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Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, who was born in Bhopal on April 1, 1936, which corresponds to the Hijri era 1355, Thursday 15th Rajab. As the time has unfolded itself, the God Gifted qualities enshrined in the words Qadeer and Ghafoor, symbolized in the names of Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan and his father, Mr. Abdul Ghafoor Khan, have raised the Pakistani nation to new heights in high technology.
Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan obtained the degree of Bachelor of Science in 1960 from the University of Karachi. This was the beginning of the unfolding of his intellectual power. Subsequently, he studied in Berlin, West Germany and achieved high competence through attending several courses in metallurgical engineering. He obtained the degree of Master of Science (Technology) in 1967 from Delft Technological University, Holland Acheived Doctor of Engineering Degree in 1972 from the University of Leuven, Belgium. The restless soul of Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan took him to several laboratories in Europe including Uranium Enrichment Plant in Holland.It was the essence of his being sharpened by high scholastic achievements in metallurgical and nuclear science that his will and essence at all times remained directed towards the welfare of Pakistan.
In 1976, he joined the Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL) in Pakistan and set up an uranium enrichment industrial plant. As a tribute to his services for the security of Pakistan on May 1, 1981, the then President of Pakistan, General Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq renamed the Engineering Research Laboratories, Kahuta, as, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan Research Laboratories (KRL).
The scientific contributions of Dr. Khan have been recognized in several ways :
As an active scientist and technologist, he has published more than 188 scientific research papers in international journals of high repute. He has been editor of a large number of books on metallurgy, advanced materials and phase transformation. His academic and scholastic activities have attracted the attention of number of western countries where he has delivered more than 100 lectures. His work on Industrial Uranium Enrichment Plant for peaceful application of nuclear technology has resulted in a breakthrough in the field of metallurgy & materials science.
It is entirely due to his efforts that the process of enrichment of Uranium was successfully completed in Pakistan.. Nuclear Bombs & Missiles This breakthrough ultimately resulted in the historic explosion of six nuclear bombs on May 28 and May 30, 1998. Not only this but a significant development was also made with the successful test firing of Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles,
Doctor of Science from the University of Karachi in 1993 Doctor of Science from Baqai Medical University on December 11, 1998 Doctor of Science from Hamdard University, Karachi, in March 6, 1999 Doctor of Science from Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, N.W.F.P. on April 16,1999 Doctor of Science from the University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore on December 9, 2000 Doctor of Science from the Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi on March 25, 2001.
Dr. Khan is a Fellow of Kazakh National Academy of Sciences, the first Asian scientist with this honour, Elected Fellow of the Islamic Academy of Sciences and Honorary Member of the Korean Academy of Science & Technology. He has also been elected as the Chairman of the Islamic Development Banks Advisory Panel on Science and Technology in the Panels first ever meeting, held at the IDBs headquarters in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, on October 17, 2000. Being a Fellow of Pakistan Academy of Sciences, he was elected unopposed the President of the Academys in 1997- the position that he still occupies. Besides, he is a member of a large number of national and international professional organizations, which include Pakistan Institute of Metallurgical Engineers; Pakistan Institute of Engineers; and Institute of Central and West Asian Studies. He is a Member of the Institute of Materials, London and of:American Society of Metal (ASM) The Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Metallurgical Mining and Petroleum Engineers (TMS) Canadian Institute of Metals (CIM) and Japan Institute of Metals (JIM).
He sits on the Boards of Governors and Syndicates of numerous universities and institutes. He is a Member of the Executive Committee GIK Institute of Engineering and Technology, TOPI
Member, Board of Governors, Hamdard University Member, Board of Governors, Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology Member Syndicate, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad; and Member, Board of Governors, International Islamic University, Islamabad, among others.
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read more YIELD YIELD [announced] [estimated] [boosted device?] 28 May 1998 25-36 kiloton total 9-12 kiloton Fission device 28 May 1998 12 kiloton Low-yield device 28 May 1998 sub-kiloton Low-yield device 28 May 1998 sub-kiloton Low-yield device 28 May 1998 sub-kiloton Fission device 30 May 1998 12 kiloton 4-6 kiloton Fission device not detonated 12 kiloton This table lists the nuclear tests that Pakistan claims to have carried out in May 1998 as well as the announced yields. Other sources have reported lower yields than those claimed by Pakistan. The Southern Arizona Seismic Observatory reports that the total seismic yield for the May 28th tests was 9-12 kilotons and that the yield for the May 30th tests was 4-6 kilotons. DEVICE DATE Designed by Kamran Zahid | Powered by WordPress
Abdul Qadeer Khan (in grey suit, right of army officer), in 1998.
Born
1 April 1936 (age 76) Bhopal, British Bhopal, British Indian Empire (Present day, India) Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory Pakistani Pakistani Metallurgical Engineering URENCO Group Khan Research Laboratories Physics Dynamic Laboratories GIK Institute of Technology Hamdard University
Institutions
Gomal University Karachi University Technical University Berlin Catholic University of Leuven Delft University of Technology
Alma mater
Doctoral advisor
Martin J. Brabers[1]
Known for
Atomic deterrence programme Ultracentrifuges development Martensite and Morphology Hilal-i-Imtiaz (14 August 1989) Nishan-e-Imtiaz (14 August 1996 and 23 March 1999 Henny Qadeer Khan
Notable awards
Spouse
Abdul Qadeer Khan[note 1] (Urdu: b. 1 April 1936); DEngr, NI (twice), ; HI, FPAS; also respectfully known in Pakistan as Mohsin-e-Pakistan (in Urdu: ;lit: Savior of Pakistan), more popularly known as Dr. A. Q. Khan, is a Pakistani nuclear scientist and a metallurgical engineer, colloquially regarded as the founder of HEU based Gas-centrifuge uranium enrichment programme for Pakistan's integrated atomic bomb project.[2] Founded and established the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1976, he was both its senior scientist and the director-general until his retirement in 2001, and was an early and vital figure in other science projects. Apart from participating in atomic bomb project, he made major contributions in molecular morphology, physical martensite, and its integrated applications in condensed and material physics. Abdul Qadeer Khan was one of Pakistan's top scientists,[3] and was involved in the country's various scientific programmes until his debriefing.[3] In January 2004, Khan was officially summoned for a debriefing on his suspicious activities in other countries after the United States provided evidences to the Pakistan Government, and confessed it a month later.[3] However, it has been alleged that these activities were government sanction, though the Pakistan government sharply dismissed the claims.[4][5] After years of debriefing, the Islamabad High Court (IHC) on 6 February 2009 declared Abdul Qadeer Khan to be a free citizen of Pakistan, allowing him free movement inside the country. The verdict was rendered by Chief Justice Sardar Muhammad Aslam.[6] In
September 2009, expressing concerns over the Islamabad High Court's decision to end all security restrictions on Khan, the United States warned that Khan still remains a "serious proliferation risk".[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life 2 Research in Europe 3 1971 war and return to Pakistan o 3.1 Initiation and atomic bomb project o 3.2 Kahuta Research Laboratories o 3.3 Uranium tests: Chagai-I 4 Proliferation of URENCO technology o 4.1 Court controversy and U.S. objections 5 Expansion of network o 5.1 North Korea, Iran and Libya o 5.2 Dismantlement and revelation o 5.3 Pardon, IAEA calls, and aftermath 6 Government work and political advocacy 7 Legacy o 7.1 State honours 8 Publications o 8.1 Selected research papers and patents 8.1.1 Nuclear and Material physics o 8.2 Books 9 See also 10 References o 10.1 Bibliography o 10.2 Anecdotes 11 External links
obtained a B.S. degree in Metallurgy in 1960 and subsequently got the internship at the Siemens Engineering.[9] After the graduation, he was employed by the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation and worked as an city inspector of weight and measures in Karachi, Pakistan.[9] In 1961, he went to West Berlin to study Metallurgical engineering at the Technical University Berlin.[9] In 1967, Qadeer Khan obtained an engineer's degree in technology from Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, and a doctorate engineering in Metallurgical engineering under the supervision of Martin Brabers from the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, in 1972.[9] Qadeer Khan's doctoral dissertations were written in fluent German.[9] His doctoral thesis dealt and contained the fundamental work in martensite, and its extended industrial applications to the field of Morphology, a field that studies the shape, size, texture and phase distribution of physical objects[9][10]
after, Abdul Qadeer Khan took a leave from URENCO Group, and departed for Pakistan in 1974.[17]
minister secretariat. With the backing of Bhutto, Qadeer Khan took over the enrichment programme and renamed the project to Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL).[18] Abdul Qadeer Khan insisted to work with the Corps of Engineers to lead the construction of the suitable operational enrichment site, which was granted. The E-in-C directed Brigadier Zahid Ali Akbar of Corps of Engineers to work with Qadeer Khan in Project706.[18] The Corps of Engineers and Brigadier Akbar quick acquired the remote city of Kahuta which had prestige of having being the dangerous mountainous area.[21] The military realized the seriousness of the atomic experiments being performed in populated places therefore, Kahuta was an ideal and optimum location for physics experiments.[21] Bhutto would later Brigadier Zahid Akbar to Major-General and handed over the directorship of the Project-706, with Qadeer Khan being its senior scientist.[22] On the other hand, the PAEC did not forgo the isotope separation program and a parallel programme was being directed by theoretical physicist Dr. G.D. Allam at Air Research Laboratories (ARL) located at Chaklala PAF base, though G.D. Allam had not seen a centrifuge, but only had a rudimentary knowledge of the Manhattan Project.[23] At first, the ERL suffered many setbacks, and heavily relied upon on the foreign assistance brought by Qadeer Khan.[23] Meanwhile in April 1976, theorist Ghulam Dastigar Alam accomplished great feat by successfully rotating the first generation centrifuge to ~30,000 RPM.[23] When the news were reached to Qadeer Khan, he immediately requested to Bhutto for G.D. Alam's assistance which was granted by the PAEC, first dispatching the team of scientists including G.D. Alam to ERL.[23] At ERL, Qadeer Khan joined the team of theoretical physicists headed by theorist dr. GD Allam, working on the physics problems involving the differential equations in the centripetal forces and angular momentum calculations in the ultra-centrifuges.[23] On 4 June 1978, the enrichment programme became fully functional after Dr. G.D. Alam succeeded in separated the 235U and 238U isotopes in an important physics experiment which Dr. A.Q Khan was also took part in and witnessed.[23] In 1981, the ERL itself became fully functional instutition, passing the level of reactor-grade to weapons-grade production and manufacturing the first long metal rods of the fissile core.[24] In 1981, when General Akbar was posted at General's Headquarter (GHQ), Abdul Qadeer Khan took over the operations of ERL as its interim director and senior scientist.[21][22] In 1983, Abdul Qadeer Khan's appointment as director of ERL was personally approved by President Zia-ul-Haq and rename the ERL after his name, in conjunction to his honour.[25]
Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan is being honoured by President Farooq Leghari, 1996.
Despite his initiation and significance, Qadeer Khan was never in charge of the actual development of nuclear weapons, mathematical and physics calculations, development, and eventual weapons testing.[25] The PAEC and its chairman Munir Ahmad Khan was officially put the atomic bomb project's scientific director and oversaw the successful execution of the program by the mid 1980s.[25][26] The government itself restricted to provide full scientific data of nuclear weapons to him and such scientific documents were never provided to him by his fellow theorists.[26] The government had him required the government security clearance and clarifications of his visits of such secret weapons development sites, which he would be visiting with senior active duty officers.[26] On contrary to his high expectation, the military instead approved to appointment of MajorGeneral Zahid Ali as the scientific director of entire enrichment program.[23] Later the outgoing General Zahid recommended Munir Khan appointment as the scientific director of atomic bomb project. This appointment came as a shock and surprised many in the government and the military as Munir Khan was not known to be aligned to conservative military.[23] In 1984, the KRL claimed to carry out its own nuclear cold test of a weapon, but this was seemed to be unsuccessful as PAEC under Munir Khan had already carried out the test in 1983, codename: Kirana-I.[27] The PAEC's senior scientist who worked with him and under him, remember him as "an egomaniacal lightweight"[25] given to exaggerating his scientific achievements in centrifuges.[25] At one point, Munir Khan once said that, "most of the scientists who work on the development of atomic bomb projects were extremely "serious". They were sobered by the weight of what they don't know; Abdul Qadeer Khan is a showman."[25] During the timeline of atomic bomb project, Qadeer Khan pushed his research into rigorous theoretical physics calculations and topics to compete, but yet failed to impress his fellow theorists at PAEC, generally at the the physics community.[27] Later in years, Abdul Qadeer Khan had became a staunch critic of Munir Ahmad Khan's research in physics, and on many different occasions, he had tried unsuccessfully to remove Munir Khan's role in the atomic bomb projects. Their scientific rivalry became common and widely popular in the physics community and seminars held in the country over the years; The Atlantic Monthly noted the two as mortal enemies.[14]
performed at the controlled test site in Kahuta.[27] But it was rebuffed by the government, and instead ordered PAEC, under Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad, to perform tests in Chagai due to their experience of ingeniously performing the tests in the past.[27] When the news reached to him, furious Qadeer Khan was badly upset and frustrated with the Prime minister.[27] Without wasting a minute, Qadeer Khan drove to Joint Staff Headquarters where he met with chairman joint chiefs General Jehngir Karamat, where he lodged a strong protest and grievousness to the chairman joint chiefs.[27] General Karamat then called the Prime minister, and decided that KRL scientists, including Qadeer Khan, would also be involved in the test preparations and present at the time of testing alongside those of the PAEC.[27] In meantime, Sharif sought to mitigate the intense rivalry between PAEC and KRL by asking Khan to provide its enriched uranium to PAEC.[27] It was the KRL's HEU that ultimately led to the successful detonation of Pakistan's first nuclear devices on 28 May 1998, under codename Chagai-I.[24] Two days later, on 30 May, a small team of scientists belonging to PAEC, under the leadership of Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, a plutonium nuclear device, codename Chagai-II.[28] The sum of forces and yields produced by devices were around ~40.0kt of nuclear force, with the largest weapon producing around 3536kn of force. In contrast, the single plutonium device had produced the yield of ~20.0kt of nuclear force and had much more bigger impact as compared to uranium devices.[28]
Abdul Qadeer Khan was known for enjoying taking full credit of something he had done a part in, and often getting engrossed in projects which were theoretically interesting but practically unfeasible.[13][36]
Chinese government offered back the nuclear material, but Pakistan refused, calling it a "gift of gesture" to China.[39] According to the independent IISS report, Zia had given a "free hand" to Qadeer Khan and given autonomous import and export access to him. The report showed that his acquisition activities were largely unsupervised by Pakistan governmental authorities; his activities went undetected for several years.[40]
In 2003, Libya gave up the weapons-related material including the gas-ultra centrifuges. These gas-ultra centrifuges were marked as early models that Abdul Qadeer Khan developed in 1980s, known as PakSat-I.[41] The defence treaty between Pakistan and North Korea was signed in 1990 after Benazir Bhutto, Prime minister at that time paid a state visit to communist regime. The diplomatic relations with Communist Korea were established during the Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's period, a socialist democratic period in Pakistan.[42] In 1990, it was reported that the highly sensitive centrifuge technology was being exported to North Korea in exchange for missile technologies.[42] On multiple occasions, Qadeer Khan had alleged that, Benazir Bhutto had "issued clear direction" for that matter. In 1993, the downloaded secret information on uranium enrichment was delivered to North Korea in exchange for information on developing ballistic missiles.[40] In 1987, Iran wanted to purchase a fuel-cycle technology from Pakistan, but it was rebuffed.[40] Zia calculated that the civil nuclear cooperation with Iran was purely a "civil matter" and maintaining good relations with Tehran.[40] Zia did not further approve any nuclear deals, but Qadeer Khan secretively handed over the sensitive report on centrifuges in 198789.[40] It was in 2003 that the nature of such agreement was made public[42] The Iranian government came under intense pressure from the Western world to fully disclose its nuclear program; the country agreed to accept tougher inspections from the IAEA.[42] The IAEA inspection showed that Iran had established a large uranium enrichment facility using gas centrifuges based on the URENCO designs, which had been obtained "from a foreign intermediary in 1989".[42] The intermediary was not named but many diplomats and analysts pointed to Qadeer Khan.[42] The Iranians turned over the
names of their suppliers and the international inspectors quickly identified the Iranian gas centrifuges as Pak-1's, the gas centrifuges invented by Qadeer Khan during the atomic bomb projects.[42] In May 1998, after the Newsweek alleged that Qadeer Khan had sent designs of centrifuges toIraq, the United Nation officials apparently discovered documents. The Iraqi officials said the documents were authentic but that they had not agreed to work with Qadeer Khan, fearing an ISI sting operation, due to straining relations between two countries.[43] The Government and Qadeer Khan strongly denied this allegation whilst the government declared the evidences to be "fraudulent".[42] In 2000, Pakistan secretly transferred authentic evidences to Israel, whose [Pakistan] scientists had helped in building the nuclear program in Libya. In 2003, the IAEA successfully dismantled Libya's nuclear program after persuading Libya to rolled back its program in order to have the economic sanctions uplifted.[42] The Libyan officials turn over the names of its suppliers which also included Qadeer Khan.[42] The same year, the Bush administration launch its investigation on Qadeer Khan's leak in 2001 and 2002, focusing on Qadeer Khan's personal role.[42]
survival of his presidency.[49] It was done so to protect the names of those high-ranking military officials and civilian politicians, under whom Musharraf served in the past.[49]
Khan helped established the Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering at the Karachi University.[53]
[edit] Legacy
During his time in the atomic bomb project, Qadeer Khan pioneered his research in the condensed physics and co-authored articles in nuclear chemical reactions of the highly unstable isotopic particles in the controlled physical system.[55] Qadeer Khan, along with other scientists, pioneered the research in nuclear thermodynamics to conduct studies in quantum mechanical behaviour of the nuclear particles.[55] Abdul Qadeer Khan maintains his stance to use of controversial technological solutions to both military and civilian problems, including the use of military technologies for the civilian welfare. Khan also remained a vigorous advocate for defence strength through nuclear weapons and the Pakistan's nuclear deterrence development as sparing his country the fate of Iraq or Libya.[56] In his recent interview, Abdul Qadeer Khan maintained that he has no regrets for what he did and maintained that: [P]akistan's motivation for nuclear weapons arose from a need to prevent "nuclear blackmail" by India. Had Iraq and Libya been nuclear powers, they wouldn't have been destroyed in the way we have seen recently.... If (Pakistan) had [atomic] capability before 1971, we [Pakistanis] would not have lost half of our country after a disgraceful defeat. Abdul Qadeer Khan, statement on 16 May 2011, published the Newsweek, [57] Abdul Qadeer Khan faced heated and intense criticism from his fellow theorists whom he had worked with in the atomic bomb project, most notably theorist Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy.[58] In addition, Qadeer Khan's false claims that he was the "father" of the atomic bomb project since its inception and his personal attacks on Munir Khan caused even greater animosity by his fellow theorists, and most particularly, within the general physics community towards Qadeer Khan.[2][58] In 1999, in an editorial essay written at Chowk.com, Hoodbhoy wrote: ...(...)...(sic)... Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, the pre-eminent architect of atomic bomb project....(...)..., is often called a "nuclear physicist" when, in fact, his degrees and academic accomplishments belong to the field of metallurgy, which is an engineering (discipline) rather than physics. When A.Q. Khan visited the Institute of Theoretical Physics of the Quaid-e-Azam University about two months ago, he endeared himself even more to his admirers by wistfully saying "he wished he could come someday to this university to study physics...." Pervez Hoodbhoy, 1998, source[58]
during the last two decades, Abdul Qadeer Khan stepped up into becoming the country's top (nuclear) scientist.[3]
Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1999) Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1996) Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1989) Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology[53] 60 Gold medal from universities in the country.[53]
University of Karachi[53] Baqai Medical University[59] Hamdard University[53] Gomal University[53] University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore[53]
[edit] Publications
[edit] Selected research papers and patents
[edit] Nuclear and Material physics
Dilation investigation of metallic phase transformation in 18% Ni maraging steels, Proceedings of The International Conf. on Martensitie Transformations (1986), The Japan Institute of Metals, pp. 560565. The spread of Nuclear weapons among nations: Militarization or Development, pp. 417430. (Ref. Nuclear War Nuclear Proliferation and their consequences "Proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium organized by the Group De Bellerive Geneva 2729 June 1985, Edited by: Sadruddin Aga Khan, Published by Clarendon Press-Oxford 1986). Flow induced vibrations in Gas-tube assembly of centrifuges. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 23(9), (September 1986), pp. 819827. Dimensional anisotropy in 18% of maraging steel,[60] Seven National Symposium on Frontiers in Physics, written with Anwar-ul-Haq, Mohammad Farooq, S. Qaisar, published at the Pakistan Physics Society (1998). Thermodynamics of Non-equilibrium phases in Electron-beam rapid solidification,[55] Proceedings of the Second National Symposium on Frontiers in Physics, written with A. Tauqeer, Fakhar Hashmi, publisher Pakistan Physics Society (1988).
[edit] Books
Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1972) (in English, German and Dutch). Advances in Physical Metallurgy. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Press. ISBN 969-850000-6. Khan, Abdul Qadeer; Dr. Martin J. Brabers (1972) (in English, German and Dutch). Topics in Metallurgy. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Press. ISBN 0196-8858.
Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1983) (in English, German and Dutch). Metallurgical Thermodynamics and Kinetics. Islamabad, Pakistan: The Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-969-35-0821-5. Khan, Abdul Qadeer; Syed Shabbir Hussain, Mujahid Kamran (1997). Dr. A.Q. Khan on science and education. Islamabad, Pakistan: Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 978-969-35-0821-5.
Nuclear proliferation Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction Right-wing politics in Pakistan Edward Teller
[edit] References
Notes
1. ^ In Pakistan, Dr. A.Q. Khan is referred to as a Prominent atomic scientist, and Mohsine-Pakistan (in Urdu: ; English Translation: Savior of Pakistan). Stolen Dutch nuclear technologies. His name can be spell in various ways. The Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS) spelled his name as Abdul Qaudeer Khan as well Islamic Academy of Science also spelled his name in same manner. Other educational organization spelled his name as Abdul Qadir Khan or Abdul Kadeer Khan. Alternative pronunciations for his name are Gaudeer or either Gadeer. On the other hand, Khan's birth certificate reads "Abdul Qadeer Khan".
Citations
1. 2. ^ "The Wrath of Khan Magazine". The Atlantic. 4 February 2004. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200511/aq-khan/2. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ a b (IISS), International Institute for Strategic Studies (2006). "Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Programme". International Institute for Strategic Studies. http://www.iiss.org/whatsnew/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistanibomb/?locale=en. Retrieved 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bernstein, Jeremy (28 May 2009). "He Changed History". The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2009/apr/09/he-changed-history/. Retrieved 2011. ^ "Mush helped proliferate N-technology : AQ Khan". The Times of India. 6 July 2008. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-07-06/news/27723085_1_aq-khan-nuclearproliferation-nuclear-technology. ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/pakistan/khan.htm ^ "IHC declares Dr A Q Khan a free citizen". GEO.tv. 6 February 2009. http://geo.tv/2-62009/34508.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ Warrick, Joby Warrick (7 February 2009). "Nuclear Scientist A.Q. Khan Is Freed From House Arrest". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2009/02/06/AR2009020603730.html. Retrieved 2011.
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^ "Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, Founder and Ex-Chairman Dr. A Q Khan Research Laboratories". Pakistanileaders.com.pk. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. http://www.pakistanileaders.com.pk/profile/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ a b c d e f g h i "About Khan's education, achievements and research". Dr. A. Q. Khan. http://www.draqkhan.com.pk/about.htm. ^ Khan, Abdul Qadeer, The effect of morphology on the strength of copper-based martensites, Doctor of Engineering thesis under the supervision of Professor Martin J. Brabers, Faculty of Applied Sciences of the University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, March 1972. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rehman, Shahidur (May 1999) [1999], "Dr. A. Q. Khan: Nothing Succeed like Success", Long Road to Chagai, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory: Printwise Publications, p. 160, ISBN 969-8500-00-6 ^ Khan's Achievements ^ a b c d e f g h i j Usman Shabbir (May 2004). "Remembering Unsung Heroes:A.Q. Khan came on board". Pakistan Military Consortium and http://www.pakdef.info/. The Pakistan Military Consortium. http://www.pakdef.info/nuclear&missile/munirahmad1.html. Retrieved 2011. ^ a b c d e "The Wrath of Khan Magazine". The Atlantic. 4 February 2004. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200511/aq-khan/3. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ a b c d History Commons (Updated). "Profile: Abdul Qadeer Khan". History Commons. http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=abdul_qadeer_khan. ^ a b Nayar, Kuldip. "Do not give importance to Dr. A.Q. Khan". Kuldip Nayar (only available in Urdu). Kuldip Nayar. http://criticalppp.com/archives/1425. ^ a b c Edward Nasim (23 July 2009). [Scientists of Pakistan "[with Sultan Bashir Mahmood]"]. season 1. 0:30 minutes in. Nawai-e-Waqt Media Network (NWMT). Captail Studios. Scientists of Pakistan. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Causar Nyzie (May 1994) [1994], "9: The Reprocessing PlantThe Inside Story", [1994 Last days of Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto], 1, 1 (1 ed.), Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory: Maulana Causar Nyazie and Sani Panwjap, pp. 5556, ISBN 969-8500-00-6, archived from the original on 2011, http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:wzM8bvjZK3MJ:www.bhutto.org/Acrobat/Last%2 520Dayf%2520of%2520Premier%2520Bhutto.pdf+Last+days+of+Premier+Bhutto&hl=en&gl=us &pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjckwrTw4dvTbVQ2FEflsRU20aldSdvHTlXvKXEg4jkiZqdwZrD_yaO BO8SkqEM8Dvf2TL8N6Tri_NNszXlQJ_35yornnzkagXTmrJvjakcy984S3LgbVKQUDXLgEm9WGwFCWf&sig =AHIEtbQ8JmT-OzGeBtHj-U1-gM8pY0SJPA ^ "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto". Historycommons.org. http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=zulfikar_ali_bhutto_1. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ Shabbir, Usman. "AQ Khan came on board.". Pakistan Defence Consortium (Journal). Pakistan Defence Consortium. http://www.pakdef.info/nuclear&missile/munirahmad1.html. Retrieved 18 October 2012. ^ a b c Khan, A. Qadeer (29 July 2009). "Bhutto, Zia-ul-Haq And Kahuta". A.Q. Khan. draqkhan.com. http://draqkhan.com.pk/index.php/2009/07/bhutto-zia-ul-haq-aur-kahuta/. ^ a b "A Science Odyssey: Pakistan's Nuclear Emergence". Samar Mubarakmand on AQ Khan. http://www.pakdef.info/nuclear&missile/science_odyssey.html. Retrieved 18 October 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i j [Shahid-ur-Rehman] (1999). "The Gas centrifuge controversy"". Long road to Chagai. Islamabad: Shahid-ur-Rehman, 1999. ISBN 969-8500-00-6.. ^ a b c John Pike. "A.Q. Khan". Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/pakistan/khan.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sublette, Carey; et. al (2 January 2002). "Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan". Nuclear Weapon Archives, Reuters and Los Angeles Times news reports were used in preparing this article.. Nuclear weapon archives. p. 1. http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/AQKhan.html. Retrieved 18 October 2012. ^ a b c Hamid Mir (3 May 2004). "[Talk Special]". 1:00 minutes in. Geo Television Network. Geo Television Islamabad Studies. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Azam, Rai Muhammad Saleh (June 2000). "Where Mountains Move: The Story of Chagai: Kirana-I". Rai Muhammad Saleh Azam. Rai Muhammad Saleh Azam, The Nation,
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[edit] Bibliography
Khan, Abdul Qadeer (2010). "Sehar Honay Tak: Dr. A.Q. Khan gave us the sense of security, Javed Hashmi.". In Khan, Abdul Qadeer. Sehar Honay Tak. Islamabad, Pakistan: Ali Masud books publication. pp. 1158. ISBN 969-8500-00-6. Upadhyaya, Gopal S. (2011). "Dr. A.Q. Khan of Pakistan". Men of Metals and Materials: My Memoires. Bloomington, Indiana, United States: iUniverse.com. p. 248pp. ISBN 969-8500-00-6. Rahman, Shahid (1998). "Dr. A. Q. Khan: Nothing Succeed like Success". In Rahman, Shahid. Long Road to Chagai. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. pp. 4960. ISBN 969-8500-00-6. Fitzpatrick, Mark (2007). "Dr. A. Q. Khan and the rise and fall of proliferation network". Nuclear black markets. London, United Kingdom: International Institute for Strategic Studies. ISBN 978-0-86079-201-7.
Kan, Shirley A. (2009). "A.Q. Khan's nuclear network". China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy issues. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service (CRS). pp. 56. ISBN Congressional Research Service (CRS). (BIIP), Bureau of International Information Programs (2005). "A.Q. Khan and the nuclear market". In Cooney, Thomas E.; Denny, David Anthony. E=mc: Today's Nuclear Equation. Washington, DC: United States: Judith S. Seagal. pp. 140. ISBN United States Department of State.