc iroluced b\ uring
r . r . t ) i t ( r : i _L ) i _ r \ r r i I I : L . : r i r . r 1 , 1l ! . jlt{l '\ .. tr . r. .J.. f\f d.n( tr_cieorlce
r i r
I L r lp r
r .
vauou
flecror
foc use
byv.
wnereu
I is repe
Ph!sro
13ti
s e l e c t l v es u n jl g h l c o n c e n ! ! a ! o r v a r i o u sm e t h o d s ,i n c l u d l n g an ordr reflecror of the type desjtned rlecror consisrs 200-300 by v. N. Bukhman(Fig oi n'',.ro,,'n-',,]'.T"^1:11 a n s e d 1). l.his rc wnlcn are afr accordinfto a focused o u *.y r,nuri",""'"'vlr' t
n-'": axis.(F)8.rrur\cd jarion 3). "t ",,,"i'",'#".lii:t:::,l]::iil::"'::i,::,'"'r",1:t"r'J:::]:,,1:l irrad o,.l-f,, o1, nin,,,*,,n,",;;;;;;,.;::;:::,:i::::|::l"jl"i:;l;:.J1::,,,,,tcrrn,hccen,,ifu8ar,r"u,"Jo",,g
o i a n o t o r a I a l p e e do f 1 r 0 1 , : 0 . o , , ,, tr'," " , " , ,d :l .r ,f , ui;S ; ; ; . ' ; : : i l l : : t 5te . a ra :e
are rrradlated interrnit!er)tl! ,,,","t'
'8llr)-about rhe hofjzontal o f . t h e s L r n l i g hc o n c e r L r a r o(rd e s i g n e d r a x i s( F i g 1 ) . A n byr. xr, N"t,rurti vN_llr) : :n j:,lr r o1rl r g"h t ) r " - t , ir t i : r e f l e L r o r( F r g r ! I h e s p h e r i c a la l u m j n u m ( l e f r ) 2 ) , \ ^ h r c h) r c r a s c s h e or l sunlight.on""n,rrn, r 1 . .l ' ; radial.onthe o of r,rof ,lroa0 lnterr F..rren..sccLfec _":,.." I"r('u/r((n-rdl "
( F r , ql )
thc ,h,rd rerrecrof ujed" ,,n" i:.'-lnll':rr f,xerr;;.:l',;.,';,:;J::l: :iTi""l,l:""t;:;ilili;'iiii"li"J \arianr ,,, r r : r n o u ft a b o r a r o r ! . , , r , * F K' NabjLritin,r;; "'. ;;.',,:";,;,tr)crnre y ) , : , " , " " , , * . " " " " " , r r r " " . u " . , , , r , , "o , u
Ihernselves i"""Ironr n
A s r h e p a ni s r o r a l e db y m e a n s
j;,1,1:i:i:ll.l,lJl:ll 'l ::l :::i::";":,;",;;;i;;;;., :'l ,:i:i:l;i::::l "" : -'^ "ii:ff:I"l,il']:".;h", 'j ,
tL , , 1 1 1 : " 'r : o r r c t t r i r e sc ,rl n i j ! hc s L l( r h e (r exposure ' ' r ; o;rc 1'"r,::;.r1 i ' l r ' ' '"1 , o , ' ..,,- ' i, : r ' .,r,,,t",'"i,i'ol".i,ilir,,," 'l 'l' t" rl.:i '.r. i :,: ,:,( ica\rs h a r er 1 , si 1 1 ; r 1 1 , . ."
, I . . t t r . L tLi l I i l l r
c r r t r l ! : r r 's i r t ' r i 'r h t - f i " " - " o 1 l " t u " t " " t ' a t o r s ' r r eg e n e r a l l y h a r a c t e r i z e d \ cenuarronsoncenrn,;on (c rn,"u,rfill'.'\
TABLE
!.i -9 >-6
I c f ] V) OJ
ln the
Ty
Con&ol
irrad
e
CPSL ir
Perio
o E
U
E1
a
6
1
c
9 ?
4 9
oj
c'i
forme d
Ukraine
,t
2 ; : = 5 9
I o ? t r J
o
G. T.
E
F
Ir. o
a
7
equal to tlvelv r
=
i
a
,. o
= :
.a'
Pre
Thr
amounte(
:
6
v
=
;
=
q E
E '; E E E E
;
'!;
of tubers r method fo a:
i o c
=
;J
, I
a
? , a z z a
E e ;
t a a a a
and bean c r e f l e c r o r( F
: .,..
u : : : :
) 4 . . , . a . i
rerult of Lh b) ir il ccrl
1 2 s o t . oa l c ir- i ir|(l ll
Crop
cenrners/ha
1? 63
of.conj| % o l d a t , rr Difference reliabiliry centners/ha % of con trol data
c PSLirradiation over
period of 30 min
100.0 1 0 00
tatc
3.68 r35 7
5.8 4 4
| r o oo /rooo
3 6 8 . 0 j 1 5is , ; ; ;
,,;; ii:;:
*,_
l:i::-1:":",
u n r a r n e ) 't h e e x t s ! e n c e o f r h e I j g h r p u i s ee f f e c t was
,'j1rch ";:";;;';"ili['Ti;ffi:'J;#::]:ji'::T:'J;ff::i u,,,i,u,.n w.orlihas ll: lT' T"*:g.-,,,, 0,u","", ;.*;";;, *i]ii.""." ,",i ,"0."i;;:,f::::::i:",1j ,J^1^""^q:1"1,:"
a P e n i n s u l aK a z a k h s r a n , Mordavia,and tn ev ! o 6 Lo'rr] " , ; ; ; r ; ; ; ; ' i , , ' , : ; s^ o le r a la g r i c u l t u t a lc,ru 'lr [ 5 , 1 1 , . "
Plaots. The Cornmission for concer of the slale commi o n t h e c o o r d i n a l i o no f s c j c n f r f i c o,'''ut"Y :unlitnt
il::T":lji:i:
a periodof45 min at 40-15'c resulledrn tl" caseof Ihe t'ttt t"" yield. If one can rely on r"."""t an increase almbst li. in-crease ol ,n" ,;", ,Y"', 6"/o thc over-a1l in 1"1 in tu" cucumber rs oue to tire presdwing seed,it is obvious ,h", r,:t'"::'l: "*r-"ti i," heatinqof the t,o': o;'J.'to mosrprobablyby rhe photophysica,t"- .f""t t' "';;;t";;;
on errect rhe ",0.";,;;i;;;;;::ffi:T&f:il:,:lj:""i:""",:i::",jo"j.,ll,n rrjsseen rabrerhar rrom I in the early crop of the equal
ro 40. 3,1,and 1fl", ,"r*"r,.ll:,1","-:::es Bosron, Nezhin,and Nerosimyi sorLs werc
;: ;j;.,'.i;;",;;j:i,i:.,:"";:,llljf"i'::1"1n::'j1i:ii,;'il::::::",lil,:T;,j:i:
sowins ,ha,,heor :::::li has i::",,,,j".,.:j:!:1 fi:::":x.!iilllll:,:i1fi,"?:::;:"1.,t:j,o sh.wn seed
i; : 1"1',:T,": " ijl::l ly:l ril'";;;:i-"'' l ;:TJ': ,:.,,1J;; ,n"dclcropme,,r ora I hr ,.,,,r *",,,ns, .*,o*n'r,u;:::"T";',:1,]:i:i,'j,li,
,;;,,r1::;: il::ll ra,a showi rhe crivencss j,s erre ( ,::",1,:::';l:nia,
j3i :i:"', i;;:T*:;;::':; #rr;i,::: L*viero ::::"""'n'r3i:*f*i: 11;,:1;lr["ff o'"0';"' ,,,.0,,',on 'n.rr'Ie ;"",,
I39
+-,i.{-+10
c F i g . 6 . E P Rs i g n a l sj n C P S L - i r r a d i a t e d u c u m b e !s e e d on the number of pulses 1) 1000; 2) in dependence 2 1 5 0 0 ; 3 ) 2 2 5 0 r 4 ) 3 0 0 0 i , 5 ) - 4 5 0 0 ; 6 ) C u C 12 H z O s l a n d a r d .
Experimentson tle ifiadiarion of seeds,tubers, seedlings, and whole Plants indicate tha! CPSL initiates the very intimate metabolism processes; Physicochemichanges that afe produced lo a Sreater or smaller cal extent are preserved and are reflected io ontoSenesis, thus leading to an increase in the produclivity of plants. Therefore, at this stage, iovestiSationsof the mechanism of CPSL action constitute the main task in work on the problem of light-Pulse inadiation of PIanls in the sense of the light-pulse effecr. F o r m a ! i o n o f P h o t o i r l d u c e dU n p a i r e d Electrons ln order to investigarerhe mechanism of CPSL to gf seeds and leaves, it is firsl necessary deaction possibiliiy of resonanceabsorPtionof elecrermine ihe
e u o m a g n e u c e n e r g y b y u n P a i r e d l e c l r o n sI n a m a 8 ' netic field during rhe pulsedirradiation of seedsand plants. lt is known thar visible light quanra possess sufficien! enerty for the formation of unpaired electrons in pigments and Photosyntheticsystems[12) Ali partlc]es characterized by rhe presenceof unpaired electrons(aroms or molecule fragmenrs)are consideredas flee radicals (FR). Thus, the presenceof an unpaired elecuon ar the external orbits ofrhe syslem is consideredas the basic characrerisric of FR. The presenceof an unpaired electron endowsthe system \,{ith tvo characterislic proPerties[13]: a verJ high rcacrion abiliry in chemical rransformationsand the existence of the magnetic moment, which is due to the uncompensated spiD of the unPaired electron ;
number,
r u adlate
esses.an logical r
6
Fli I L I ) ; i : , ! r l r l , i r , C l ' S L - r r l : r C L i l t c dt o n r a l o - i e e d j n d c p ) . ] r : c i t : r i t r i h . r l r r l r ( I o l p i l l s a : l ) l ( i r t r 2 ) L 5 ( r a ;: l ) c '-:; , lr : i., rl)CuC,? :,'1121):lllrJlI(:
14Li
TABLE Coocenrrarion Free 4. of Radic-als CpSL-lrradiared in Seed Numberof paramagneric (x cenrers 10c) No. of per 1 g of air-dry seed pulses Kolkhoznyi 34 lomatoes Conuol (unirradiared seed) 1000 1500 2250 3 00 0 4500
*- days' TheFRyieidin o.p"naen"e derelmined using on by differenr ""0 "r". ;::":" ,r,rtd1;il
'
liSht rhar were perrormed rhe by aurhor ir-was dicarsi",."0 *"0,^ii;;tl;ijilll,iT":,fir,)i:'J::['-15] i""* oi","l"i,l'"0,"are '" ,."" 'r^.".'j..::'"::" m-axes possibleto record EPR rt "", signals in seedssoo' after they.have been i[adiared , r,",'.
tn ,n" invesrigations pulsed of inadiarionof seeds ,- company with concenr in -with N. r Bidzirya.s. A. ,;;;;"-';; ",':i:::::::'ared ;?
The new dara given below r obtained by M z' Yusupovon March ?th in rhe region of Alma-Ara radiaring seedsby means by ir of r"rru"t" "
""'o"ir"
The delerminaiion FRin cucumber of seedas late asone and a half oT. tno monthsafter rhey wereirladiared concenuared righr showed *"u -a"ii"'...1'r"po wirh .::"".:,:1t: 6) signals(Fi81t The detectedrrendwasobselved of severar Previously pranrs [4-15]: *,,n rn seeds rhe FR sarurarionparamagneric"",tll-"^o-T* in.,"","du",i,1,,"," oi
"on,"n,
;nX",.ru;i:H*:r:j:::l=,{";:l;:":':3i:;:::lt"#i:I,*i::::":i: cenlers,i,",""a in
;:.#:|}::|f:,iJ"r"",," increase in : an ",p"rhe yield (45 min), wilsn lhq inl,""i"a
number s e e d r r a i n s l m o s r 5 0 . , o r u, n o ' J l l a a 250 10" perI g oi air-dry s e e d o rc u _ r
'""u rishr, FR i""*;'; in :Tl1l1:",n e"i,'",,r sn i r r a d i::"ir:*:'ilr"liil""j,,'"1ti;1'o t 1 1 , : o o v e u m b e ro f p urher,l rconrenr f:1::',ot'on""n,.areds e o f P a r a m a g rc c n r e n ie lse i ared
A t t h e p f e s e n !r i m e , i n v e s r i g a l o r s h :
:;l-h e T
c h a r a c L e r r zr h e e o f r h e f i e e _ r a d i c a lp r o c e s s e s m a g n i r u d eo l r h e b r o r o o , " . r d , r e.r.c tr^ ^ -! . , , rnar 1f . t ec llovrever. lnt"ntity I o r m e dt o g e r h e r o n ! h e .b a s i r o f t h e e x p e r j m e n t s *i,i ry \ * h r c hI r r _ "orr"uor",!v'jw5LLdr s p e c r n r mo f c u p r i c c h l o r r d e w a s r e c o r d e da ! e a c h d e t e r m i n a r i o n oi FRtn seeds
irradiarion metaboric tnemeraboric rhlouSh through acriviry rissues seeds riee-radicar rree-radiclr;;;"; jn \eeds or processes in ^,' i:i:1, i u S S e s ti ss e l f , b u l w e s t i l l r e l i a L i f rd : t a o n r h e irserr, wesrilrd o n o ! h a v e t ",;;";,;;';;;::::;:r|il:"":l:he bur on rhef e l a r i o n s h j D e r r , J e . 'rn p r , . r r ^ , , , ^ ^- r . do norhaved i f e c r ferarionshjp b di,e ;,;;;;; h ;;:;,,,'"""?:.:"":;T"*8ests i.]:,o!'0,,"
donorhave ,,u,.,"", ujliilllj,::.:J of free,radicar a proc_ - . _ " ' ' " _ ' 6 ' v r r r r c :j::""".::.::::,,':":1In8 l a w sS o v e r n r n gh e f o r i n a r i o na n d l iogical marler. Nevertheless. d e s l f u c r i o n f ! . Rj n b i o it ha r c o n c e n r r a t i o is c o n o e c l e " " - ! c t ' 1 8 " 1 K concenuation ns conoecledd activir of living 1r,rr activirvy or living 1,,,r"" i wir high melabol *irr'h rr;gi ;"r"ooLici c and thar rr and rhar rr :r""J.:,:":::"j"::lt:::.twu rrltj uEgreeor!his.acrivirv case wLerher possible case ol lnls.activity 'n" quesrjon \'/herher',;is The 0"",,,i".,i",", ,,,i, it ro influej arises ,n 0",;;;;"';;;,;j::11:;:*Tl::::::.ll: i Ig,:: ";;:;:""j'.:::T-::
ofrhePrimarymechanismsoflheaftereffectofrhesolarirradiationofseedsThelefore,lheinvesligatlonolPnoloi n d u c e d F R i s o f s r e a t i n l e r e s t n o t o n l y f o r a n u n d e r s t a n d i o s o f t h e m e c h a n i s m o f l i S h t . p u l s e i r r a d i a t i sPeclmens onofplant liShr and eiectromagnetic radiation acrion on biolosical rissue. but also in wotk on the Seneral Problems of amount of Ilteralure' pigments may be among the basic accepro's of tiShr energy in seeds There is a large in seedsand rhe role of lhe PhotochromePigtnenl in which we shall no! dwell upon here, on the pi!."nt "onrent ithout cent PaPer [] 6 ]' wdere it was shown tha! even seedsw the sprouting of seeds. We shali onl y menr ion-the re Data carotinoids in the Serms' sprout only when exposedto ligh! chlorophyll, which contain onty smaii amounts of the action of iiSht are of the grealest inrerest.to us [1?] on the formalion of free radicals in plant PiSmenc under in in dry crystalline pigments is proPortional to th liSh! lt was found thar rhe final sready-srareFR concentrarion rensily,whilethelisetimeofEPRsiSnalSisapProximatelyinverselyProporrionaltolhisintensity.IfahiSh_Power inro paramagneric centers. unPairedelecpulse lamp is used, vi Llally all rne;igmenr molecules are transformed other compounds Presentin leaf ceils and ln quioones,flavones' and trons are localized in molecules of ',",]ou, inteSumentaryandinlerDalseedlrssues'l!wouldbeespeciallyinlerestingloinvesriSatethedependenceofthe slrucluleandamPliludeolEPRsiSnalsandofthenumberofParamaSneticcenters(FR)onthewavelenSthofcon. c e n u a t e d l i g h t ' A s w a s s h o w n i n [ 1 3 ] ' E P R s i S n a l s a r i s e i n s e e d s w h e n t h e y a r e i r r a d i a l e d w i t h b l u e o rlntegLl- . r e d yellow ro invesrigare. in the firsl Place, the PiSmented iight. For rie idenrificarion of FR in seeds,ir is necessary chromatic liSht m-entarytissuesof seedsand tubers under lhe action of ASaresuitofPulsedirradiationwilhconcentraledliSht'rheseedbecomes..charged',withradianlenergy'as i ! w e r e ' a n d t h e m o ] e c u ] e s o f m a n y s u b s t a n c e s i n t h e s e e d P a s s i n t o t h e f r e e - r a d i c a l s l a t e , w h i c h i metabolism v n o t sordinaril free radicals produce changes in rhe pecuiiar ro unirradiared se.d. uue'to rheir high reacrion capacity. agnetic growrh of plants' Due to the Sradual recombi natio!. of .param in processes the sProutlng ano tne subsequent produced by hiSh-energ! of the biolotical aftereffect cenrers in seeds,rhe Iighr-putse effecr, as a rianifestarion especially' wilh the onsel of saturation of paramagnetic centers and' pulsesof concentrated liSht mus! dimiDish m u ( l l n f l u e n c et h e n ( " i a y i n g - u P " ) o f t h e s e e d t h e r e c o r n b i n a t L oe n e r g y d N i r h r h e i r r e c o m b i n a t i o n u r l n gt h e s t o r a S e ProcessesinseedsandsPloutsHowevel'wedonothaveanySeneralknowledSeo[themaSnitudeofthjsenerS)' a n d o f t h e i m P o r t a n c e o l i t s r o ] e i n b i o ] o g i c a l P r o c e s s e s T h e S o l u t i o n o f t h i s p r o b l e m d e P e n d s o n s t0"t"""" o l t h e udjes Duringrhe'"11""-()-::T--l:^t:"|-.f1::" occurrinB durrng lne Pulse and $e Period between Pulses processes I)ulsesismuch]oD'le|!nantnePulseduralionDotheprocessesinseedsor]eavesthatarecausedbylhePleceolng pu}seendbeforet}rearrivalofthenextpulse?whatisthenalureandduratronofthetlansientslalebelweenPulses, depend on processes irrcluding free-radical processes? ln vhat way do these plocesses. l e , the PhysicocrremlcaL e r h . rD u l s e n c r g y ? l n \ ^ ' h a L m a n l l e r d o t h e a b l o r P t i o n o f s o l a r e n e r g y a n d c h e m i l u m i n e s c e n c e c h a n g e i n t n e p l a n l matenalundefdillercrltPLlLsecolldltions?Thisis'inshorttherangeofthefundanrenralquestions!obeanswered j n s o l v r r ) g h e P r o b l t n l su l l d e l c o n i i d e r a t l o n r a s . l - h u : , n c w f r e l d i o r t h e a p l l i c a r j o n o f p u l s es p e c t r o s c o p y L r m r n e s c e n iP e c t r o s c o p y n d P u l s ep h o r o a n a l y s j s l, a iD o f n o n p h o r o s y n r h e tac d p h o t o a t h o r o u g hi n l e s t i S a t i o n h s l l a s b c e i l c r e a t e d f h e s e d i q c r p l r r l ew i l l u n d o u b r e d l y e l p i n s\nthetrcreactior)sthatoccur\'henPlantsareirradiatedwithPulsesofconcenltatedchlomalicorvrhilelightFrom r;]fPojnto|\icwolthcPho!oenclteticsofP]ants,theaboveprocessesateofinterestmaiDlyilrinvestiSatingthe . | | ! - . ] l o I r ] l c s l e c t l i r l r c q j o l ) s o t r l s l b l e l i g h r a n r ] o f t ] r e b o r d e r i n g r a d i a t j o n s o t h e p r o c e s s e s i n s e e d s a n1 \P } a n ! ! I n d d c a l v i n [ 1 8 ] c o n s i d e rr h a t . i f t h e s P i nc o n c e n l r a L i o l r l ! . l r : ( r L r s j i nl.e . E I ' l t e r h o d i ' h l o l o g \ . c . i I . E n d r o s , a n 1 , 1 . .,h.,t,,,nd,,cc.:ii1h,ouldl)cofinreresrrodeterminetheactionspecrrumoftheequilibriumspinconcentratlonas : f u i r c t i o l jo f r l l e N a ! e l e ' l g t h o f i n c l d e n t l i S h I DISCL]SSlL]NOF ' ] ] I J ER E S U L T S
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\ b a s l so f r h e v i t a l a c t i v i t y o f o r g a n i s m s L e l e of ls N e \ r ) o ! ! r l - r I I l t i co I ] d c . P L r n d e r s l a n d i n s t h e P h y s j o c h e n i c a l rt'realerlr,sj]l\a.stifal.'rsbc,Qll'rtiPellelratethesubceliularandthemolecularnlectlanismsoflifeprocessesThese lossibilllicsalos.a!.'llcsll]toII]t]cool.]Iatlonofreplesenlall\'esofthebasicnalura]scjencesandlheutjliZal]on o f l h i ' s t c a l . c l l c l ) l l c J l . l l l d l c c n I ] l c a l n l c e n s j n r h e s t u d y o f b i o ] o 8 i c a ] P r o c e s S e s . T h e c ! e a t j v e c o otP e lrq h tj o n b c t l ^ ' e e t l at o a n d r e c h n l c i a n s n t ] l e o t h e r ' b I o L I g h ro l l b l o l o g r s L ' o i i l l r c : 1 . l r l l L l ' l l l L li r i l \ s i c l s t : c h c n l r n ! c y b ' r l l c r i c i s l s j r L t i e s t A n r o l q s u c h P l o n r l s i n ! ip f o b l e r r s b i o l o ! l i c a l P h o i o r i l ' I ! ' l l c s r1 m e n \ i n i j r o : l l i r l i r r ( - r L r l f ro r sl l l r l L l r l a l a (r \ L r ,i , l ia : l i , r ' : l s
jr \,,_l a I .lrirlalr. L\l r r ) r l a l r :l , li r i f i' l:' l 1 r . u n c l o Li , l t . l i i \ r ' l \ r i l l r ) o r l i i r ) l l ' l i l ) l r a - t o r r i f r M r l r a if f i i i l : l i l l r r t r c i : r o ( l o i a l a ' l l i a r i l r ) 3 i : . r ' l i i :r r i lf\Lr! l . l r ! ( r l 1 i l i l l r r f r o l a a r l l i , . ri l l l a li l l . r : r , a
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makes it Possibleto.eveal the changes that arise io rhe biological material, in panicular, seedsand planrs, as a result of their irradiation with intermirteo! concentraredlight.- Atrhough investigatorsencounter grea; difficulries in identifyinS or localizing unPaired electrons in the living tissue, rhere is a pressingneed for furiher investigations of photoinducedprocesses plants by means of rhe EpR. in and NMR(nuclear magnetic resonance)methods. Niels Bohr has written that'The recognition of the grear importance of atomicity features in the mechanism oflivinS organismsis not sufficient in irself for a comprehensiveexplanation of biological phendmena.,, According to BohI "The inilial Problem is lhat of determining whether ir will be necessaryro add certain srill missing funda mental ideas to oul analysis of natural Phenomenatrfore we reach rhe abilily ro undersrandlife on the basis of PhysicalexPeriments" [19, Page 22]. Furthelmore, "... The peculiar properriesof living organismsthar have deveIoPd thloughout rhe entire history of orSanic evolution indicare concealed possibiliriesof extremely complex material sysremsthat do not have their counterpartsin ihe relatively simple problems which we encounter in ordinary physicsand chemistry lt is against this backgroundrhar conceprs perraining to rhe behavior of an organrsm as a whole. which are oPposite,as it wete. to the methods of describing the propertiesof inanimate matrer, found frlritful application in biology." [19 page 150], considering what has been said above, the problem of lighr-pulse processingof seeds and planrs should be approachednot only fronr the poin! of view of bioloSical electronics, which is useful in jnves!igatiug the mechanrsm o f P u l s e d - l i 8 h t c t i o n , b u t a l s o f r o m l h e p o i n r o f v i e w o f g e n e r a lb i o l o g y . F o r t h i s , a i r i s D e c e s s a r!y a 0 a l ) z c c o m o fyr o r n a b i o l o S i c a l P o i n t o f ! i e w t h e a c t i o n o f p u l s e d o n c e n r r a r e di g h r o n r h e v i r a l Prehensivel c l acrivi!y processes I n a c t i n g o n a n o r g a n i s m ,o u e c a n p e r h a p s i n d a f u n d a m e n t a l l y e w a p p r o a c h h i c h w o u l d b c f n w c o n n e c t e dw t t h r h e c h a r a c [ e r i s l i c f t h e P u l s ep r o c e s - i t s j n t e r r n i t r e n n a t u r e- w h e r es h o r t - d L ] r a t t o n l o s high-eneagy uises re separated p a by Ionger pauses. Is it no! Possiblethat the action of concenrraredpulsed sunlighr is of such ipecific imponance fof t h e o r g a n i s mt h a t i t c a n c a u s ef u n d a n t e n a a l r g a n i cc h a n g e s h a t m a y i n v o l v e h e r e d i t y o t a n d p r o d u c es t a b l e , m o d j l i e d , a n o p e r h a p B o r e p r o d u c t i v ef o r m s ? A n a n a l y s i s f t h e e c o l o g i c a i a r d p h y s i o l o g i c a r e o r g a n i z a t i o n m o l o f p l a r r r s o na p h o t o e 0 e f g e t i b a s l s ,p e r f o r r n e d n [ 2 0 ] , s u b s t a n t i a t e h e h o p e f o r a n a f f i r m a r i v e c i ts answer o this questron l{epatcd t c P S L a c t i o n , i e . t h e i r r a d i a t i o r o f c u c u m b e rs e e df r o r n p l a n ! sg r o w nf r o m r s e c dt h a r h a s b c c n F r r d l a t e d b c l c r e s o w ing resulringrr a higher yield The yield characterislic nd rhe chemical composirron i a o f d u g h r e rp o r a l o r u b e r ! g r o w n f r o m t u b e l st h a r h a v e b e e n i r r a d l a r e db y w h i t e a n d r n o n o c h r o m a t i c s L l n d i c a t e t h e p o s s l b i r i t y of funda m e n r a lt \ a i B e l 5 J T h e r e c e n t d a t a o r l l h e e f f e c t o i a d d i l i o 0 a LL l L r m r n e r r o n l r g h r f l a s h e s n r h e y i e l d a n d r h e p h o r o p e r r o d i c i bv o fe a c t i o n o f s p i n a c h[ 2 ] l a r c o l i r r t e f e s t T h c w e r r l f r a d i a ! e di n a h o t h o u s e i t h e l e c t r i c I i g h t f l a s h e s L 2 0 f l a s h e ! w Jrlanrs ( i P e r m i n u ! e ) , w h r c h P r o d u c e dn j l l u m r n a t i o no l 1 0 , 0 0 ! l u r C o n i i { l e r a b l e h a n g e s d e r eo b s e r , " e i n l h e p l a , i r sa s a c \ d r e s u l to f t h i s i l l u n l l 0 r t r o n , a l l h o L r ! h t s l r g h t e n e r g yw a s c o n s l d e r a b l yo w e r ! h a n r h e r l e n e r g ) . o fC p s L . T h e c o n t r o l ( u n i r r a d i a t e dP l s t l l ; \ ^ . I e l n a ' e { e i a l l ' e s t a t e l n l l t e c a s e ) o f t h e p l a n r sa d d i r i o n a l t yi l l u m i ' a t e d o v e f a p e r i o d o f 8 h s r a l k sb e l l a nt c ,S r o t a l r e a d l a i t e r 2 5 d a ) 5 , w h i l e f l o r " e r sa p p e a r e d f r e r 4 0 a d a l s T w o m o n r h sa f r e r t h c e x p c r r m e n t w a s s l a r t e d t n e a d d i i i o n a l l ) i l l u m l n a t e d p l a n t sh a d r h i n n e r s t a l k s ,l o n g e r a n d n a r r o w e r l e a v e s ,a n d s h o r r c , P r i n c i P a la n d l o n g e r l a l e r a l r o o l s f h e f c o n t a i n e dn l o r e n i t f o g e n a n d c h l o r o p h y l l a n d w e r e c h a r a c t e f i z e d y g r e a r c r b m o r s t a n d d r ! N e r g h t A l i h o u 8 h t h c s c e x P r i n t e n l c o u l d n o r b e c o r t p a r e dw i r h s C15L action, rheystill indicated l h e e f f c c i i v e n e s o f a d d i t i o n a lt l l r . T l n i t t e njtl l u m i n a t i o n I n s o m e o l i t e f s experjmenrs22], intermiuenrlight dld nor [ n l a t e r i a l l ) ' e f f c c tt h c r a r c o f d u c h \ l . e e g r o w r h l n r n v e s l r g a t ig t h e e f f e c t d of inlermitlentlight wjrh pcrr,:dsrom f l 2 ! o 0 0 0 1 s e c t h e m a x i n l u n r a d d i r i o n e r r o w t ho f d u c k w e e dw a s o b s e r v e d g for a 0 004 sec period c P S L i r l a d i a r i o l lo f D l a n ! :c a u s c s n l e n s r v e o r m a l i o no f F R j n l e a v e sa n d b a s r c l f c h a n g e si n r h c m e r a b o l r s m . A c c o r d i n gl o t h c c l . t t l o l ) l a i n a db \ o u r c o l l a b o r a l o r A . S r a n k or n N l o l d 3 ! i a , r S i r r a d i a r i o no f s o y b e a n j r h w h i l e a n d , w e s P e c i a l l ) " e d P r r L s eld8 h i l o r l l l r m i n e a c h d a f o \ ' e r a p c r l o d o f o n e w e e l i r l r e s u l t i n gi 0 a c o n s r d e r a b l i n c r e a s e b ) e ( t i 8 % ) i n t h e p r o r e t nc o n r u l l o J t i r c s e e L l \ a r c l o l i l t r l r c i r ) I : c o r r r r . c l t dw i t h l h e l c t i o N o l c - P S l o n s e e d !a n d p l a n t si n d i c a t e . !hat rhc CpSl.rIeUtoo o i l e r s ; , t l t l o t : I l , r r t r l l l a r t ao 1 3 c l t \ i l \ l { r a! c l r c l i o i : t s l i a I r l g c l e t r c r t r C , l t ag c s w h l c h c o u l d b e u s e da s a u s c l u l b a : i s l o r s c l e c t l L - r r la Llrr t c r J r c c i t l . i t l I c \ | ] l l o f L r r e d i a r i o n p l r I i , ' of i t \ n I l o u i s t a g e s i t h e r r d e v e l o p m c n r ,i r r a d j a t r o n o d u r t n !l l i r i n i , . i , i t r l
. . t ' ' t l,oilairi rr::ii .. lr ,.ij(.t r , . 1 . . r . : ( l : , i : l i t Lt , l ] t : \ r j t i r i t i L t . I , r , r t , _i ; i r
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The method of preso\rin8CPSL-irradiation of Srain is also prornising for the conrrol of blights and diseasesof agricultural crops. Thus, curculionidae are destroyed when rhe grain is illuminared over a period of 15-20 sec. ln seed growing, concentrated liShr can also be found useful for the drying of grain. inrensifying the germinarion, prepara(ion for storage, etc. ln summarizing the work on testing and developing the described method at the meetings of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR the Coordinarion of Scientific ReseafchWork. resolutionsconon cerning the subsequent development of the CPSL method in planr growing urereadopred. In connecrion wirh this, it is necessaryto inves[i8ate more rhoroughly the theoretical basis of rhe acrion of CPSL on seedsand planrs, to de sign and tesr lighter reflectors and devices for grain mixinS during irradiation, and to rest the method in production a t e a so n f a r m s . CONCLUSIONS The irradiation of seedsand planrs wirh concentrated pulsed sunlight (CFSL) constitutesone of the methods for increasinS rhe yield of many agriculrural and, especially, vegerable crops Mulriple pulsed acrion of concenuared light on seeds,tubers, seedlings, and plants over periods of 20-45 min (depending on the number of pulsesand the light concentration) results in rhe iiSht-pulse elfect, which, from the biclogical point of view, is manifested in more i n t e n s i v eg f o w t h , e s p e c t a l l yd u r i n g t h e e a r l y s r a g e s , n d a n i n c t e a s ei n r h e F o d u c r i v i r y o f p l a n t s . a High-energy pulsesof concen[a!ed sunlight cause in seedsand leaves an inrensive formation of photoinduced u n p a i r e de l e c l r o n s ,w h i c h c a n b e e f f i c i e n d y r e c o r d e db y u s i n g r h e m e l h o d o f e l e c l r o n p a r a m a g n e l i c e s o n a n c e ( E P R ) r The number of paramagneric centers in seedsand Ieaves jncreaseswith aD increase in the number of pulsesuntil saluralron sets in, after which the conlen! of free radicals ceasesto increase or even droF,s somewhat as a result of lhe recombioation processes. Free-radical processes seedsand sproutsresultint frorn li8ht-pulse irradiarion constitute one of rhe pnmary' . in p h l s i c o c h e m i c a lr e a c t r o n s f t h e b i o l o g i c a ls p e c i m e n1 o i n t e r r n i r i e n th i g h , d e n s i t ys u n l i g h rf l u x e s , T h e l i g h r - p u l \ e o a c l r o n , r a t h e r t h a n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e c t t o no f s o l a r e n e r g y , i n i t i a r e st h e f r e e - r a d l c a ]p r o c e s s e . ; a _ L i g h t - p u l s er r r a d i a ! i o no f b r o l o g i c a ls p e c i m e n s o s t i t u t e sa n e w t r e n d i n b i o l o g ) , a n dp l a n t - t r o w i n g r { h i c h i s c l r o m i \ L n g i r r i l s l h e o f u c a l a n d p r a c t i c a la s p e c t s T h l s t r e n d i s e x p e c t e dt o a t l r a c t l h e i n t e r e s to f p h y s i c i s l sc h e m , : l t i h e l L o l e c h n r c r a n s .l c C P S Lc o u l d f o r r n r h cb a s i sf o r a n e l f i c i e n r m e t h o d t o b e u s e di n t h e s e l e c ! r o n n d g e n e t l c s e a o : f l a n l \ . c o n t r o l o f p L a n td l s e a s e ri,r n p r o v e r n e no i r h e s o \ ^ i n gq u a l r r i e so f s e e d s , r e p a r a ! i o no r l h e j r s l o r a g e ,e r c p f t I-l T Ii ItA T LrItll C I T E l) . . N . S e r r e D o \ , T e k h n i h aI l o l o d e z h i , N o i ( 1 9 6 1 1 ) A S z c n l { ; ! o r q ! 1 . l n l r o d u c l l o nl o S u b m o i e c u l a r i o l o g y I R u s s i a nr a n s l a l i o n ] l z d N a u k a ( 1 9 6 . 1 ) B t , r ' . . S z - c ' r t - a ; \ , o r ! \ r l r o c n e r S c t r cIs L ] s s i a r a n s l a t i o n ] , l o s c o r vF i z m a t g i z ( 1 9 6 0 ) l tn N , R . i . A . S h a r i h o \ !. l . I l i d z i l y a S . A . S ! a D k oa d l ' K h N a b i u l l i n ,B i o f i z i k a 1 0 , N o . 4 ( 1 9 6 5 ) , , -1he / . , \ S h a l l r o r a r ) JS . A S t a n k o ,C o l l r P l a n t a n d t ! s E n v i r o n m e n ! i n R u s s i a n ]l , d A N S S S R ( 1 9 6 2 ) . z [ S . A S r a r l i o . D o k l a d \ A N S S S R1 5 6 , N o 5 ( 1 9 6 . 1 ) . . i , i . . ,. . ' j ' \ u u P n , K r r ' o ' e N o . , l J 6 4i . "ro'nchi , r \ / \ . S h a l h o \ . G . T K a p l i n e , a r d l { Y u s u p o r ,A g r o b i o l o g i y a ,N o 2 ( 1 9 6 5 ) - 4 ; i . S l r : r l i | o r G l . K a p l r n 3 .a n d l \ j Y u l u p o \ ' ,C o l l : P h v s i o l o g i c aP r o b l e r no f P l a n t G r o v i n g i n t h e l , * o r t h l s l i ' ) I t u r r r r n ll 7 d N a u l \ I l 9 C 5 ) C. I KltlrniL. \j. )usupov and A A Shakhov Vcltnrk S -Kh Nauki [in preparation] A . l S h a k l r o r ( , . l . K r p l l n e \ i Z ) u s u p o \ a n d B \ ' . P e I u k h o v C o l l : P h o r o s y n t h e s i n d P h o t o s vt h e t i c , as \ l ' r g n t c r t . r \ r . l d f : i c r o r si n t i u s s i t I l K i e \ l 2 d \ r u l { i ( l l l t j 5 ) a l R S o r o . L a - l r t e r . a n d I j . C 1 1 \ i n C o l l : I r e e i l . r d i c e l s n l l r o i o 8 i c a lS y s r e m s R u s s i a n a n \ l a t i o n ] ,l z d a t i n l i t u i f ( I !li:il l ) i n ! r r r r : E l I r l r o r ) [ ) : r r i n r a ! n e 1 ]l.i . \ o i r l n c c r r F r c r :R a r . l i c a lIs u s s i a t r a n s l a t i o n ] l,z d a ! i l i ! ( 1 ! 6 1 ) R n i , . A S h i r l . i h r r l\i. I I l r d / r l \ ; r l r a S , \ . S l i ' i l i o . N j r r r hI j c l d . l c c ! C o n v e n t r o n n G e r e r a l a n . l A p p l i e d C h e n r o r . l r \ r i r : l i l ! 1 . i , l l L : - \ ) f i . S r L r ( , r i , , : i IL '{ I Il L r, r i sl : \ i n a ' l r ! h r o l o q \ o J N _ J r ! I rC o n . p o u n Ji : r [ i u i . j a : r ]l . l . r ' l r f\.,ri: lt li i
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P. lvanov Leningrad Transiared from ElekrronnayaObrabotka Materialov, No_ 2, pp. ?5-?8, March-Aprji. 1965
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Arnong the measuresdirected towalds the obtainingof high and stable crop yields methods of presowrng rrealment of seeds and plants occupy an imponant place. It js known that the measuresdirected towards lhe developrnenl of advanced agricuhural practice, includlng t h e u s e o f f e r t i l i z e r s . i r r i S a t i o n ,a n d s o i l i m p r o v e m e n t .D o t t o m e n t i o n c o r r e c ts o i l c u l t i v a r i o na n d crop managemenr, a r e i n a d e q u a t eo r n o t v c r ) e f f e c t i v e i f I o w - q u a l i t y s e e d sa f e u s e d . l l e n c e , s c i e n c ea n d F a c t i c e h a v e a l w a y sa s c r i b e d p r r r n a r ys i g n i f i c a n c e! o p r e s o w i n gr e a t m e n to f s e e d s n d p l a n t j n g m a r e r i a l . t a such widely practiced melhods of PresowinS lreatnren! of seedsas gradjng and dressinghave been !upplemenled b v m a n y o d l c r m e t h o d si n l h e i a s t l e n y e a f s V e r n a l i z a r r o n w a r m - a i r h e a r i n g ,h a r d e n i n g , . s c a r i f i c a l i o n ,t r e a t m e n r o f s e e l ss i t h v a r i o u sS r o w t hs t i r n u l a t o r s n c l L ] d i n g n i c r o f e n i lj z e r s ,e t c h a v e b e e ne m p l o y e di n l h e ! i, r , a g r i c u l t u r a il n d u s t r y H o w e v e r .m a n y o f I h e m e l h o d so f P r e s o w i n gr e a t m e n r w h i c h h a v e b e e nr e c o m m e n d e d t v a r i o u s t a !imes for u i e ' 1 0 a g f j c u l t u l e h 3 ! e P r o v e dt o b e f a i r l y c o m p l e x a n d l a b o r r o u s , h i l e s o n t ea r e n o r e f f e c t i v ee n o u g h w and have n o i b e c r n i d e l v a d o p r e di n p r a c t i c e w l l i s q u i l u n d e r s t a n d a b lre : r ta t t e m P t s h o u l dn o w b e m a d e r o u s ee l e c ! r i c i r ) f o r p r e s o r , , i rtl r e a t n r e n t h s g ofseeds \ilth rh{rajm ol rmprovin! lherr t c r m r n a L i j t !q u a l i r i e s A s f a r b a c k a 5 t h c l L i r 1 r e iw o r l o n t h e p r e s o h i n gr r e a t m e n ro f s e e c l w i t h h i g h - f r e q u e n c y u r r e n t sr i a s b e g r ) n s c : : r ( l o r n r e d ec : r n r a n L r r t , l e r c l e a d e r s h i p [ A c a d e n ] i c i a n^ w . V a v i l o v i I t h e A l l - U n i o n th o L R e s e a r c lh ( r i t u t e o l P l a n t n ( , i o h ' j i r ! f h i s r e s e a r c h h o r , , c r . c ,w ,a j n o l d e ! e l o p e d j n , r d u c m e a l u r e f o r a n u m b e ro f r e a s o n s .J u s la f t e r t h e e n d o i l l l . ' C I c i l t P . t t f t o l l c\ \ ' l i l h i ! r i o r k \ ! a s r . l l i e nu l r g r i n u n d c f r h c l e a d e r s h j iorf C o r r e s p o n d i n g i e m l r c r . h o f L l t e, \ c a d e n r \ o l s ' i f r l c ( r 5 . L S S l t \ J l ) l i o l o g d r r l n t h c l n s l r l L r l e 1 I I l g l ) ' r r e q u e n c \ ' C u r r e n ti s L e n i n t r a d . T h i i o n me!hod.no\,,erer, $ ri :loi rccontfreltdellof adoptloI jil !grtcIlturc. S c i a i l l l l l c r c i e a f c l l l n t h c i : e l d o l a i r p l i c a t l o ro i ! a i j o u : r o u r c e s f e l e c r r i c a le n r f g y f o r p r e s o w r n r r e a t m e D t r o t o : . i - a , l sl t a : c o n t r i u l r i s c \ r r a l r r r ( l t l r o ! o! f p r c s o u i r r gr e a t n r e n L f s c c d sh , i i h \ , a r i o u s o r r n so f e l e c t r i c a l e 0 e r g ) . n d o l h c r j l o I a lj\srcal ir:!ti:l! i l l t r s \ j o l c i a l l d r n l r a t r L r a \ s , l l l l r a s o u n de L c . _ J r e r ) o w u s e d . l n v e s t i g a l i os i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n a r e b e i n r J l , ! L ' : L l r ' L t l l l o i L ) i l \ r r t l l c l J S S l i b u t a l s o i r r n r a n y f o r c i g n c o u n l o e s- t h e U s A . E n g l a D d I, a s t c e r n ] a r ) ) . , , \{crlcefnranv, I i .1i,.ir. I I r I \ , JJirr n. ctc . I t l o l l l c o l L l l t r !a l a f g c a m o u n t o f f a c t u a l d a t a h a s b { : e nc o l l e c l e d b y ! a r i o u s r e s e a r c hn s t i r u t e s \, , h t c h i heve a l : o c a r l l r d o t r r f r c l d f \ p c r i m e r r l s o 0 c o l l e c t j v e a n d s L a t e a r n r s . l h e s e d a t a j n d i c a l e r h a t r h e u s eo f v a r i o u s p h v s r c i l f J e r t o r sc r n l n r l r f ( r \ f 1 l t . g c r l . l i n a t i n g L r a l l r i . ro f a e e d s n d t h u s h a v e a s i g n j f j c a r )e f f e c t o n r l t e s u b s e q u e n tr o w t h q s a q r 3irii (1 \ a I o itJ I ('I I I o1 tlic itl antq a I I : o f r r l ' I e r l r ' . l h a i n \ . i L i g e l i o r s o l ! h c C h e l \ a b r r r s l il l c j e a r c hI n ! ! i t u l c f o r l l e c t r j f i c r a r i o n a n d ] \ l e c h a n t z a r r o r r , . ' 1 r \ f i l c l l l t u l . r i l C o l r i l b o l a t i o nr ^ i t hC h e l r , a b i r r sIk a d r g o g i c a l n s t i t u r e ,a n d r I e U r a i a n d S i b e r i a nA g f l c u l t u r a l ' Re ! c i i i c l l l l l 5 l l t l r l r t s l r c r r . ctd a r r x p o s u r et o a p o w e r f i r c l e c r n c f i c l d h a s r b e n e l i c l a le f i e c t o n s e e r l s T f e a l m e n ! h l ol the sr'dsnot oLll\ rnrPro\ellefnrinatiorr nJ crop a ) i e 1 d ,b u r a l s o i n r p r o \ e d i h r b 3 k i n r q u a l i t l e ! o f l h e r n a r l c t a t l e E r a r n T h c A l l _ L r I l i o l I i e s c a r c hn s t i l u t ! .l o r r l ) e I l l e c L r j f i c a t i r r o I A e r i c u l r L i r aL i t h t h a i t s ! l s l a r c a f l l l . i t l l , n j c r l I ! \ o l i f . t i L r c l lI r r s l r l l l l co I | , a r l G r o \ \ ' l ! t i l a A ! f i c o L l u r r l R c s c a f c h r r r i i u r c 0 I l t , r ( j r . i t i : i l i i a ! r o , 1 r it l t ! \ . j | ( l t a l o : : a J l t j l l.ilr l l l c \ ' l i I r l \ i i l r t i r ' r l . - i r l r o r , o d L r c lrc r c : r r r 'l ini r r l r u l r t h ( X r i Ii l lI-ir\ir(\ iF c i r l i r t : r. \ rr , l . r t \ . : l | l l
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The quesrion of the Possibility of producing hereditary cbanges is a very imporranr one. This is important because in lhis case it mighr be possibleto use various methods of electrical treatment to obtain plant forms wirh high Protein content and of hiSh quality, which are transmiled [o the progeny. Plant breederswould find such forms very valuable initial marerial for the prodlction of new high-quality planr varieties It is Particularly imponant in all researchon presowingrrearmeDrof seedsby physical methods to determine the role of energy processes.special anention willhavetobe paidto an elucidarion of the roleof the moisture content of the seedsand the activity of reducing enzymes io relation to lemperature (in seeds,seedlings, and planrs) The existing sparsedata on changes in lhe biochemical composilion of seeds which have been subjecred ro PresowifiSlreatment by the above methods and on the changes in the technological qualities of rhe reated marker able Srain indicate that far-reaching changes are produced in seedsby physical facrors. There are gtounds for postu lating lhat the valious sourcesof electrical energy which have been used fo! presowingtrearmen! of seedslead to changes in the electric fields exisring in (he seedsthemselves,including various cell srrucrures. There is no doubr that subjeciion ro rhese physical facrors improves rhe heaith of seed and planling marerial, etc. Since the nature of the action of the physical factors used for presowjngtrealment of seedshas nol yer been adequately clarified, it has become a seriousobstacle to lhe furrher improvemenr of rhese methods and the wide and u n i v e r s a la p p l i c a r i o no f t h e i : o n s i d e r e r l r e s o w i n g r e a r m e n r f r e e d sc a n n o rb e r e c o m m e n d e d . p r o In our opinion, if these dravbacks are to be overcome, new investitalions wi)l have to Lreconducted sjrnultaneously along three iines I Po! exprimerlls in the laborarory to determine the effecr of a particular physical factors o0 the germinaL, ing qualiries of seedsand to clarify lhe nature of the action of these facrors 2 . F i e l d e x p e r i m e n t s o d e r e r r n i n e h e e f f e c t o f r h e c h a n g e s c c u r n n g l n t h e \ c e d s o n c r o p p r n ga n d o t h e r . t r o s q u a l i t i e s . T h e s e j n v e s l i S a t i o n w i l l h a v e t o b e c o n d u c r e d y a g r o n o m i c a la n d b i o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h n d e x p e r i m e n r a l b a lnltitutes so rhat rhe effect of presowlngtrealment of seedson the narure of plant growth altd developmen! and ulti nratelyon the crop yield and qualirycan be reliably derermined. i l E x ! e n s j ! ef i e l d e x P e f i m e n t s n c o l l e c t i v e a n d s r a t ef a r m s a s a n l n L e r m c , l r a ! e r a g c b e f o r er e c o n L m e n d a o s ! j o n o f a p a f t i c u l a rn t c l h o d o f p f e s o w i n g r e a l m e n t o f s e c d si o r w i d e a d o p r i o i n t h e a g r i c u l r u r a li n d u s t f y . l l \ 4 a n y\ , c a r so i r e s e a r c h n t h e f i e l d o f i n r e n s i f i c a t i o n f r h e v i t a l a c t i v i r y o f p l a n t sb ! e l e c u j c a l f a c t o r sp r o _ i o \ j d e a s o u n db a s r s o l ( : l a i l n j n gt | a t e l c c L r i c a lp r c s o w i n g e a t r n e n ro f s c e d sw i l i b e a - c j g n i f i c a nfta c t o r f o r t h e p r e f u s o \ { r r r qr e a r m e n l o i s e c , l s i l l b c a s i t n i l l c a n t f a c l o r f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n f h t g h a n d \ r a b l e c r o p y i e l d s l w o
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SOME DATA ON BIOLOGICAL INTERACTION WITH THE VISIBLE AND lNFRARED R EGIONSOF THE E L E C T R O M A GN E T I C S P E C T R U M
LA, Kondurushin and A. A. Shakhov
In the statement and formulation of the problem on plant photoenergetics the attention of the authors was locused not only on the energy (as such) of Iimiting regions with visible light. Thcy were inlerested in the effecls on plants of thc energy of limiting rcgions (ullraviolet or infrared) in combination with spectral regions of visible light I1l. ln this connection, they s[ressed the importance of regularities of spectral Inutual complement, spectral iDcompatibility or reaction. nesearch carried out in thc ultraviolet [2] and infrared [3] regions of lhe electromagneLic spectrum seened promising and encouraged further \\'ork. A. Szent-Gydrgf i [.1] pointcd out that the ncar infrared region is of direct interest to biolo.gists and it is noteNorlhy in itsclf. Szent-G]'6rgJ'i believes that it is just here lhat pur.e elecLron and vibrational excitation become equal in magniLude, and Lransitions bel\\een them become easiest. As other limiting rcgions, this spectr.al region, \!hich Iies bel'ond the region of I'isiblc spectroscopy and before the region of usual infrared speclroscol)1, is still a nno man's land.' This region has plenty of surprises evcn for ph_vsicists. The secrets of the Iegion are gualded not only by technical difficulties, but also by $ater, r v h i c h h a s s c v e r a l a l ) s o r ' p t i o nl r a n d s i n t h i s r e g i o n I 1 , p . - 1 1 1 . Thc objeclive of lhis reseal.ch, r,.hichr\'ss sLarted in 1965, is to invesligalc thc effect nol onl] of lhermal, but also of infral'ccl r.adialion on the energj'producing process of plants. ln this \\'ork the cffect of the near iniralcd l.adirtion in itself and in combination $ith spectral regions of visibl light on thc rcspiralioD rate of plirnl leaves, is examined. From some of the previously presented phot cncrgetic l)r'cconditions it can be e\]rected that the effect of infrared radiation in combination $'ith other regions of lhe o p l i c a l s l j c c t f L l n r\ i l 1 c l i f f e l f r o n l L h e e f f e c L o f o n l y i n f r a r e d r a d i a t i o n . tesl plocedur.e consislcd in Lhc folloNing. I.eares Nere cut of[ undcr \yaler and Lhc cut stenrs $e1'c pat into e tcst glass lillcd \\ith $ater and placed in a slleciitll] constl.ucted:rnrlJtic chani)('r'\,.hicl) \\'a-s onn('ctecl o irn IIIAS 1 infrared lies ilnxl\'zer'. In the upper. liltccl I)arl of Lhe chanrLer'(r'oof) there ilre c t g l ' o o \ e s f t ) r L \ \ o i ) r ' t h r c c L i g h t l i l l c r s r i c a s u r i n g E r l ! E l l n . m o r ' 1 0 > 1 1 )m n r . l n s i d e t h c c h a n l b e r t h c l ' c a r c t \ o t h e r n r i s t o r s i o r _c o n l i ) ) u o u s t e n l p c r . l t u l ' e m e a s u r ( ] I n e n t o [ l h c l e e v c s a D d a i r ' . D u r i n g t h c t e s l l h e i n l r a r . e c lg a s a n a l \ z e r \ \ a s o p e l ' r t i n g i n a c l o s e d s t s t e m \ r h i c h c D s u l ' c d a n a i r s t r e a m o f 6 0 l i t e r s , / h . \rarious Ieflecting rnd projecting filanrcnL cinelamps \\ere used as radiaLion source. The angle of incideDcc oi Lhcrl!s onlo the lcaves \ras -15". The rc(luired regiotr of the spectlum $as selected b)'using stancllfd glass light liitcrs i5l. l.'or plant irradiation bl risiblc light a Natcr filLer 35 nlm thick $as also u s e d . l h c r . a d i a L l o D\ a s r D c l s u r ' ( , ( l\ \ i L I i P | o I . B . l . I i o z - \ ' r e v t l T c t h e r n r o p i l e s l L ; 1 . ' \ Thc first tcst, celri('d out on'lral)zon t\T)etobacco, sho\red lhat thc respiration in thc dark in thc b u d c l i n gp h a s c o l L h c t h i l ' d u l p c l i c a f \ \ ' a s a b o u t 2 . 5 n g C O 2 / d n r . h . l n s u c h a l e a t t h c a p p r o a c h l o t h e c o m l)ensrtioD lx)int oI gas erchaDgc js reachcd on its cxposurc Lo red light(KS-10 filter transmitting in the r e g i o D o i 6 0 r l - ! 0 ( l n D rr \ r j l h a D i n L c n s j l J ' o f a b o u t 2 0 0 ( l e r g s / c m r . s e c . ln these condiLionslhc rcspiraLion does nol cxcced ; 1,; I of tirc Icspilation in lhc darli. \\'hen lhc leaf uas ex-posed for 5 n]in to near infrarcd r a c l i a l i o D ( I l i S - l l l i l l c r l | a r r s l r i L t i n g i n L h e I e r g i o n o f { ) . 1 } - 3 . 0 1 1 n l\)r i l h a n i n l e n s i t y o f 2 0 0 . { ) 0 0 e r g s / c m 2 s c c , t b c I e s l l i l ' a t i o n i n c r e r s c d b \ ' 1 1 ( t1 ( l 0 r ; U D d c r t h e s i m u l l a n e o u s e f f e c l o f r e c l a r c l i n f r a r . e d I i g h t , t h c r e s 'lhe small increase in lhc Iespiratron during l)iratioN .li(l not c\cerd lrl :1r'; of th('r'csl)iration in the drrk. thc conrllinc.lellcct oi th. infr.aIeti and |ed Icsior-< of lh. sllectIunl, cor-nl)arcdrith the iDfral.ed onlJ,, \\'as \ indic:rti\'eof tbc ilistiDcti\'e effcct of Itd light. Si]nililr-data wele obtriDcd on li.lac, black curlaDt, lD.ljan c o r n . e n c lp r : r . 'I h , J s . i n l i i r a , a l : 1 c t i \x L i o n
' I :
'Ihc
TABLE 1. The Activating Effect of Infrared nadiatior on the Respiration of Leaves and the Deactivating Effect of F.ed and Blue-creen Light (on Simultaneous Irradiation with Infrared Radiation)
The energy C o n d i r i o n s f i r r a d i a t i o n r e c e i v e db y o ( b r a n do f f i l . e r ) the leaf,ergs
o o
The respiration rale cor, mg/ dmz.h 2.'1 0 0.3 2-4 0,36 4.8 0.!t4 l-4 0.4 2-4 0-6
% of respiradon in thedark
Objecr
Leaf o{ lilac
100 0 160 1t
I00 l5 204 18
L a f o f b l a ck c u r r i n r
100 29 r?1 43
T s 2
I
fr
0
r r e
As can be seen fronl Table 1, during a 5-min irradiation of the leaf by red Iight, a cessation or a considerable decrease in respiration uas observed. Such a drasLic decreaseln re;irdtion also occur-rcd during a 5-min irradiation (prior to that the ieaf had been in darkness for 20 min) bj; bl,u _gree| rays. e Undel thc effect of inlraled lighl on such a prcdarkened lcaf, its respiration increased ty aTiiror of 1.5 or doubled. During the 5-min cxposule to lhe infrared light, the lemperature of the leaf increased by 10-12. C. On irradiating simult.xcousl\'\\'ith infl'ared and red light, the respiralion did not increasc. but on the conLrar']'' consideral)l] decreased; aL the sllnre timc a sharp increase in the leaf temperature sould be ob'Ihe scrled respiration becantc noLonly se',eral times lo$cr tban that on activation by infrar.ed light onlr,, l l L r lc o n s i d e r a b l J . l o r , , e r l h a n t h a t o f t h e r e s p i r a t i o D i n L h e d a r k . T h u s . u n d c r i n f r a r c d e x ? o s u r e a n d \ \ i t h t h e a c c o m p a n y i D gi n c r e a s e i n t h e l e a f t e m p e r a l u r e t o 3 0 - 3 2 . C , thc rcd or blue gI'een light dlLlsticaLl.r |educcs Lhe respiratory activity of lhe leal rvithout reducrng lhe tenll ) o l a l t r r c - T h c l ' c d o r b l u e - g r e c n l i g h t t o g e L h e r\ \ i t h t h c n e a r i n f r a r e d r a d i a t i o n b e c o m e s r e a c t i y a L r n g . Someihirg simjlll1' LophoLoreacli\,aLion f respir.ation is observcd- This was observed by o$.en o L./lon lobtcco lc:1\'es lor Nhich thc rcspil'atjorl incr.eased b,v 20i aftef being eryosed to ultra!,iolel lighL, and de_ c|t-'asctl lo ?" of llrc iDjtial \'zlue on cxposurc to visiblc light. In the latter case, opposing t]?es of intcracLion carl also llc ollscrvcd in Ihe regioD of the elcctromagnetia specLrum, i.e,, visible \\ilh ultraviolet light, which is kDo\\ltas photor-etcli\,atioD. I r ) t h o l i | 1 t h o r s r e \ p c r i n r c n r s . p h o L o r e a c r i o n , p r ' o c r u c e c lo r o n l Y b y $ h i t e , b u t a l s o b y r e d , g 1 - e e n ,a n d n lrlLrt g-recn lighl, calr llc ol)scrrcd. Accor'.lin{ to ollrcr (latn obteined by the authors, the red light pr:oduced t h ( r s t 1 ' o n g ( ' s lc l l c c l . t i l c r - . r . c l i \ e l i n g r l ) i l i l - v o f \ \ ' h i c h N i t h o u l i n | f a r e c l i n c r e a s e d w i t h t h e i n c r c a s e ln rnL ( ' r l S j 1i \ l r l t a D q c l l o t ) r i r l l ( l l r , l f . 1 ) ( r ( e r l s , / c I ] t 2 . S c c . A : j - l I j n e x p o s u r c t O r e d l i g h t o f a n i n t e n s i f y o f r l aljout 1 ; . t l t l t l e | g s r / c r r r ' ' s . ] c \ . r s s u l i i c i c n l l o n o r ' r r x l i z e t h c I c s i ) i 1 . a l j o nt ' ' h i c h h a d b e e n a c t i v a t e d b v a 5 - m i n iniraI ' c ( 1i r . r i l d i l t i a r i r 1 l t n i r l l c n s i t ! o l e l r o L l l: 1 ) ( 1 . r t ( )c r . g s / c n r 2s c c , \ \ ' h e r e a s i n d a r k n e s s t h e r s p i r a t i o n \ \ ' a s n o r rl r ' r al i z c ( i \ r ' i lh i D . ! t - : l { r n r i r l l j s i r l l ( r ' L s l j n l t / r r r l ) l cl l t i i t l h c l c r c t i ! . i t i n j l c f f c c t o f \ \ ' h i t c l i g h t \ \ i t h r c s p e c l l o t h e c t f c c t o f j n [ r . a r . e c l l ' l l ( l i l l l i r ) l:s l . i : : , r r l r s t I r c r lr r h tr r l h r ' | ) e n l i s e x p o s c r l 0 r i s j l ) l a l j g h t l t c l o r . ct h c i n f r . l t . c r i . , \ t l h c l l e g i D n i n g i t .jlLlr('i|]fLs1i:ll'lr']rrs')i'l}]|']ll.rl]l]erlllt\.'i.]n()licc(]|hNl,iJ|h.]e:L|\\.as]cJ'tindar.lincssjor'l]lr-(jl] inl rlt'c(l il't ir(ltalLi lloDl {hl llr)lrllrilzllliorr ol I lciil t:il:ar (li]'cctll flonr th('light f l o - < l I ' c l i a l l l c d a t a \ \ . e r . co l J i a i D e a D c r p c l . i il l l r c l l l s \ h ( ' r r L h . l r e l \ ' x : r p l ' c - e r x | o s c t l t o l ' c . i l i g h t . O n c x p o s u r o o l a t o b a c c o l c a f l o r c c l i i A h t a t . r ni t . t t e r l s i t !
tl
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388
TABLE 1. The Activating Effect of Infrared nadiation on the Respiration of Leaves and the Deactivating Effect of Fed and Blue-Green Light (on SimultaneousIrradiation with Infrared Radiation)
The energy Conditions of irradiarion received by ( b r a n do f f i l t e r ) the leaf,ergs
o o
Object
d n
Leaf of iilac
Darkness KS 10 IKS3 K 5 -1 0 + l K S - 3
Darkness KS.l () I KS . 3 KS-10+lKS-3 Ilarkness
e E
szs-1,1
I KS . 3 SZS-1.1+lKS-3
100 29 1?1 43
f( o
r
verification. This \\'as done in ensuing experiments, (s(eTablcI). + the more tlpical of which gave the follo$inq results
E
e
tl
seen fronr Table 1, during a s-min irradiation of the leaf by 1ed liglrt, a cessation or a . .o" ::" l" consloeraDle oecrcirse in respiration $as observed. Such a drastic decrease in respirition also occurrcd cluring a 5-min irradialion (prior to that the lcaf had been in darkness for 20 min) bliil.ue_gIeen ra1,s. Undcr lhe effccl of infrrred ljghl on such a predarkened leaf, its respiration increased tt a factor ol 1.5 or doubled. During the 5-min exposure to the infrarcd light, lhe temperature of the leaf increased by 10-12. C. O n i r r a d i a t i n g s i n r u l t a n e o u s l - r\ \ ' i l h i n f r a r e d a n d r e d I i g h t , t h e r e s p i r a t i o n d i d n o t i n c r e a s e . b u t o n t h e conlrarJ', considerabll'decrcascd; at thc same Lime a sharp increase in the leaf temperature $ould be obserYc(1. 'l'hc respil'ation bccanle not on)y se|etal times Io$,er thatl that on activation by infrared light onl_y, l l u t c o n s i d e r a b l _ \ ' l o \ \ ' e rt h a D r a t o f t h e r e s p j r a t i o r i n t h e d a r k , l'hus. under iDh'rrc.l cxljosure and Nith lbe accompanying increase in the leaf lemperature to:10-32"C, lhc .ed oI hLue-grecn Iighl .lrasticall-vrcduces thc respiralory activity of the leaf $,ithoul rcclucing thc lenl p.ratufcThe red or lllue-green ligbt together \\ith the near infrared r.adiation becomes reactlvating. sorlethi'ls sin)i)al' to photore!ctivation of rcspiretion is obser\'ed. This was observed by O\\'en [?l on lo])accoleltves lor \\.hichlhc resllir'rtion increascd b,r.20/laflcr bcing er?osed to ultraviolet light, a n c ld c cIc!sc(l to 7'. of LIrc initial valuc on cxposure to visiblc light. In the latter case, opposing tl?es of interac' lion crn also lre oljservc(l in lhc region of lhc electromagnelic spectr.um, i . e . , v i s i b l e \ \ , it h u l t r a v i o l c L l i s h t . \hich is kno\D as l)lrotorercLi\:alioD. Ij) thc'ilrllbors' cxpel'illlcnts. photolcaction, p|oducerl not onLJ'by \\'hite, but atso by rccl, grecn, and b l u ( ' - s r o c n l i s h t . c a n l ) ( ro b s c l v c t l . A c c o r d i D g t o o l h e r d a L a o l ) t a i n e d b j ' t h e a u t h o r s , t h e r e d l i g h t p r o d u c e d 1lr( stlongcst clf.,ct. thc r.cecrirlltinq alrilit\' of \\hich \\jlhout infr.ared iDcreased with the increrse rn rn_ L c l l s i t \ i r u | l l D s ( ' l f o n r l ( r 1t ) l o l f , ) 1 | l lc r o q / c l l ] 2 , q c c . A : l - n t i n e x p o s u r c t o r e d l i g h t o f a n i n t e n s i t y of abouL l : ) . ( l ( l ( rc r i l s / / r l l r : s c ( \ \ e s s u l l i c i c n l t o I o ] ' n r r l i z c t h c l e s l ) i r a t i o n $ h i c h h a d b e e n a c t i v a t e d b y a 5-min infrar c ( l i l r x a i i a l i . ) n l l l l L I l i l l l a r t t s l { r ' o l r l ) o L l l : ( l ( 1 . ) t ) 1 lt g s . / c n t 2 . s c c , \ \ h e r e a s i n d i r r k n e s s t h e r e s p i r a t i o n \ \ , a s 1 c nor, r i a r l i z e ( l\ r i t h i D - 9 a - : l 1 r I i n . )
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l i i s i l l l l l r ' : i 1 i n 3l ' ) r r o l f t l l . i t l h ( r e a l c l j r e t i n g c l f . c t o [ \ \ h i t . r l i t ] h t \ i l h r e s p c c t t o t l t c e f f c c l o f i n f t . a r . e c l l':rl]il]lil]]jl:.li,r.l'lilst'r'rr,rl\\]]('llill(ll]1lniiscxil.scdt()\'isil)]c]ightl)c|ofcthcjnh.ar..d.}\lthc1)c1i]]]]jl1g ()]tlr(,j]]\csLj!l.Li')lls,j|tI]fl)].l)]]lcll]il\.;tsNl)Lic.,(l1hll,jIth(,]rla|rres]cftjJ]dirl.lin('ss inIIa]^e(]i]'].il(]ii]1iox.tht,N.)].JrjliijZ:llio1]ol]'.,spifi1ti.naI.te].i!|].lfediIi1(]iati()l] l].o]ljtl]('1]o].lllil]jZll1jolll)l..rlc|1.1liliex(li].cCl]\'fl^onl1hcligIli'll()si].c1ial)]c(]aLi1\''.ec lllcnts Nht'rrth('icrl \'as I)lc-f)iposcrl 1o It'cl light. On cxposurc ol l1tollecco leai to rcd liqht at a)tjnteDsjtJ
366
dire*ry a ;i::$i#i"1::i:1"il1;T berore i:l;'::: min exposed,o,"*","J,,.i,i, zaron ;#",11;l;"::*t*,Jfiff#tr;",""i::ii$i!T::s,?;rnorma, rn: ,"l7i * lrt-:J;T,fii"o*"",*, ,, *;J"i,",::::^:::::l*:'* decreased ili',,'" -^-,_ :o.u.u"o
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Ar a slighrly lower remperature (23-24.C) rhe rare of callus formation is lower than in rhe previous case but the differentiarion of rhe cells is better and more rapid. In this case aDatomical secrionsobrained ar the end of .trarificarion (16-18rh day) showedgood formarion of conducting xylem vessels at rhe site of union of lhe scion a n d s t o c k ( F i 8 . 2 , b ) . T h i s i n d i c a r e sg o o d f u s i o n and, ulrimarely an inciease in yield oftop_grade planrs in the nursery. We also found a very significanr relationship between the good development of the planr, the variery of rhe stock, and the temperarure condi!ions during stratificarion. For inslance, for e Berlandieri x tuparia Kober 5BBoroot_ srock a mole effective remperature was 2S_26,C in the upper part and 22-23'C in the lower. For Rupestris dyu
Fig. 1. Schemaric illusrration ofarrangemenr for elect ical stradficarion of vine grafts by means of the EFI-14 appararus.
F i g . 2 . A n a r o m i c a i s e c t i o no f g r a f r o n s i d e o f a c u r e a n g l e o f s c i o n :a ) S t r a r i f i c a r i o n ! a 28-30'c. A IarFe cauus excrescenceis formed bur its c"lls a,e nor differeDriared; b ) s t r a l i f i c a l i o n a t 2 4 ' C . X y l e m v e s s e l c a n b e s e e no n s the seclron. L o l o o t s t o c k s h e m o s l f a v o . a b l et e m P e r a t u r e t c o n d i r i o n s e r e 2 4 - 2 5 ' c i n r h e u p p e rp a r t a r d 2 2 . c i n ! h e w lower, while Ihe beJt temPeraturesfof RiParia Gluarand tuparia 7 Rupesuis101-14 srocks )rere 22-2i)'c irr lhe uppef pan and 18-19'in rhe lower pafr of the qrafis. I f t h e t e l - l ] D e r a t u art r h e b 3 s eo f r l t e s r o c i r : i : 1 5 o o l o , * r h f r \ t ) . i ( . j ( lo { } o u : : { f r : 1 iL : r i r r r , f i t c a l . f o r j n s t : l t ( c , t h e y i e l d o f p l a o r s\ 1 a s U . l t . ! ' f r e n , r r . n , p r r r r . _ i r 8 | r . i l , ( _( , r L r ; , . , r t a r t i t , r . r ! . r 1 : 1 i . . I | l * _ i _ , t ' . _ . , a : : t . r l u c e r lt o 5 3 d / o w h etj lrl e t c m p e f a t u r r \ , t s i o r , e t r , . l i . ( _ . l(, I : , ! . ; i r r o J ,o i c o J : : r , i ! . _ 1 ,r(l l: r', iJ:r i arr.,:c5 |lC Uur:_ tion of llir stratificatioIprocess. 'Jfrillrnr nalnes are rransliterated irom rhe ltussian-pub]isher,s norc.
of no tess importance for elccuical stratification is d1e maintenancc of rhe optimum moisrure conlent in the of in.the Srafrs. A low moisture content of the sawdustro secure rhe normal proSress the physioloSical processes sawdustin rhe uppe. parr of the box has an adverseeffect on callus forlnation. The heating elements and the dryinS up of rhe sawdusrar rhe open sides of the boxes tend ro reduce the moisture content. We found thar the mosr effective merhod of maintaining optimum moisture conrent of the sawdus!was to damp it with warm water on the brli, 9rh, and l2rh day of stratificatron. The quesrion of the nutrition of tlie grafts during stratification is very important. It is recommended rha! nulrienr solurionsshould be placed in rhe immediate viciniry of the base of the stock at the bottom of the box. When aIl rhe above-mentioned conditions (temperature conditions, moislure content. nutrition, etc.) are fulfilled, rhe yield of rop-grade planrs obrained by electrical stratification is much higher rhan lhat obtained b)' the previously employed hothousesrratification. For insrance, according ro the data of the Moldavian State Machine Testing Starior), hothousestrarifica!ion of the variety Kolna nyagra on Ripafia Gluar in the case of a blind stock and the Dulrient mixture "soil + PK + B" gave a yield of 42.1% top-8rade planrs, whereas electical sratificarion with r h e f F I - t a a p p a r a t u s f o r t h e s a m e t y p e o f s t o c k a n d n u t r i r i o n i n c r e a s e dh e y i e l d t o 5 2 . 1 % . t SUNlMARY Electrical stratification of vine grafis is an effecrive method of increasing the yield of top-Brade plants fronr a nursery. l. 2. The besr remperarure condirions during sualificarion vary wirh lhe biological characte.istics of the stock. 3. Elecrrical slrarificarion is a very promising merhod as regardsimprovemen! of the qualiry of grafted plants, s a v i n { o f p o w e r ,a n d r e d u c t i o Di n l h e r e l a t i v e a m o u n t o f m a n u a l l a b o r . LITERATURECITED 1. 2, 3. .:. ,. r,. A . c . N l l s h u r e n h o , u l l i v a t i o r o f G r a f t e dV i n e P l a n t sl i n R u s s i a n ] K i e v , S e i ' k h o z S i z ( 1 9 6 2 ) . , - . C , L . V . K o l c s n i l ( , - l ' .P . N o v i t s k a ) a ,Z . N . T i k h o n o v a ,a n d f . v . L e m e s h k o . T r u d y K i s h i n e v s k o gs . - k h . i n s t . , o 7, 3l (.9C:). s. L . V . K o l e s D i k , f r u d y K i s l r i D e v s k o g o - k h . i D s l . ,3 E , I 3 ( 1 9 6 4 ) . 'l-lrc V i n e N - u r s e f y i n R u s s i a n ]N l o s c o w, " K o l o s " ( 1 9 6 4 ) . , A. G. Nlislrurenko, l 'lhc a n L. V. Kolcsnili, E l f c c r o f D i f f e r e n tT e m p e f a t u r e s n d N u l r i l i o n C o n d i t i o n so n t i r e R e g e n e r a t i oo f V i n e a l f l f l s I i n L l k r a i r i a r ] 1K j c v , " N r u k o \ a d u m k a ' ( 1 9 6 4 ) . , o \ L . \ / . K o l c s n i k , P l r ) ' s i ( ) l o : t i c & lr s e s f \ / i n e c r a f t i n g I i n R u s s i a n ]K i s h i n e v , G o s i z d a ! , l o l d a v i a ( 1 9 5 6 ) . a ,
THE USE
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l\furr {1964. 1965a, 1965b. 1966a. 1966b. tgti{ic) has , . studied" intpnsjvejy thc broph),srcs oi planl glo\\ tir ,;r-;;,.,;;. under condrtions prooucrng errher phJ.sioiogrcaj THE OBSERvATION THAT atmospheric electriciry ::1: i"],f. or,planr darnagf. Durrng nrs i!.ork rlr occurs, not only dunDg stormv weather. but in fine r thr, \ftirj\r ::lTr,,1l,"r weather a"s oush bean anal swe(,t corn he found lLpmmolrar 1?52r very qur,.k.t ted narurat t'fru, in"r"r.r,,r:i-'an,r,. ,,.1 ,..ot,hpr. nhrl rta)wllr rr,ru rr, o rr rrh app, rt,d ,.lp,.r c p.Ll. ]\-elpecJlalp Io Si f lhal lhi, , Onsl3ntl! pr,,vatitng our.. ol r,, | ,\( dU k \ rr .r s t,nrrcl rr',/ r{\ m. rernF. iv.j! Ahr,,," tno._ r m l g n l l n l l u e n c p p l . r n t g r O \ ! t t r .l a t h p r G r " m n a t t s t i r . I"rn.. gren11,",,, ,;.r, t t , , , C A r io f a decreirsed. \lJren orch.rrd .,ras( seedlrDgq t h p _ n t v p r s r to f l L n r ] t l ; ; 5 | \ r a l . o r r r l . . . l r [ ] ;".,. ,,";,;;i';;, a p p n o rm a t r r f * " t , rrlativel5. high elecrri(. field strenFth, r n a r n a t u t p m a k p . e x t p n c t \ pr r : p o l a t m o , p h e r r , . . e , thtl plarr. a,rirjrr,"J ,], t r r c r l ] ,f o r damage and brochemical analyses indrcatfd l r o m o t l n ev p g e u l t j o n . T h r s n u t 3 l t \ . r p l a r r o n . h ,fr", ,,,1,lr"*1i,, p i"a"i""a enzyme aontent of the ttssuetvasallered. P n r N ( o n c p r v p da n L l e x p , , r r p d h \ r. B p j r u l o n r l ;"5 3 1 . G a r d l n i ln the course of studies of sma| alr r r / 6 2 ) ,a n d I n g e n h o u stz t g g l . lon AclloD on Del l ,, blotch disease barle!,, Elkiey rt ul dscovery of air ions by Elster and Geirel (1E99) lTgii I unr",_itlr"r u"rt,i,,l .of , _The and ptan$ exposed to positive lons exhibrled b] Thomson (1898) made experrments signiftcaDt increas.,. on the bjologjcai effects in hejghr and dry \a,eight.Earlrer. Ija\ e l e c r n ,r r v m o r p . o m p r c h p n s r o . a n J u l r , m a , . i t . t196lr naa olvn,t.rt _ gro\!th strmulation of gaJden cress : . t ,rti o, l n 'l :d : v e l u n m F n l ro : ?* " , lrrale(l \rjLh positj\. or o l 5 u i l d h t -m p l n u L l s o r t h p , r p r r a u , r i o n f negativeions. r n r l , q L a n t | l a t l u ni n l g 0 J L p m , t r J m r e p o n e dl n a r a n p l F . t n L . a ] qNlrarq' Irom metall."potnts . / - r l ( ] 9 7 1 t e x p e r j m e n t e d\ r . r r h e i r , ( . 1 r r ( p . a .- J a h u v e . c p d l j n g p r u d u ( . F d fret!l , , " l u " n - u.n m p . o 3 0 v a r r . r . e .o f r , r a n r . .\ \ , : , . f . , , , r . : a srimLrlationof gro\{,th, and tt,s ot,."luurion J L r r. , , : 1 1 " , : ,y: ^ : " , 1 :-L:**?bl: d wu, ^ l m . r s l z z l r n Fn r . p J , r . l o f r o a n d r n , , L . t conlrrmp lhrep r ,?. a ) - e a - rls l p r b 5 C a s s n e r I g 0 ; ] . B l a c k m a D n d :" I a d:recTd: e war bean proved to be ,1:r],1 (ondu"rid a long serre. Iexperrmcnr, ,",,r,,,,. ]r-a:, .Th o on srnglc to.eiectrlc fjeld conditjons and grelr fasler "rqu,r,t"t. ;-y, (ne taborarory.on planl. than con,..l. ,",r,j"i . rn pur Iulrur,, and on cl r- n other plants tested) under freids of 'l ',r:/ru ca orp ce x p o 5 e d o 100_300 k\ m. Suirl l o n _ p r o d u c t nn t q h - r o l t a g e . w - a m p e r a g . g lo sequenUy. ,!ectr.cal dl,chaJFe.. expenments were conduct(,(l $rtl oarltr Thpj. ohra npd stgntft.3nl in, reas.s in p l a n l : w l l_extensive n A , f a t r t o n p r o r l u . r h monil('n , r o L , . , , r i , : .. J l f l i . i r . . u r y w e r g h ra l n a r v e s r S r . r a n e l r 1 9 7 5 r h a . . :.""".,i,."o r-vrc$.eJ ano !b.i presenceof O3. niectrrc field strengtlt: h,',:n of $her canr. r. L,F,d|,.1J .etc,.rr^uutrurF... . ol :00 kV ns t l m u l a t . d R r , , u r . I n d r a 1 r p to t t . l p , . l n . ] 1 l i] 1 , 1 w o r K s l , _ i , r . l t : l t j \ , L o ,! : hrc bp'n con.pnl.d wtln tne Influpr)\e elpclroof .:",""lr I n o i / O ( , U r r r n p r r n : r t u r , .l n , \ f o l t J l d i lt,atru ,, p.rt r.j-, on spedserm,narrud tgd?, and rn, r rnnu..n.. of . ]tclrostatic currenl developed t() produce ' lll^,:1,0. OJ ancj loDs. Berhntar anrl fields on plant respiratron(196g). R e i c h m a n t s( 1 9 ? 3 1 c o n t r n u e c l \ r l L h b a r l 1 , ]p i a l r i : "rp"r,-on,. INTRODUCTION Journol Btological physics of Volume 11, 19gB
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thP dir iur' 5o lv m rt'^n ar 15t)k\ m Furthcr' when vented into another " ' * ; ; , ; ; ; ; ;lt" stimulated plants 'rhe!' ff;;;; ir,e g'owih or plants contained therern' :;;;;";;;J lactor ts a -bvproducr.or it,. gro'tt''"1'u,,"tns i"i;;;;; at relalivelv low field strength .olorr^ -a lhat it develops field strength rs .assoc' Growth retardation occunng at higher from apex lo base of the plant-a current flow JtJ'*nrt reporred carlipr h] cholodnv arrrl Senke'*rrsch ;;;;.;;;"' ,"iiiJii ."a bY Lund '/ '/ l19l?r'Thcmi'ch:rnrsmsolelp'tro ictrons sugg'sted by Bar'hman and Rprchmanrs f*l; .;;;. the 18th centurv pnrr' rt,e hvpotheseJ espoused bv ;;;;;" weather' acis tttut atmospheric electricity' even in fine .,.ill"t, io;romote the $o\-!th of Plants ""' (1958) and Zhurbrtskrr and Shidlovskava 7tt*ti,.f.ti tf-"-:!; *t" influence of electrical conditiont."n trgoii "iJiJ ; solution bv plants and found that potentrar H;;i;;;; to those pievailing in nature can affect the iliiJ" "q"iuuf""t incorporation of heaw metal ions Exposure ibsorption and enhanceq increased densities of small air ions io Jifi"afv resulLs have been reported.bv Murr similar ;*;';;;;tt. bv Krueger 1965)' bv Kotala et al' (1965a} and ;1&3. ir6{,
tween chloroplasts and lhe resl oi the cell: (51 shrft in the ralr of dark-lighl shrrnking and s$ellrng of isola!cd chloroplastsi {d) stimularion of ATP rnetabolism of isolated chloroplasLs; (8) incteasein RNAast' i?i increase in oxygen consllmptiolr; nf leaves (Kiueger el dl . 19fi3i Kolaka el ol ' 1965: uciiuity K r u e g e re t o l . 1 9 6 1 ; K o t a k a e l o l , 1 9 6 8 K { ) r a k ae t a l , 1 9 6 5 ' Kotaka and Krueger. 19?21' (letermlnewhether \\ith this background. we undertook to observed under laboratory condltlons the growlh stimulallon gro!\'n Lna hyclroponrcs could bt, duphcated with a market crop g r e e n h u u ' e 1 b r ' e x p e r r m e n tw a \ ' o n d u ' l e d .ultut", iJi".. d u n n g t h P p e n o d D e " e m b tr 1 9 7 I J ' r l y 1 9 7 5
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I } I A T E R I A L SA . N D I E T H O D S Hous(SH) Seedting This structule, 9.6m by 3'1 m and 2'2m high' consistd plastic panels of ritrs and purlins covered with corrugated air i)rculation' and an autoone end provided i*ftuutt t*. "t maximum davtime ;;;;";;c 'atand cooting unit kept t-he ca zZ"C and the miniDum nighttime templ".o"t"t"t" ca 21"C. The ail ionization "y*rn "9t* i ,-to-"J""
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inkrferes rvith of iheir e*sentral physlologrcal processes and 1969: Krueger et ol a""aopmeot lztttur'i*tii -a J"t"iitttubrr. 1960 at the o*'r, experience in this lield began in where $'e developed iacilities perof Caiifornia. Uniu*siv po.u." of plants to small air iol1s in a controlled -iliing "t (Krueger et al ' 7962)' For the mo-st parl' *i"ro"rrviron-"nt ieedlings of oats (Aoeno solird) and.barlcv ;;;';;;j;";;;t" medra- \le (Hordeim ullgorisl glo\\'n- in chemicali! defined t.realed1\ith unipola! ionized atmospheres iound rhat seedlings produced siatlslicall! significant stimulatlon ol of "t "n*g" l "ittt h a s m e a s u r p db ! m e a n s l r m l p n f l h i n l P g r a - l o n e a t l o n ' croN r h p ' x r e n r o f s r o \ ! r h r n ( r p a \ pt \ . 3 5r o u l h l y :;; ;" ;;'cht m turn the atmospheic ion densit_! and thls o.oooaionufi" cr cunent flo.'" to sround rbe .n^g,"t"tl. 5;;;;;;t;; r-rttt11 mtnimal curr.nt mpasurpd tn a groun''f irr :'fil'l'" r v '?l Io r m " a ' l r : h l e d ' i f e r e n 'e I n g r o \ r l n \ \ 3 s I J producineI i n t h e a i r i o r rc o n t e n t d / . 1 9 6 2 ) .R e c l u c t i o n - i q i p t ^ n t, k * " g " t loss of turgor "r of-the air resulted. in retarclation of growth and arcom major biochemical char\ges (Klueger et dl . 1965) The (1) of alr lons on pianis \\'ere found to be: oanllnq the acllon $Plehl: l2l il" r'osr ln pro in"r"^.. i,, rale uf gro$lh and dry P ' 1 l y m P s(lr I clurtionuf ' \'lo, hromp C and olhrr Fe' onlain'Te distribution ol Fe tre' t; i" uptak":11) shift in the ;;;;;;
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!-. 58 co co-aced 6f crir !D!rt in a tquare pattem end rurpeoded travs which ,u"t" to b" exposed to air ions lt.was ;;;;;;; 2i trr' a day These trays and ttre emittrs above lo...tio.t"t tcated 2 ri downstream ftom the travs holding ;;;-;;;; control seedsand seedlings
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Seedso I the indeterminatevariety of tomato fLlcopersicon seeded Ln molst' esculentu|..P )liller). cv tropic VFST were gprmln3lpellp!s 3nd sel ln qhallo\{ plasrlc !ra\': to eneli pellets were placed beneath the au ton Sixt) percent ol the control sectlon' emitteis tn the seedlinghouse and {giZ in the conltol proceoLrres -\ll iffigatlon, feedings. and environmental operalrona-l werr, plrformed according to the grower's normal 5.to 6. dats .t^"a"1Jt Treated and c;ntrol seeds germrnated All the see'llitrgs\rere left in the seedlinghouse ^lift .*ai"g greenhouse'\rnere for l6 days before transplanting lnto the rdrr'i^ml\ rl)to r\(' srnro' 86 I plrnls 'n lhev !rere dl\ld.d J-nirt) \(d' r,"4. .r. f anA 5. and ii6 rr L"d' 1 a|d : I"n flu\ p o l b P J ' 5 . I a n d5 r ' r e d r - d l a r " r J n d l r J ' l *"u,""' ,n lhFaraa p u ) n rr ' c o n ' l d ' r e d ir ,nut .i n'o. 1 and 2 r' unlrJr planl'r' t h i in "Discussron'. Struct\rral Design oi the Greenhouse tomato ssed The GH in \\'hlch the slimulated arld conlrol rsshutn n F'g i E"Pnrrslt] !h' CH 1 i n n ,, ' : " r " t r a n s p . a n l , d rrn"d a5 a qLonspt foitlrurutton 'hosr, i' 'ommonls d's structure 'onslsts of a seriesof hor.rseThe prina4 iX"a^b.*", pipes roith metal i'i.-'iJulLf't"ra. made from assembledplastic ' ano roof trllqs merhnprs Tlt nf,r", s. 16 'r"ostal.'purl n. ts cor.r-d \trln fihrrgla" relnior' "d pla'ti ir'ii* ",r", tur' -nd5 for P\hau'l oan-1..(LrloJl. ar4 nro!loFo a lh' Par'ip a r , d o o l r l r ep a d p a l ' F l s S P r ) n d ] J l ' 1 r 1 1 . c o o ) r c gf a n " . d o o r ' . the natutal trrr", oi.t""t pipes are insulled internall5 to support gas heaterrfalr unit and the o\'erbeadair distribulion duct and rlne iso for the necessar] $ire cables ro support the tomato l o n s a n d i 9 l m r r r d " a r r df r o fruir f"uo.. Ihp GH r. 10 23 m e o r e r p c ln " t o r r ' vrde. a lotai productlr'"area of 125 mZ \ nutrlent solution and gound levet resenolr !o conralll the "oraoi""t"" assembly is located jusl inslde lhe entrance door
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was not possible. Consequently, in Fig 2 only the marn stem average rat of growth is shorvn as a function of days from transplanting. Notes have been entered in Fig. 2 to key certain growth events. Visua] lnspection was on a cont.inuingbasis for plant res' ponses and physical appeatance. The siimulated plants in eeneral had thinner stems, smaller leaves. less dense' overall ioliage cover and had two or thlee more ilower_fruit clusters thar the controls for equal stem height. The labor requred for plant leaf pruning was much lessfor lhe ion'treated plants than for the controls becauseof the denser foliage in the latter. On the other hand. less efforl was expended on poLllnation of the controls because the ion-stimulated Diants had more florvet clusters per plant. These differences balan(.'d onf another. Harvestlng, srzing. grading. and parkaging of mature fruil look place Lhreetimes per week. \"incty-se!en da) s after transplanting the growth ratc der'reased for the strmulated plants and Nas onl-\' slightly 'lhis phase coincided approxlmalell reduced for the controlswith the bri'f period when air-lon treatment \{as lnterrupted, as nolcd below. and Droduced no ill eflect on flowers. fruit was Fo\!'th, or on maturation of tomaloes. Vitus clesease detected in control and stimulated plants during the sixth week of han,est and caused a reduction of fruit yield Diseased plants were removcd at a rate of 39i per week of the total plant populatiorr. produclng a total loss of 25i: in the treated glotlp and 107. in the controls. The collecting of data for piant per' formance in terms of fruit yield and quality was termilrated 152 day's after transplanting because of the excessive planl deterioratron and lossesto virus infectlon. HaI\est of frui! from aii-ion treated plants b.'gan 10'1days more after s..eding (86 da)s after transplanting) and procee-ded raprdly than did han'est among lhe controls. Figure 3 depicts the yield rate per plant as a function of harvest \teeks for stimulatd and (ontrol plants. l'jgure,1 displays the cumulalrve fruit yield per unlt of greenhousearea. Becauseof the hrgher inridencc of virlrs lnfectjon jn the ion-treated group the yield (:urves begin to converge at the ninth week. Figure 5 is a plot
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Fig I F.u,t ! ield !s a fu..rLon of grceDhouse n,t rrej u
;
>.
l S l r m uc t e d
:t C)
H o r v e s tw e e k s
Fiq 5 Cumula|]vefruit](,ldp.rphnt plotted against harvest w.rks iorcontlolsand ronrrcrtcdplanrs
Joumal ol Biolo9d
m aturation /rlpenlng, (c) increasedcrop yield and (dl improvethat in such a pre_ ment of fmit composltlon, \le recogTllzed limlna-r! experiment it Nould not be fea'sibleto conduct a definitrve test employing the control conditions one would jmpose in the laboralory. Ideally. an exp.'riment of this sort one hous should utilize two secllons of the same greenhouse, ing the treated plants. and the other the controls, completely isolated from the artificlaliy ion-enhanced atm()sphere. For practlcal leasons, we were not able to lnstall a Faraday cagelo pervent ions from reaching controls. -{s a compromlse, we made use ofihe facl that arr'ion density falls off rapidly with distance from the ion source. The emjtters \.!ere so positloned along the length of the greenhousethat beds 3, 4 and 5 were closest t() them and could be consldered to prPsenl an )on Lreatedarea (Fig. 1). Beds I and 2 wpre far enough away lo serveas contiols although they undoubtedly rcceived a Iow dosage of ions in the absnce of a completly untteated st of Conrquently, controls, any dfferences in biological effects observed during this experiment could be ascibed to differences in arl ion doso.se. On the basis ol the averages of the ion flux densities lnumber of ions/cm2lsec) at plani level in ttte three different ion-treitd of tie erperiment, Planb in tlle .ft tection flr c' l? tiDet the dosage of pbnt3 in tbe confol !rc|!. rlclield shile ion-treated plants in t}|e forward section werc exposed to ca 13 times as many ion as the control plants. It can be argued that the plant responses obsrvd on our experiments depend on difierences in the imposed electrical fields. Clearly, the control plants were exposed to lower electlo_ static fields than the t\\o groups on ion_treatedplants Ho$ever, the work of Bachmall and Reichmanis (19?1) and our own expeiments (Krueger ef al., 19?8) demonstrate that air ions are the primar, element in conveying thc small electrical culr' ents to plants that resuit jn increasedrate of gro\\th. In our experiments. corrducled in very 1o$' electrostatic fields, no growth cnhancement occurted until air ions rvere added to the ambient air. Bachman and Reichmanis found that increases in plant Fro$th. in !he absence of added arr ions, depended upon !he intensiiication ()f relativelr-lo$ electrrcaliields at the pointcd ends and ftne hairs of plants to su.h a degree that corona developed and arr ions llere produced The eltctrical currcnts reoulred to stlmulate gro\\'th are qulte 'qmal1:610 p A t p l a n t i r l o u r e a r l ! r t u d i e s ( K r u e q e r .e 1 d l . 1 9 6 2 ) . 1 0 p A ' plant in more rei:('nt ones. alrd 10 p.\ in Blacknar, and l-eggs ( 1 9 2 1 ) - i e r i e s P o h l a n d T o d d 1 1 9 S 1 ) r e p o r r P da I u r r e n t o l - 1 . p , \ , c n : a t p l a n l l e l e l t o b e e i i t c t M r n e r p e d i t r n gt h e g r o w t h ancl blorsoming oi geraniumsand Pcrsranvlolets The goai of the experiment recorciedhere $as to t'\'alllate the application of electroclrlture in the production of tomatoes in a hl'droporlrcs greenhollse. The generaily fa''orable effects obsened lead to the conclusion that the arl ion enriched environment rvasresponslblefor: 1. Earlier appcarance oi buds and fruit bJ two wceks 2 . E a r i r e rf r u i t ! i p e n i n gb y 1 0 d a v s 3. Cumulative fruit yield rate per plant greater by 27? at the end of six !\ eeks.1. Supenor frurt conformation and quajity by 10?-15? for Grade 1 5. Imorovcdfruit size. 6 . I m l r r o r , . df r u n f l a r o r a n d ' n m p u s t i o n . Sjnce the costs of rnstalling air ion generatorsare modest, their energy requiremenls are mintmal. and no detrtmental obsen'ed, eifects of negairvearr ions on lhe personnelhave bern thls procedure appeais to be a useful addltlon to greenhouse technolog]-.
ACKNOII LEDC]\I LNT We express our sincerethanks lo l\lr. Ill(hatd lingcr and 'fhomas Michel ol Klykon Inc. of florjda for thfrr interest and hell) in makin{ it posslbleto carry out lhls st"udy REFERENCES
Atmt^ph'l B.G.i Under*ood, Lr'li J Bachnan. CHHa.lehono'. Tet.estt Phrs JJ. {9? i0i l;. Bachman, C H r Rerchnan r' I't i:+ l 1973 lrt J Bometeat 253 21)2 Beccarra, G B 1 1,'i Dpll Lk tt,tctto T.rtest.. .\tmosl.tk o o ( lc1. S.a nt,
1921. J Aerrc. Sci 11,264. E. Ch. 7937 . Plont Phrsiol. .12,385-,108. Bhartendui Barthatur, N. 1977. /ni. J
Elstr, J.;Oeitcl. H. 1a99. Te.r.str. Mogo2in, 4,2\3-31. C. De inllutu electricitati' cardini, 1?84. (Diertation). C.-itn, G. lSoT . Be.. Dot. G... otmosphencoe in wEetontio,'l\rin,
Kolaka, S.; Krueger. A-P.: Ni6hjzawa. K.: Obuchi. T.r Kogure, Y.i Talenobu. M. 1965, P.oc. Bot. Soc.. Jpn. C2I, 43. Kotakr. S , Kruegr. A P.i Nishiza*a, K.i Obuchi, T.; Takenobu. M i Kogure. Y iAndriese,PC. i96i Nolu.e.lr8. ll12 1113. Krueger. AP: 8t9 895 Koraka. S.i Andriese. Pc \962 ) (;en Phrilol 70b 8. 9. 15.
K r u e g e r .A . P . i K o l a k a . S : A n d r i e s e .P . C . 1 9 6 3 I o l u f 9 0 0 . ; 0 i Krueg.r, l 5lii P I Kotaka. S : Andriese. P.C ese. PC 196.L /nl 1965 /nl J J
Brometp.)t IJt.n.t.ar
E.iYosr, N1 G , Red, E J
S 190r. tiie.l,.tt\
n.\graultut.
Ilr).1.ctt1c Fi!d\ Lund. E J , r ,l l91l ro' I,p \,r, r Pr. . .\u, . . T-\,. lurs. (; I1 r9rjt \1utr. L E I9iji Murr.L E ( nn J Pl.lt S(1 l;. .\orrr. :/rar.i9Ll l3ori
1!9 )01
1 9 t 1 1\ d r k r . f r / . i ; 0 , l9ilii, \dl!.p
I'()nlrefsPlorlS(r
.l Bk)L Ph)r 5.:l 23 G\f l9f.l 1nll 4,om.r1,,.. J5. 309 3?1. 19t2 J ,1nr s,). Ho.i Srr
Pohl. II-\.iTod.]
Thomson, J J 1898. Phrl Jtas ./6 ;?d.ili Winron, R . er dl Lnpublished drr! Zhurb,tski,, Z I i00 I12. Zhurbitstii. 1 9 6 9 . P ( ' c U S S R . { c a d . S c r . , B i o l , S e r i e s= 1 , J a n F e b , I L 196i. E1.ht.n Obrc'! .\lotet 6.
70-;3. Editor's Note: Dr. Albert P. Krueger died on December 8, ln 1982, Pleaserefet reprint requestsor corresponditnce caJeof the .\u lon Laboratory, Deparlment of Bionredlcal and En_ Universltj' 6f Californra. Berkelev, vironmental Health Sciences. Californra 9-1720.
Z l . Sh,dlo!ska!'a.
10
11. lg83
IN PLANT PROTECTION T H E U S E O F U L T R A V I O L E TR A D I A T I O N
N{. I. zhiSal'tsevaand S. M. Chernobrovina
crepuscularandnocturnalinsec!susuallymovearoundrandomlyinsPace.llowevel,whenthereissParticular Iandn]ark,suchasanartificiaLlishlsource,tlreirmovemen!beginstoshowelementsofreSulariryand'asaresult. direc! contacl with it' mos! insects approach the landmalk uoliL lhey come into l h e r c a r e l b u n d a n t , I l l o u S l lv c r y c o n t r a h c T h i s c h a r a c r e r i s r i o f i n s e c t s a s b e e n k n o w nf o r a v e r y l o u g t i n r e a n d t h e m i d d l e o f t l ] e L g t l rc t n t u r y s i m f l ( : t r a P sc o n s i s t r n t b d i c r o r y d a t a , o n r h e c a P t L [ eo f i n s e c r s y m e a n so f i i g h t ' l n ofalampandavesselcontain'nSaviscousliquidwe|eusedintheU.s.q.andcenada,butlheydidnotJustilyLl]e c e n t u | y n e w l i 8 | l I s o u r c e s i, l l c l l l d i l t Sn l c r n o p e sp l a c e d i n t h e n l . I n t h e l a l e t i r i r I i e sa n d e a r l y f o r t i e so f t h e P r e s e n ! i n s e c t s ' A c c o r d i n g t o e x i s t i n gd a t a ' u l l r ^ v i o l e l o Ia c u r y a n d f J u o r e s c e n t m P s ,N e r e t e s l e df o r l h e p u r p o s e f c a P t u r i n g lightsourcesattraclmoreinsectsthanincandcscenrlampsandbai!s.Theyarereconlmededforcontlolof|l]e Tschtw' s o c o c k c h a f e r , e s l s f w a t e f s ,l h e g y P s ym o t h ' a n d D e n d r o l i m u s i b i r i c u s P ' b e c n r e p o r t e dt h a t t h c i r e f f i c : l c y i s Electric liSht rraps are used abroad o n f i c e a n d o l h e r P l a n t a t i o l l si;t h a s i n c r e " . e , lt l I I r c ) J r r u r c J I n c o , . l L l r ' l ' o l l rrilh odorousbaits.
Elec|rlcllgtlllraPsatealsorecommendedfortl]cPredicliol]rndwarniIlgScrvice.Yettlteylrav.cnotberlrl !o IiSllt are'sufficjenl t() w i d e l y u s e d s o f a r a n d i r i s q u e s t i o n a b l e i f t h e c i a ! ao n t h e n u n l b e r o f i l l s e c t s . I ! ! r a c t c d trealment of planls' determine the tinres for cjremical ThLls,th.it\'iril:1lJl(.dlltiloIllleefficacyofliglrtuapsareconttadiclol}'andlackal]itdeqLlJtteXpetill]tllllel of illstcts iltlrscttLl to ll!lll soLlrccs basjs. \1orao!er, trrt lack of itlfornlation on tlri igc conllosiiioJl
and !heofeticil
tlle advissl)ilit) of usirl! tlris nl'thod JI rll' 8 i \ e s g f o u r d f t - . tt l t ' u l r t i n q oI liLt lllcltlgit.ll acrion oI ultl]vj()]cl ra}'S l . h e i j i n i o i r l ] e p l f l e n l i L ] \ d s t i g a t i o l ]\ ' i r s t o c ] i l i i f ! s o n l t . L S P . c t S ol (:r'Pusf o r r ) l a rP ! . ! l i c t i o l l i t r d \ { , r r L l r l l gS c r v i c e a l l d f o r t l l e c o l l t r t r l c l t t i r s c c l sa r ( r . , a c r r i n t l r L e r r r c t r a l r p l l c a L ) | i i r y c u l 3 r a n o n o c i r r r r 3 Lc i a p n e s l s . biol('gi(:rl strrlclurcs' h ri\'s .Lr livirls tissLlcs .qLlli \iilll tllc absorl)lionof tllcsc reys by itfrct exPosule lo a parlr(:LrleI A f : i n t a r \ ' ( . f r . l ( i o l i t b t o r o t i i ) . rL ' r j n i . c l s i s l l ) e v i s u s l s y s t c n l . l l l l a s b c e n f t ) u l l d l l l a l ()f tllc nlusculrture. llsillll iL lrclro o : r o l u l i r r v i ( r l f i r a J i r l t ! ) l t l r r t i i s ! r t J t e r v o L rs y s t r n r b c g i I s t r ) c a u s e n l o v e l l l r n l s 'lll. ([i8. l). llalure of lllc t:urvcsof tllLrtl':rl f i q i l t \ , . l l , 1 \ f L l r . v i s i : . j . r , r a s i s l e r c ( ]r l l . t s c t o l i t n t c n t s e u t r ) n l a t i c a i l ) Js !lre rcactioll ol r . t l i r r i i r s c { l n : ! s c u l l t u r l c l e r l l v s l l t ) wt i t a t l l l c I c s p o l l s c t o l r r a d i a t i o l l i s p l a c l i c a l l y I l l c s i } n l e ()t cqllill illlcrcst i.e,, iI rllls casa ultraviolct rays oroduce a toxic effcct Ill. i f . s e c l sr o p ! , l s ( , i t i i , tb ) D D ! ( l i i ! . : ) , (rl tlrc is tlle effecl .l uitral\'ioleltavs orl tllc rcDroductiva syslcnl of femalcs' sillct tlley sccurc tlle Presctvalioll o l t r : :l r n r P d t r f i l ) g s p e c r e s . 1 n f a c r , l n i , r J t , r l l ( r r s a n J i I s L t c r s ,a b o u l h a l f o f w h i c l l w t r e f e n l i l l e s , w e r c c o l l e c t e d a r o u t l d durillg tllc the lnassflir,lll i)cri1r,l.\1(JI. Iilsll (i!_Jr', of Ille allracted insccts wele agricullural p!sts' For illslallcc' ol wlticlr '1!-5lr'i malilleilus ZeII" u l l . : l i r ) r s P e c i n r e n so f ] 1 r y ! ! n t M l 1 n l a s s i l i f r r r i r c r i o . i i : P I U ( - . 1l a n r t l i l i z c l c l at(r noi alI here fernalas. Il uri, l). rssuI]]tt! rllar ol all lllc ellracted irsccls aIe cauglll in !llc coilector, i.e., Ihey 'l_herr i n s t a n c e ' a J o L l n dt l l e l a m P killed. r . c n r r r : l r tl r a v r : c x P . c l a r L le l l i l l ( r r e a s ci l l t l ) e D u l ] l l ) c r so f l l ' n l a l i n e l l u S ' f o t ( ) l ' D e r a r i o i l o i 1 l ) er I l P s n o t a s i n g l e n e n o f I l ' m a L i n e l l u s w a s f o L l n d i r ; t n c n e r i ! . n : . : , . l i ( i \ \ ( \ r i , : L rI l c s c r : o r c l ) ' . a f lllu witliin a raciju! ol !:ir ii:t(,nrrrr: lr.n l,( lnnlP. Il tl ( lollo\.'irit ycaf! olll! a fcr' egg balcllcs wert found ill The rcriorr ,,f !lrrar)olc: lame re!i(rr,
( I al li" lll i)cr' ( l)rlIrl ol sr r'r;1i \ \ ' t i a 1i r : ! j r r r r . i i , - . . , . . i . L , i r l : , r l r . ! ) 1 1f : i l L : i l l j c i a i ; ' o i t l r t c I i i l I i l c Lt i I s L i ( i n s e c l s i i r r . L ,(rL . r t , r , . i , : : r ' I i . : : r , : L r . l r ! , i i i , l j i r ! , r L \ l ) i r i : l r r f ; 1 ! r - J t : i r : l ' l r r ' r f u l r c i i o l : 1 1 l r l t i l ! " r r l l t l:'i: i,. 1 i l.:rrts b.f"rt r': l'i il I t o e c : 1 l l : ja : . , r i i _ . i , r r 1 r ( L : : 1 .. ' . l i j i , . ( : r ! i ' \ . : ( r i i l l a \ ' . i ; I i l. . 'i . " 1 ( ! ! - l i , r - i - ; t r , , i : ! ! . r - , . r : ,r ! : . i : i r 1 , i , i i i : r ' t ( , , 1 \ a l ! i l , s ! ( i ! \ \ l l i a : t . : l i r . l l f t r : r 1 l ) l l l l t i i l ; l l f ( l r l l l ) r r r" '
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We found that electric liShr traPsattracted young i0dividuais Only a whiih had not laid their eggs or had only started to do so' attracted few specimens out of 4000 insecn which we examined \{ere they had laid a large number of eggs' after prorec_ To determine the practical value of electrical Planl of action of rhe source and the rion we had to derermine the radius besr height at vrhich to Place it. Any emitter of ultraviolet and visible liSht of different wavelengrh is surroundedby three zones which have different effects on the behavior of Iiying insects. In the immediate vicinity of the and Iamp there is a zone in which lhe insectsare inhibited by light senseof direction ("shock reaction")' In this zone lhe lose tlleir positive phototaxis is obviously rePlaced by negative Pho!otaxls' is a This is rhe fifst zone-the zone of inhibition' Outside it fiere zone of atlraction. This is the oPlimum zone of second zone-the acridr of uluaviolet rays on iDsects. lnsects flying into this zonc Oul_ change rheir direcrion of fliSht and nlove towards the source is a zone in which the lamP has no action' side this zone there 'lhe absolure sizes of tilese zones vary r{ith the Power and kind of t of tamp. This, in !urn, determineshe numbe'and species atdoes not aluays tracted insects. AII increase in tlte Power of the lamP lead to an incfease in tlte number of insectsattracled' This isclealLy borne our by the data shown in Table 1, which Sives infolmation lo or lhe nLlmberof toflricids (Torlricidae' LePidoPtefa)atrracrcd v a f i o L r lsa m p s ( n t e a n d a t a f o r 1 5 d a y s i n A u S u s t ,1 9 6 , 3 ) ' The linlils of the zone of artraclion of differen! lanrPs have l o b e d e t e r n l j n e de x p e r i m e n t a l l y . F o r i n s t a n c e 'w e f o u n d l h a t 'for!rix viridana L, is attracted to rhe lan1psindicared in Table 1 oi 0.5 l(nl alld speciessuch as the EuroPeancorn alr,""* f,*r " borer are altracted from a distance of more llian one kiLometer' Insects whiclt have flown into the oPtimum zone do nol Ieave ffom m s i r , a l r l r o u g hi t s o m e t i m e sa P P e a r t h a t l h e i n s e c ! s o v e a w a y rlre radiation soutce- Insects du.ing lhis time aPparently need
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Fig. 2. Recordsof movemenrs of Iimbs of a fly poisoned wirh DDT. Top line-30-sec rime marks. a) Beforepoisoning; b) i n " c o n v u l s i o n " t a g e i c ) a r s r a r ro f . q u i v e r i n g . s rtug"; 1Jiu,' e n d o f ' q u i v e r i n g " s t a g e ;e ) r e t c n r i o n of only a weak response I o m e c h a n i c a ls r i n ) u i a r i o n a c c o f d i n g ( t o N . B . I l , i D s k a y a[ ] 9 6 1 1 ) .
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153
TechnicalSpecifications (numberof graftsper Productiviry season) a) Power Supply -phase Three line voltage
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Sfape seedlings. In 19{j.1 rhesf de! rces succrs!JLlll\ l a s s c . it l l e s r a t l :rrr \ i ! a r r h e l 4 o l d a v i a n Tesliltg Staalons and Georgian
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