3 G

Vikas Mishra 3G Overview
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Company Confidential
Edited by Foxit PDF Editor Copyright (c) by Foxit Software Company, 2004 - 2007 For Evaluation Only.
Whats New in WCDMA?

Characteristic to WCDMA RAKE receiver takes advantage of multipath propagation Fast power control keeps system stable by using minimum power necessary for links Soft handover ensures smooth handovers
Multiservice Environment Data speed In RAN1 bit rate varies from 8 kbps up to 384 kbps Variable bit rate also available Bit rate gradually grows up to 2 Mbps Service delivery type Real-time (RT) & non real-time (NRT) Quality classes for user to choose Different error rates and delays Traffic asymmetric in uplink & downlink Common channel data traffic (FACH) Inter-system handovers
Air Interface Capacity and coverage coupled cell breathing Neighbor cells coupled via interference Soft handover Fast power control Interference limited system (e.g. GSM frequency limited)
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UMTS network architecture

PSTN Gi Gp
GMSC
GGSN
AuC
C
PSTN PSTN
Gc Gn Gr
HLR
D
EIR
F Gf Gs
VLR
B
VLR
B
MSC
MSC
SGSN CN
Gb
IuCS
IuPS
BSS BSC
Abis
RNS RNC
Iubis
Iur
RNC
BTS Um
BTS
Node B
cell
Node B
Uu ME
Microsoft Word Document
SIM-ME i/f
or
Cu
SIM
USIM
MS
Ref. 3GPP TS23.002
3G Spectrum Allocation
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IMT2000 Frequency Allocation for UMTS

1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200
TDD UL/DL
FDD UL
MSS TDD UL UL/DL
FDD DL
MSS DL
MHz
FDL FDL/UL FUL
FDD Mode
TDD Mode
IMT 2000 3GPP
3G Terms
Third generation mobile systems as defined by ITU Global recommendation 3rd Generation Partnership Project (Forum for a WCDMA standardization) Involved: ETSI (Europe), ARIB (Japan), TTA (Korea), T1P1 (USA), TTC (Japan) and CWTS (China)
3GPP2
3rd Generation Partnership Project (Forum for a CDMA2000)
UMTS
Third generation telecommunication system, that is subject to specifications produced by 3GPP
WCDMA
Air Interface technology adapted for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
UTRA-FDD
WCDMA in 3GPP, FDD mode
UTRA-TDD
WCDMA in 3GPP, TDD mode
CDMA2000
Air Interface technology proposal from TR45.5 (USA) on evolution of IS-95 (CDMA)
TD-SCDMA
Time Division Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA) was proposed by China Wireless Telecommunication Standards group (CWTS) and approved by the ITU in 1999
MSS
Mobile Satellite System
3G Standards
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UMTS System Characteristics

W-CDMA : 5 MHz Carrier Spacing : multiples of 200 kHz W-CDMA spreading rate = 3.84 Mchip/s Chip Rate = 3.84 MHz Raised cosine filtering with roll-off 0.22 Information bit rate: between 8 kbit/s and 2 Mbit/s (currently up to 384 Kbit/s) Spreading Factor (SF): 4 -256 Multiple Access Scheme : Wideband DS-CDMA Duplex Scheme : FDD and TDD modes Carrier Spacing : 4.4 5.4 MHz 10 ms frame with 15 time slots NodeB synchronization: asynchronous Highly variable data rates, data rate constant within 10 ms frame Bandwidth on demand, efficient resource usage Multiple services with different variable data rates over one physical channel DL Transmission diversity
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Key features of WCDMA

Soft handoff: user equipment (UE) and base stations use special rake receivers that
Soft handover (links from different NodeB) is performed at RNC level using Selection Combination (RNC choose the best link) Softer handover (links from same NodeB) is performed at NodeB using Maximum Ratio Combination (NodeB combines the signals). Softer handover usually is higher then soft
allow each UE to simultaneously communicate with multiple base stations. The diversity gain associated with soft handoff is known as the "soft handoff gain factor".
that have traveled over different physical paths from the base station. For example, one signal may travel directly from the base station to the UE, and another may reflect off a large building and then travel to the UE. This phenomenon, "multi-path propagation", also provides a diversity gain. The same effect occurs on the uplink from the UE to the base station.
Multi-path reception: the rake receivers also allow the UE to decode multiple signals
Power control: transmissions by the UE must be carefully controlled so that all

transmissions are received with roughly the same power at the base station. If power control is not used, a near-far problem, where mobiles close to the base station overpower signals from mobiles farther away, occurs. The base station uses a fast power control system to direct the mobile to power up or power down as its received signal level varies due to changes in the propagation environment. Likewise, on the downlink, transmissions from the base stations are power-controlled to minimize the overall interference throughout the system and to ensure a good received signal by the UE.
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Key features of WCDMA

frequency for a given carrier, so no frequency planning is required. As every site causes interference to every other site, careful attention must be paid to each site's radio propagation.
Frequency reuse of 1: every base station in the CDMA system operates on the same
number of users in the system and the amount of interference allowed before access is blocked for new users. By setting the allowed interference threshold lower, coverage will improve at the expense of capacity. By setting the threshold higher, capacity will increase at the expense of coverage. Because of the fundamental link between coverage and capacity, cells with light traffic loads inherently share some of their latent capacity with more highly loaded surrounding cells.
Soft capacity: capacity and coverage are intertwined in CDMA, depending on the
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WCDMA Compared to GSM and CDMA IS-95

WCDMA vs. GSM WCDMA has some similarities with GSM technology, however, it is a fundamentally different technique for allowing multiple users to share the same spectrum and as a result it has many differences.
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WCDMA Compared to GSM and IS-95 CDMA
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TD-SCDMA System Characteristics

Time Division Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA) was proposed by China Wireless Telecommunication Standards group (CWTS) and approved by the ITU in 1999 and technology is being developed by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology and Siemens. TD-SCDMA uses the Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode, which transmits uplink traffic (traffic from the mobile terminal to the base station) and downlink traffic (traffic from the base station to the terminal) in the same frame in different time slots. That means that the uplink and downlink spectrum is assigned flexibly, dependent on the type of information being transmitted. When asymmetrical data like e-mail and internet are transmitted from the base station, more time slots are used for downlink than for uplink. A symmetrical split in the uplink and downlink takes place with symmetrical services like telephony.
TD-SCDMA Technical Summary

Frequency band: 2010 MHz - 2025 MHz in China (WLL 1900 MHz - 1920 MHz) Minimum frequency band required: 1.6MHz Frequency re-use: 1 (or 3) Chip rate: 1.28 Mcps Frame length: 10ms Number of slots: 7 Modulation: QPSK or 8-PSK Voice data rate: 8kbit/s Circuit switched services: 12.2 kbits/s, 64 kbits/s, 144 kbits/s, 384 kbits/s, 2048 kbits/s Packet data: 9.6kbits/s, 64kbits/s, 144kbits/s, 384kbits/s, 2048kbits/s Receiver: Joint Detection, (mobile: Rake) Power control period: 200 Hz Number of slots / frame: 7 Frame length: 5ms Multi carrier option Handovers: Hard Smart antennas Uplink synchronization Physical layer spreading factors: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 Company Confidential
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QoS for different services
Real time
Non Real time
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Conversational services
Speech service:
Real time conversational service require the low time delay from end to end , and the uplink and the downlink service bandwidth is symmetrical Adopt AMR ( adaptive multi rate ) technique (WCDMA).
12.2 (GSM), 10.2, 7.95, 7.40(IS-41), 6.70(PDC), 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75kbps The bit rate of AMR voice can be controlled by the RAN according to the payload of air interface and the quality of voice service According to the requirement of the operator ,AMR technique can balance the relationship among the network capacity, coverage and the service quality
Video phone (WCDMA)

The requirement of time delay is similar to the voice service. The CS connection :adopt ITU-T Rec.H.324M The PS connection :adopt IETF SIP or H.323
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Streaming services
Multimedia data streaming:
Preserve time relation between information entities of the data streaming Data is processed into stable and continuous streaming Non-symmetry service
Services example :
Telemetry ( monitoring )
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Interactive services
Interactive traffic - fundamental characteristics for QoS:
request response pattern preserve payload content
Services example :
Location based services Online game Web browsing
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Background services
Background traffic - fundamental characteristics for QoS:
the destination is not expecting the data within a certain time preserve payload content
Service example:
E-mail ( server to server ) SMS Download of database Reception of measurement records
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Transmission diversity - STTD

Space Time Transmit Diversity
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Transmission diversity - TSTD

Time Switch Transmit Diversity, used in Synchronization physical channels P-SCH and S-SCH
P-SCH S-SCH P-SCH S-SCH
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Part II WCDMA Fundamentals
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WCDMA = DS-CDMA
WCDMA is a code-division multiple access technology which separates each users voice or data information by multiplying the information by pseudo-random bits called "chips". Direct sequence (DS): with DS, a binary modulated signal is directly multiplied by a code. The code is a pseudo-random sequence of 1, where the bit rate of the code (Chip Rate) is higher than the rate of the signal, usually considerably higher. This has the effect of spreading the signal to a wideband. At the receiver, the same code is used to extract the original signal from the incoming wideband signal. A bit of the code is referred to as a chip, and the defining parameter for such a system is the chip rate. The pseudo-random bit sequences have a rate of 3.84 Mcps (millions of chips per second), resulting in the narrowband information bits of the user being spread across a much wider bandwidth of approximately 5 MHz. For this reason, CDMA technology is sometimes referred to as spread spectrum. Spread spectrum describes any system in which a signal is modulated so that its energy is spread across a frequency range that is greater than that of the original signal The user data (signal) is first spread by the channelisation code (based on Hadamard matrix) called Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) Code. OVSF code has the property that two different codes from the family are perfectly orthogonal if in phase
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TDMA based System
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W-CDMA based System
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Processing Gain and Spreading
According to information theory, as the frequency spectrum a signal occupies is expanded, the overall power level decreases. In CDMA, the user signals are spread up to a wideband by multiplication by a code. Consider a narrowband signal, say, for example, a voice call. When viewed in the frequency spectrum, it occupies some frequency and has some power level. Once the frequency is spread across a wideband, the total power of this signal is substantially reduced. Now consider that another user has the same procedure performed on it and is also spread to the same wideband. The total system power is increased by a small amount as the two users are transmitted at the same time. Therefore, 25 each new user entering the system will cause the power of the wideband to increase. Company Confidential
Spreading and Despreading

At the receiver, the process of extracting one user is performed (DESPREADING)
The regenerated signal needs to be retrieved with enough power that it can be perceived above the level of the remaining spread signals. That is, it needs to be of a sufficient strength, or margin, above the rest of the signals so that the signal can be accurately interpreted. Considering this as a signal to interference ratio (SIR), or carrier to interference (C/I) ratio, the noise affecting one signal is the remaining spread signals that are transmitting at that frequency. This SIR is classified in CDMA as Eb/No. For mobile device measurements of the quality of the signals from the network, it uses a pilot channel (CPICH), which is broadcast by each cell. The mobile device measures Ec/Io, the energy level of this pilot channel, Ec, compared to the total energy received, Io Another important characteristic is the rejection of unwanted narrowband noise signals. If a wideband signal is affected by a narrowband noise signal, then since the spreading function is commutative, the despreading operation while extracting the wanted signal will in turn spread the narrowband noise to the wideband, and reduce its power level The lower the power that the original signals are transmitted with, the lower the noise in the system. It is therefore essential that each user in the system transmits with an optimum power level to reach the receiver with its required power level. If the power level is too high, then that user will generate noise, which in turn affects the performance of all the other users. If there is too little power, then the signal which reaches the receiver is of too low quality, and it cannot be accurately heard
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There are two solutions to the problem of noise levels:
First, an Admission Control policy is required that monitors the number of users and the noise level, and once it reaches some maximum tolerable level, refuses admission of further users. In a cellular system, such admission control needs to be considered not only for one cell, but also for the effects that noise levels within that cell have on neighboring cells. The second solution is to implement Power Control. Each user needs to transmit with just enough power to provide a clear signal at the receiver above the noise floor. This should be maintained regardless of where the users are located with respect to the receiver, and how fast they are moving. Power control needs to be performed frequently to ensure that each user is transmitting at an optimum level.
The ratio of the original signal to the spread signal is referred to as the spreading factor and is defined as:
Spreading factor (SF) = chip rate/symbol rate
WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers
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In the next slides, the SF is 4. Hence, variable data rates can be supported by using variable length codes and variable SF to spread the data to a common chip rate When considering CDMA systems, it is useful to define how the different signals interact with each other. Correlation is defined as the relationship or similarity between signals. For pulse-type waveforms, such as CDMA codes, the crosscorrelation between two signals is defined as:
where R12 is the correlation between two signals v1 and v2, and is their relative time offset. For the code to be effective, the receiver must know the specific code (in this case 1,-1,1,-1, see next slides) which is being used for transmission and it must also be synchronized with this transmission. On reception the receiver can then simply reintroduce the correct code which is multiplied with the incoming signal and reproduce the actual symbol sent by the transmitter. The receiver also needs to know the actual number of chips that represent a symbol (spreading factor) so that the chips can be regenerated to the sent symbol through averaging the value of the chips over the symbol time. This is achieved through integration, where the chips are summed over the total time period of the symbol they represent. The principle of correlation is used at the receiver to retrieve the original signal out of the noise generated by all the other users wideband signal.
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At the receiver, the received signal is multiplied by the code and the result is integrated over the period of each baseband bit to extract the original data. Since the receiver has four chips over which to integrate, the procedure yields a strong result at the output. However, consider now that the receiver does not know the correct code. Then the integration process will result in a signal which averages to around zero. For both of these, the relative strength of the desired signal and the rejection of other signals is proportionate to the number of chips over which the receiver has to integrate, which is the SF. Large SFs result in more processing gain and hence the original signals do not need so much transmission power to achieve a target quality level. As can be seen, the longer the symbol time (i.e. lower data rate and higher chip rate), the longer the integration process, thus the higher the amplitude of the summed signal. This is referred to as processing gain (Gp) and is directly proportional to the SF used. For example, if the symbols were spread over 8 chips then the Gp will be 8; if spread over 16 chips, Gp would be 16. This means that the processing gain is higher for lower data rates than for higher data rates, i.e. lower data rates can be sent with reduced power since it is easier to detect them at the receiver 29

SF= chip rate/symbol rate = 4
The spreading sequences must have good correlation properties to facilitate the separation of the wanted signal from all others: One sharp and dominant peak of the autocorrelation function for zero phase shift As small as possible values of the autocorrelation function for all out-of-phase shift 30 As small as possible values of the cross-correlation (different signals) function for Company Confidential all phase shift
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CDMA Multiple Access Advantages : Multiple Access Features

1. All Users Signals overlap in TIME and FREQUENCY 2. Correlating the Received Signal despreads ONLY the WANTED SIGNAL
p
S1
S1xC1 f
p
RECEIVER of USER 1 f
p
S1 = S1 X C1 X C1
S2
S2 X C2 X C1
f S2xC2 f f
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CDMA Multiple Access Advantages : Interference Rejection

p
S1
S1xC1 f
p
f S1 IxC1 f
Correlation Narrowband Interference Spread the power Only a small portion of the interfering signal energy passes the filter and remain as residual interference
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CDMA Principles
m1(t)
M1(f) 1 -1 1 1/Tb C1(f)
Tc : Chip Rate of the PN Code Tb : Information rate (voice/data)
Tb
c1(t)
2Tb
3Tb
f Tc
m1(t).c1(t)
4Tc
1/Tb C1(f)* M1(f)
1/Tc
f 1/Tb
1/Tc
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Processing gain (Gp)
Gp = Wc/Wi
Where
Wc: chip rate Wi: user data rate
Wi
Wc
The more processing gain the system has, the more the power of uncorrelated interfering signals is suppressed in the despreading process Thus, processing gain can be seen as an improvement factor in the SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) of the signal after despreading Example: Voice AMR 12.2 Kbps Gp = 10*log(3840000/12200)= 25 dB After despreading the signal power has to be typically few dB above the interference and noise: Eb/No = 5dB; therefore the required wideband signalto-interference ratio is 5dB Gp = -20 dB. In other words, the signal power can be 20 dB under the interference and the WCDMA receiver can still detect the signal Wideband signal-to-interference ratio is also called carrier-to-interference ratio: C/I Thanks to spreading and desporeading, C/I can be much lower in WCDMA than GSM (C/I = 9-12 dB)
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Processing gain (Gp)

Voice user (12,2 kbit/s)
R
(User data rate) x (spreading ratio)= const.=W=3,84 Mcps
Unspread narrowband signal Power density (W/Hz)

W
Processing Gain G=W/R=25 dB Spread wideband signal Frequency (Hz)
Packet data user (384 kbit/s)

R
Spreading sequences of different length Processing gain dependent on user data rate
Power density (W/Hz)
Unspread "narrowband" signal
Processing Gain G=W/R=10 dB
Spread wideband signal Frequency (Hz)

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Spreading in WCDMA
Consists of 2 operations: 1. Channelisation (OVSF: Orthogonal Variable SF)
Transforms each symbol (data bit) to the number of chips (increases bandwidth) Number of chips per symbol = Spreading Factor (SF) Scrambling code is applied (PN codes) TX Scrambling Code Data Bit Rate
Channel coding (CRC, Encoder, Interleaver, convoluter, Rate Matching)
2. Scrambling (does not affect the signal bandwidth)
3.84 Mcps Symbol Rate Chip Rate
3.84 Mcps
MOD
Chip Rate
Channelisation code (OVSF)
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Channel coding
Spreading in WCDMA
CRC attachment
Check for error during transmission Voice: if CRC check returns error discard information Data: if CRC check returns error ask for retransmission
Convolutional or Turbo Coding

Convolution coding for voice and low speed signalling Turbo coding for large data transmission, better performances than convolutional coding
Interleaving
Distribute error (burstly error) over data transmitted
Rate Matching
Match Symbol Rate to that accepted by spreading Rate matching techniques: Repeat or Puncturing (remove) Example: voice 12.2 (SF 128) Rs=3.84/128= 30Ksps If the output of Channel cod is < 30Ksps, Rate matching repeats the info else uses 38 puncturing (remove)
Rb
Channel coding
Rs Symbol Rate
3.84 Mcps Chip Rate
(OVSF) Company Confidential
Spreading in WCDMA
12.2 Kbps Uplink Reference channel
64 Kbps Uplink Reference channel Company Confidential
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In the spreading process, information symbols, which occupy a relatively narrow bandwidth, are multiplied by a high-rate spreading code consisting of chips The resulting spread signal has a wider bandwidth dependent on the number of chips per symbol In the de-spreading process, the spreading code is multiplied by the spread signal to recover the original data symbols. The de-spreading process converts the wide bandwidth spread signal back to the original narrower bandwidth of the data symbols Spreading codes (OVSF) are specially designed to allow the symbols from multiple users to occupy the same spectrum at the same time, while still allowing the original information to be retrieved. Codes are allocated in RNC OVSF code has the property that two different codes from the family are perfectly orthogonal if in phase Restrictions: another physical channel may use a certain code in the tree if no other physical channel to be transmitted using the same code tree is using a code that is on an underlying branch, i.e. using a higher SF generated from the intended spreading code to be used. Neither can a smaller SF code on 40 SF4 the path to the root of the tree be used
OVSF properties
OVSF properties
The signals that are all being transmitted at the same time and frequency must be separated out into those from individual users. This is the second role of the code. Considering the party analogy, if this was a GSM party, then the problem is solved easily. All guests must be quiet and each is then allowed to speak for a certain time period; no two guests speak at the same time. At a CDMA party, all users are allowed to speak simultaneously, and they are separated by speaking in different languages, which are the CDMA codes. All of the codes that are used must be unique and have ideally no relationship to each other. Mathematically speaking, this property is referred to as orthogonality. The system can support as many simultaneous users as it has unique or orthogonal codes. Orthogonal codes are used in CDMA systems to provide signal separation. As long as the codes are perfectly synchronized, two users can be perfectly separated from each other. To generate a tree of orthogonal codes, a WalshHadamard matrix is used. For perfect orthogonality between two codes, for example, it is said that they have a crosscorrelation of zero when = 0. Consider a simple example using the following two codes:
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OVSF properties
To verify if two codes have a zero cross-correlation, they are tested in the below equation, first multiplied together and then integrated, as shown in Figure below. The result is zero, indicating that indeed they are orthogonal.
The number of chips which represent a symbol is known as the SF or the processing gain. To support different data rates within the system, codes are taken from an appropriate point in the tree. These types of orthogonal codes are known as orthogonal variable spreading factors (OVSF). In the 3G WCDMA system the chip rate is constant at 3.84 Mchips/s. However, the number of chips that represent a symbol can vary. Within this system as laid down by the specifications, the minimum number of chips per symbol is 4 which would give a data rate of 3 840 000/4 = 960 000 symbols per second. The maximum SF or number of chips per symbol is 256,1 which would give a data rate of 3 840 000/256 = 15 000 symbols per second. Thus it can be seen that the fewer chips used to represent a symbol, the higher the user data rate. The actual user data rate must be rate matched to align with one of these SF symbol rates. Although orthogonal codes demonstrate perfect signal separation, they MUST be perfectly synchronized to achieve this. Another drawback of orthogonal codes is that they do not evenly spread signals across the wide frequency band, but rather concentrate the signal at certain discrete frequencies. As an example, consider that the code 1 1 1 1 will have no spreading effect on a symbol. To overcome these drawbacks the PN codes are introduced 42
Scrambling code properties

Another code type used in CDMA systems is the pseudo-random noise (PN) sequence. This is a binary sequence of 1 that exhibits characteristics of a purely random sequence, but is deterministic. Like a random sequence, a PN sequence has an equal number of +1s and 1s, with only ever a difference of 1. PN sequences are extremely useful as they fulfill two key roles in data transmission:
1. 2. Even spreading of data: when multiplied by a PN sequence, the resultant signal is spread evenly across the wideband. To other users who do not know the code, this appears as white noise. Signal separation: while PN sequences do not display perfect orthogonality properties, nevertheless they can be used to separate signals. At the receiver, the desired signal will show strong correlation, with the other user signals exhibiting weak correlation
Another property of PN sequences is that they exhibit what is known as autocorrelation. This is defined as the level of correlation between a signal and a time-shifted version of the same signal, measured for a given time shift. For a PN sequence, the autocorrelation is at a maximum value, N, when perfectly time aligned, i.e. = 0. N is the length in numbers of bits of the PN sequence. This single peak drops off quickly at Tc, where Tc is the width of a chip of the code. This allows a receiver to focus in on where the signal is, without a requirement for the transmitter and receiver to be synchronized. In comparison, the autocorrelation of time-shifted orthogonal codes results in several peaks, which means that this signal locking is much more problematic. 43
Scrambling code properties

The OVSF codes are effective only when the channels are perfectly synchronized at symbol level The loss in cross-correlation, e.g. due to multipaths, is compensated by the additional scrambling operation Scrambling codes are used to separate different cells in the downlink and different terminals in the uplink They have good correlation properties (interference averaging) and are always used on top of the spreading codes, thus not affecting the transmission bandwidth Gold sequence is used to generate scrambling codes For downlink physical channels, a total of 218 = 262,143 scrambling codes can be generated Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, ..., 8191 are used 8192 scrambling codes are divided into 512 groups each of which contains 16 scrambling codes The first scrambling code of each group is called Primary Scrambling Code (PSC) and the other 15 are Secondary Scrambling Codes (SSC)
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Usage of the codes

Channelization Code
Usage
Uplink: separation of physical data (DPDCH) and control channels (DPCCH) for the same terminal Downlink: separation of downlink connections to different users within on cell 4-256 chips In downlink also 512 chips Spreading Factor indicates the number of codes under one scrambling code Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) Yes, indicates bandwidth
Scrambling Code
Uplink: Separation of terminals
Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells) Uplink: 10ms = 38400 chips Downlink: 10ms = 38400 chips
Length
Number of codes
Uplink: over 16 millions Downlink: 512 10ms code: Gold Code 66.7s code: Extended code family No, does not affect bandwidth
Code Family
Spreading
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Receivers
Both NodeB and Terminals use the same type of correlation receivers Due to multipath propagation its necessary to use multiple correlation receivers (fingers) in order to recover (combine) the energy from all paths coherently and obtain multipath diversity
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Multipath propagation and diversity

A transmission from a mobile device is more or less omni directional, and this is also the case for base stations when they have only one cell. Base stations which are sectorized will have directional antennas, which will transmit only over a certain range. For example, a three-sectored site will have three antennas which each transmit over the range of 120 degrees. From the point of view of the mobile device, it would be ideal if a transmission were unidirectional; however, this is impractical since it would mean that the antenna of the mobile device would need to point towards the base station at all times. In this ideal situation the device could transmit with reduced power, thus causing less interference to other users and increasing the devices battery life. In the cellular environment, much of the power transmitted is actually in the wrong direction. In urban areas there is considerable reflection of the signal from surrounding buildings. This is actually a reason why cellular systems work, since the mobile device can thus be out of direct line of sight of the BTS and its signal will still be received. The reflected signals travel further distances than the direct line of sight transmission and therefore arrive slightly later, with greater attenuation and possible phase difference. later It would be advantageous if these time-shifted versions in the multipath signal could be combined at the receiver with the effect that a much stronger signal is received. Because this combined signal is stronger, it is possible that the BTS may tell the mobile device to reduce its transmitting power. Any process of combining multiple versions of the same signal to provide a more powerful, better quality signal is known as diversity. The autocorrelation property of the PN sequence is again used. Since the received signal resolves into a single peak around the chip width, then as long as the multipath profile is of a duration longer than the chip width, a number of peaks will be observed, each one representing a particular multipath
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Wide Band Channel

Definition: A channel is defined wide when its bandwidth (Bw) is greater than the Coherence Bandwidth: Bw >> fc
1 fc = 2S
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Wide Band Channel Delay Spread

Channel impulse response (power delay profile) and delay spread
Dominant Path
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Wide Band Channel Narrow/Wide Band System

Microsoft Word Document
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WCDMA and GSM in TU3 Channel
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Optimal Receiver for WCDMA signal

For a channel with only one signal path optimal receiver is one correlator (code de-spreading and integration Basic unit of Rake Receiver
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Optimal Receiver for WCDMA signal

In a multipath environment optimal receiver utilizes several correlators (Rake Fingers) tuned for dominant delays = Rake receiver
Adobe Acrobat Document
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Rake Receiver
Rake finger delays tuned based on channel impulse response estimation Code Matched Filter, Search Finger Fingers combined with Maximal Ratio combining Performance of Rake Receiver depends on the channel powers delay profile Max path delay difference vs. chip time amount of multipath diversity
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Rake Receiver - Combining

Combined signal without and with phase estimation and correction (example 6 path channel)
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Maximal Ratio Combining of Symbols

Transmitted signal Received signal (+noise)
Finger n.1
Time and phase adjustment
Combined signal (+ residual noise)
Finger n.2
Finger n.3
UE WBTS
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Maximal Ratio Combining of Symbols

Transmitted symbol Received symbol+noise Modified with channel estimate and relative delay compensation (for combining) Combined symbol + residual noise
Finger n.1
Finger n.2
Finger n.3
UE WBTS
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WCDMA in TU Channel
time
Corr 1
Corr 2 Corr 3 Corr 4
Corr 5 Corr 6
Corr 7
High level of multipath diversity

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WCDMA in Indoor Channel
Corr 1
Rake Finger RESOLUTION = 0.26s Chip period = 1/3840000 s = 0.26s
78m
No multipath diversity
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Part III Scrambling Code Planning
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Scrambling Code Planning
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Part IV Physical Layer
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Channel Mapping
In GSM, we distinguish between logical and physical channels. In UMTS there are three different types of channels: Logical Channels
Logical Channels were created to transmit a specific content. There are for instance logical channel to transmit the cell system information, paging information, or user data. Logical channels are offered as data transfer service by the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer to the next higher layer. Consequently, logical channels are in use between the mobile phone and the RNC.
Transport Channels (TrCH)

The MAC layer is using the transport service of the lower, the Physical layer. The MAC layer is responsible to organise the logical channel data on transport channels. This process is called mapping. In this context, the MAC layer is also responsible to determine the used transport format. The transport of logical channel data takes place between the UE and the RNC.
Physical Channels (PhyCH)

The physical layer offers the transport of data to the higher layer. The characteristics of the physical transport have to be described. When we transmit information between the RNC and the UE, the physical medium is changing. Between the RNC and the Node B, where we talk about the interface Iub, the transport of information is physically organised in so-called Frames. Between the Node B and the UE, where we find the WCDMA radio interface Uu, the physical transmission is described by physical channels. A physical channel is defined by the UARFCN and the a spreading code in the FDD mode.
73
Radio Interface Channel Organisation
Logical Channels (define what type of data is transferred ) content is organised in separate channels, e.g. System information, paging, user data, link management
L2
RLC Layer
Transport Channels define how and with which type of characteristics the data is transferred by the physical layer
MAC Layer
L1
Physical Channels (UARFCN, spreading code)
Frames Iub interface
PHY Layer
74
Radio Interface Protocol Architecture

GC Nt DC Duplication avoidance GC C-plane signalling Nt DC UuS boundary U-plane information
RRC
control
L3
Radio Bearers PDCP PDCP
L3 RRC (Radio Resource Control): Broadcast of information provided by the non-access stratum (Core Network). Broadcast of information related to the access stratum Establishment, reestablishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and UTRAN , Establishment, reconfiguration and release of Radio Bearers, Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources for the RRC connection, RRC connection mobility functions, Paging/notification, Control of requested QoS, UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting, Outer loop power control L2/PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol): Header compression and decompression, Support for lossless SRNS relocation L2/BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control): Storage of Cell broadcast messages, dealing with CBS (Cell Broadcast Servises) L2/RLC (Radio Link Control): Segmentation (Reassembly), Retransmission, Error correction [Transparent (no overhead added, e.g. voice/video), Unack (add overhead but no retransmission, e.g. cell broadcast), Ack (add overhead and retransmission enable, e.g. PS)]
control
control
control control
L2/PDCP
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC RLC
RLC
RLC RLC RLC RLC
RLC
L2/RLC
MAC
PHY
L2/MAC (Medium Access Control): Mapping Logical channels to transport Reporting of measurements.Chipering. Local measurements such as traffic volume and quality indication are reported to RRC L2/MAC L1:Closed loop PC, Macrodiversity distribution/combining and soft Transport handover execution; Error detection on transport channels and indication Channels to higher layers; FEC encoding/decoding and interleaving/deinterleaving L1 of transport channels; Multiplexing of transport channels and demultiplexing of coded composite transport channels; Rate matching; Mapping of coded composite transport channels on physical channels; Power weighting and combining of physical channels; Modulation and spreading/demodulation and despreading of physical channels; 75 Frequency and time (chip, bit, slot, frame) synchronisation; Company Confidential Measurements and indication to higher layers (e.g. FER, SIR, interference power, transmit power, etc.);
Logical Channels
There are two types of logical channels (FDD mode): Control Channels (CCH): Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Logical Channels
System information is made available on this channel. The system information informs the UE about the serving PLMN, the serving cell, neighbourhood lists, measurement parameters, etc. This information permanently broadcasted in the downlink.
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

Given the BCCH information the UE can determine, at what times it may be paged. Paging is required, when the RNC has no dedicated connection to the UE. PCCH is a downlink channel.
Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Control information is transmitted on this channel. It is in use, when no RRC connection exists between the UE and the network. It is a bi-directional channel, i.e. it exists both uplink and downlink.
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Dedicated resources were allocated to a UE. These resources require radio link management, and the control information is transmitted both uplink and downlink on DCCHs.
Traffic Channels (TCH): Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

User data has to be transferred between the UE and the network. Therefore dedicated resources can be allocated to the UE for the uplink and downlink user data transmission.
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)

Dedicated user data can be transmitted point-to-multipoint to a group of UEs.
76

Logical Channels are mapped onto Transport Channels. There are two types of Transport Channels (FDD mode): Common Transport Channels: Broadcast Channel (BCH) It carries the BCCH information. Paging Channel (PCH) It is in use to page a UE in the cell, thus it carries the PCCH information. It is also used to notify UEs about cell system information changes. Forward Access Channel (FACH) The FACH is a downlink channel. Control information (FACH-c), but also small amounts of user data can be transmitted on this channel (FACH-u). Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) This channel is used downlink. Dedicated user data and control information for several mobile phones can be transmitted with one DSCH. Random Access Channel (RACH) This uplink channel is used by the UE, when it wants to transmit small amounts of data, and when the UE has no RRC connection. It is often used to allocated dedicated signalling resources to the UE to establish a connection or to perform higher layer signalling. It is a contention based channel, i.e. several UE may 77 attempt to access UTRAN simultaneously.

Common Packet Channel (CPCH) Similar to the RACH, it is a contention based uplink channel. In contrast to the RACH, it can be used to transmit larger amounts of (bursty) traffic. Dedicated Transport Channels: Dedicated Channel (DCH) Dedicated resources can be allocated both uplink and downlink to a UE. Dedicated resources are exclusively in use for the subscriber. On the following figures. you can see the mapping of logical channels onto transport channels, as well as the mapping of transport channels onto physical channels.
78
Physical Channels (PhyCH)

Physical Channels are characterised by UARFCN, scrambling code, channelisation code (optional), start and stop time, and relative phase (in the uplink only, with relative phase being 0 or /2) Transport channels can be mapped to physical channels. But there exist physical channels, which are generated at the Node B only, as can be seen on the next figures. In addition to the physical channels mapped from the transport channels, there exist physical channels for signaling purposes (blue color) to carry only information between network and the terminals.
79
Channel Mapping DL (Network Point of View)

Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels P-SCH S-SCH CPICH BCCH PCCH CCCH FACH CTCH DCCH DSCH DTCH DCH
BCH PCH
P-CCPCH S-CCPCH PICH AICH CSICH CD/CA-ICH PDSCH DPDCH DPCCH

80
Channel Mapping UL (Network Point of View)

Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
CCCH
RACH
PRACH
DCCH
CPCH
PCPCH
DTCH
DCH
DPDCH
I branch
DPCCH Q branch
81
Transport Channels

Physical Channels
Transport channels contain the data generated at the higher layers, which is carried over the air and are mapped in the physical layer to different physical channels. The data is sent by transport block (TB) from MAC layer to physical layer and generated by MAC layer every 10 ms (TTI) The transport format of each transport channel is identified by the Transport Format Indicator (TFI), which is used in the interlayer communication between the MAC layer and physical layer. Several transport channels can be multiplexed together by physical layer to form a single Coded Composite Transport Channel (CCTrCh).
82
Transport Formats
TFCS TB TB
TTI
TB
TTI
TB
TTI
DCH 2
TB TB TB
TTI
TB TB
TTI
TB TB
TBS
DCH 1 TFS
TTI
TFC
TB TBS Transport Block Transport Block Set TF TFS TFC TFCS
TF
Transport Format Transport Format Set Transport Format Combination Transport Format Combination83 Set
When a UE is switched on, it starts to monitor the radio interface to find a suitable cell to camp on. But it has to determine, whether there is a WCDMA cell nearby. If a WCDMA cell is available, the UE has to be synchronised to the downlink transmission of the system information transmitted on the physical channel P-CCPCH before it can make a decision, in how far the available cell is suitable to camp on. Initial cell selection is not the only reason, why a UE wants to perform cell synchronisation. This process is also required for cell re-selection and the handover procedure. Cell synchronisation is achieved with the Synchronisation Channel (SCH). This channel divides up into two sub-channels, P-SCH and S-SCH are not under the cellspecific primary scrambling code (the UE must be able to synchronize to the cell before knowing the downlimk scrambling code) Primary Synchronisation Channel (P-SCH) (SLOT and CHIP SYNCHRONIZATION) A time slot lasts 2560 chips. The P-SCH only uses the first 10% of a time slot. A Primary Synchronisation Code (PSC) is transmitted the first 256 chips of a time slot. This is the case in every UMTS cell. If the UE detects the PSC, it has performed TS and chip synchronisation. This is typically done with a single matched filter matched to the primary synchronization code which is common for all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by decoding peaks in the matched filter output 84 Matched Filter (continued on the next text slide)Company Confidential
Cell Synchronisation
Synchronisation Channel (SCH)

2560 Chips 256 Chips
Primary Synchronisation Channel (P-SCH) CP CP CP CP CP
Secondary Synchronisation Channel (S-SCH) Cs1 Cs2 Cs15 Cs1
Slot 0
Slot 1
Slot 14
Slot 0
10 ms Frame Cp = Primary Synchronisation Code (Activity Factor 10%) Cs = Secondary Synchronisation Code (Activity Factor 10%)
85
Cell Synchronisation
Secondary Synchronisation Channel (S-SCH) (FRAME SYNCH and Scrambling Code Group DETECTION) The S-SCH also uses only the first 10% of a timeslot; Secondary Synchronisation Codes (SSC) are transmitted. There are 16 different SSCs, which are organised in a 10 ms frame (15 timeslots) in such a way, that the beginning of a 10 ms frame can be determined, and 64 different SSC combinations within a 10 ms frame are identified. There is a total of 512 primary scrambling codes, which are grouped in 64 scrambling code families, each family holding 8 scrambling code members. The 15 SSCs in one 10 ms frame identify the scrambling code family of the cells downlink scrambling code. The sequence permits downlink frame synchronization and indicate which of the code grouping the downlink scrambling code belongs to. This is done by correlating the received signal with all possible secondary synchronization code sequences and identifying the maximum correlation value. Since the cyclic shifts of the sequences are unique, the code group as well as the frame synchronization is determined
86
SSC Allocation for S-SCH

scrambling code group group 00 group 01 group 02 group 03 group 04 group 05 group 62 group 63 slot number
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 2 7 15 7 16 10 12 7 2 8
15 9 10 15
8 10 16 16 16 2 3 10 6 11 5 8
5 16 1 15 3 1 6 7
7 5 8
3 14 5 12 6 5
5 12 14 12 2 16 11 15 4 4 6 3
2 16 3 4
6 11 15 4 1 5
5 12 5 3
1 15 12 16 11 6 2 8 7 6
9 11 12 15 12 15
9 13 13 11
14 10 16 15 14 16
9 12 10 15 13 14
9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10 11 I monitor the S-SCH
11
15
5
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Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

With the help of the SCH, the UE was capable to perform chip, TS, and frame synchronisation. Even the cells scrambling code group is known to the UE. But in the initial cell selection process, it does not yet know the cells primary scrambling code. There is one primary scrambling code in use over the entire cell, and in neighbouring cells, different scrambling codes are in use. There exists a total of 512 primary scrambling codes. The CPICH is used to transmit in every TS a pre-defined bit sequence (stream of 256 1) with a fixed data rate of 30 kbps, which corresponds to spreading factor 256. The CPICH divides up into a mandatory Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH) and optional Secondary CPICHs (S-CPICH). The P-CPICH is in use over the entire cell. And it is the first physical channel, where a spreading code is in use. A spreading code is the product of the cells scrambling code and the channelisation code. The channelisation code is fixed: Cch,256,0. I.e., the UE knows the P-CPICHs channelisation code, and it uses the P-CPICH to determine the cells primary scrambling code by trial and error (UE tries 8 SC Codes of the group identified). The P-CPICH is not only used to determine the primary scrambling code. It also acts as - phase reference for most of the physical channels, - measurement reference in the FDD mode (and partially in the TDD mode). There may be zero or several S-CPICHs. Either the cells primary scrambling code or its secondary scrambling codes can be used. In contrast to the P-CPICH, it can be broadcasted just over a part of the cell. CPICH has activity factor of 100% (continuous transmission) 88
Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH)

10 ms Frame
CP
P-CPICH
applied spreading code = cells primary scrambling code Cch,256,0
Cell scrambling code? I get it with trial & error!
P-CPICH
Phase reference Measurement reference

89
CPICH as Measurement Reference

The UE has to perform a set of L1 measurements, some of them refer to the CPICH channel: CPICH RSCP RSCP stands for Received Signal Code Power. The UE measures the RSCP on the Primary-CPICH. The reference point for the measurement is the antenna connector of the UE. The CPICH RSCP is a power measurement of the CPICH. The received code power may be high, but it does not yet indicate the quality of the received signal, which depends on the overall noise level. UTRA carrier RSSI. RSSI stands for Received Signal Strength Indicator. The UE measures the received wide band power, which includes thermal noise and receiver generated noise. The reference point for the measurements is the antenna connector of the UE. CPICH Ec/No The CPICH Ec/No is used to determine the quality of the received signal. It gives the received energy per received chip divided by the bands power density. The quality is the primary CPICHs signal strength in relation to the cell noise. (Please note, that transport channel quality is determined by BLER, BER, etc. ) If the UE supports GSM, then it must be capable to make measurements in the GSM bands, too. The measurements are based on the GSM carrier RSSI 90 The wideband measurements are conducted on GSM BCCH carriers.
P-CPICH as Measurement Reference

CPICH RSCP Received Signal Code Power (in dBm) CPICH Ec/No
received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band (in dB)
UTRA carrier received wide band power, including thermal noise and noise generated in the receiver (in dBm) RSSI CPICH Ec/No = CPICH RSCP UTRA carrier RSSI CPICH Ec/No
0: -24 1: -23.5 2: -23 3: -22.5 ... 47: -0.5 48: 0 Ec/No values in dB
CPICH RSCP
0: -115 1: -114 2: -113 : 88: -27 89: -26
UTRA carrier RSSI

0: -110 1: -109 2: -108 : 71: -39 72: -38 73: -37 RSSI values in dBm
91
RSCP values in dBm

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)

The UE knows the cells primary scrambling code. It now wants to gain the cell system information (MIB,SIB), which is transmitted on the physical channel PCCPCH. The channelisation code of the P-CCPCH is also known to the UE, because it must be Cch,256,1 in every cell for every operator. By reading the cell system information on the P-CCPCH, the UE learns everything about the configuration of the remaining common physical channels in the cell, such as the physical channels for paging and random access. As can be seen from the P-CCPCHs channelisation code, the data rate for cell system information is fixed. The SCH is transmitted on the first 256 chips of a timeslot, thus creating here a peak load. The cell system information is transmitted in the timeslot except for the first 256 chips. By doing so, a high interference and load at the beginning of the timeslot is avoided. This leads to a net data rate of 27 kbps for the cell system information. Channel estimation is done with the CPICH, so that no pilot sequence is required in the P-CCPCH. (The use of the pilot sequence is explained in the context of the DPDCH later on in this document.) There are also no power control (TPC) bits transmitted to the UEs. P-CCPCH has activity factor of 90%
92

10 ms Frame
CP
P-CCPCH
Finally, I get the cell system information
P-CCPCH
channelisation code: Cch,256,1 no TPC, no pilot sequence 27 kbps (due to off period) organised in MIBs and SIBs
93
In GSM all common channels have the same power, there is no need to consider the power setting of common channels as all common channels are on full power. In GSM we have to decide how many TSLs to dedicate to common tasks, I.e. how many SDCCH TSL are required per cell
94
Nokia Parameters for Cell Search

WCEL: PtxPrimaryCPICH The parameter determines the transmission power of the primary CPICH channel. It is used as a reference for all common channels. [-20 dBm 43 dBm], step 1 dB, default: 33dBm (WPA power = 43 dBm) WCEL: PtxPrimarySCH Transmission power of the primary synchronization channel, the value is relative to primary CPICH transmission power. [-35 dB 15 dB], step size 0.1 dB, default: -3 dB WCEL: PtxSecSCH Transmission power of the secondary synchronization channel, the value is relative to primary CPICH transmission power. [-35 dB 15 dB], step size 0.1 dB, default: -3 dB
95
Nokia Parameters for Cell Search

WCEL: PtxPrimaryCCPCH This is the transmission power of the primary CCPCH channel, the value is relative to primary CPICH transmission power. [-35 dB 15 dB], step size 0.1 dB, default: -5 dB WCEL: PriScrCode Identifies the downlink scrambling code of the Primary CPICH (Common Pilot Channel) of the Cell. [0 ... 511], default: 0 dB
96
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

The S-CCPCH can be used to transmit the transport channels Forward Access Channel (FACH) and Paging Channel (PCH).
More than one S-CCPCH can be deployed. The FACH and PCH information can multiplexed on one S-CCPCH even on the same 10 ms frame -, or they can be carried on different S-CCPCHs. When 2 S-CCPCHs are broadcast, the first S-CCPCH has a spreading factor of 256 and carries PCH, while the spreading factor of the remaining S-CCPCH can range between 256 (30 Kbps or 15 Ksps) and 4 (1920 Kbps) and carries FACH. UTRAN determines, whether a S-CCPCH has the TFCI (Transport Format Combination Indicator) included (supports variable rates). Please note, that the UE must support both S-CCPCHs with and without TFCI. S-CCPCH is on air ONLY when there is data to transmit (FACH or Paging), however the TFCI bits are broadcast irrespective of whether or not there is any data to transmit (min activity factor 25%) Typical value is SF = 64 120 Kbps (60 Ksps)
97
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

10 ms Frame
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 14
TFCI (optional)
Data
Pilot bits
carries PCH and FACH Multiplexing of PCH and FACH on one S-CCPCH, even one frame possible with and without TFCI (UTRAN set) SF = 4..256 (18 different slot formats) no inner loop power control a maximum of 1 paging message can be sent per 10 ms TTI
S-CCPCH
98
The network has detected, that there is data to be transmitted to the UE (MTC). Both in the RRC idle mode and in the RRC connected mode (e.g. in the sub-state CELL_PCH) a UE may get paged. But how does the mobile know, when it was paged ? And in order to save battery power, we dont want the UE to listen permanently to paging channel instead, we want to have discontinuous reception (DRX) of paging messages. But WHEN and WHERE does the UE listen to the paging messages? Cell system information is broadcasted via the P-CCPCH. The cell system information is organised in System Information Blocks (SIB). SIB5 informs the mobile phones about the common channel configuration, including a list of SCCPCH descriptions. The first 1 to K entries transmit the (transport channel) PCH, while the remaining S-CCPCH in the list hold no paging information. The UE determines the S-CCPCH, where it is paged, by its IMSI and the number of PCH carrying S-CCPCHs K. When paging the UE, the RNC knows the UEs IMSI, too, so that it can put the paging message on the correct PCH transport channel. Discontinuous Reception (DRX) of paging messages is supported. A DRX cycle length k has to be set in the network planning process for the cs domain, ps domain, and UTRAN. k ranges between 3 and 9. If for instance k=6, then the UE can be paged every 2k = 640 ms. If the UE is in the idle mode, it takes the smaller k-value of either the cs- or ps-domain. If the UE is in the connected mode, it has to select the smallest k99 value of UTRAN and the CN, it is not connected to.
S-CCPCH and the Paging Process
S-CCPCH and the Paging Process

BCCH (SIB 5)
common channel definition, including a lists of
UTRAN
UE
Index of S-CCPCHs
Node B
RNC
0 1 K-1 UEs paging channel: Index = IMSI mod K

e.g. if IMSI mod K = 1 my paging channel
S-CCPCH carrying one PCH S-CCPCH carrying one PCH
S-CCPCH carrying one PCH S-CCPCH without PCH
S-CCPCH without PCH 100
The Paging Process

Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) UMTS provides the terminals with an efficient sleep mode operation. The UEs do not have to read and process the content, transmitted during their paging occasion on their S-CCPCH. Each S-CCPCH, which is used for paging, has an associated Paging Indicator Channel (PICH). A PICH is a physical channel, which carries paging indicators. A set of (paging indicator) bits within the PICH indicate to a UE, whether there is a paging occasion for it. Only then, the UE listens to the SCCPCH frame, which is transmitted 7680 chips after the PICH frame in order to see, whether there is indeed a paging message for it. The PICH is used with spreading factor 256. 300 bits are transmitted in a 10 ms frame, and 288 of them are used for paging indication (activity factor 96%). The UE was informed by the BCCH, how many paging indicators exist on a 10 ms frame. The number of paging indicator Np can be 18, 32, 72, and 144, and is set by the operator as part of the network planning process. The higher Np, the more paging indicators exist, the more paging groups exist, among which UEs can be distributed on. Consequently, the lower the probability, that a UE reacts on a paging indicator, while there is no paging message in the associated S-CCPCH frame (saving battery consumption). But a high number of paging indicators results in a comparatively high output power for the PICH (increase DL interference), because less bits exists within a paging indicator to indicate the paging event. The operator then also has to consider, if he has to increase the number of paging 101 attempts.
S-CCPCH and its associated PICH

S-CCPCH PICH PICH frame 10 ms for paging indication b0 b1 # of paging indicators per frame (Np) 18 (16 bits) 32 (8 bits) 72 (4 bits) 144 (2 bits) Subscribers with Pq indicator paged =>
{b16q, ,b16q+15} = {1,1,,1} {b8q, , b8q+7} = {1,1,,1} {b4q, , b4q+3} = {1,1,,1} {b2q, b2qCompany Confidential +1} = {1,1}
S-CCPCH frame, associated with PICH frame
= 7680 chips
no transmission b286 b287 b288 b299
Subscribers with Pq indicator not paged =>

{b16q, ,b16q+15} = {0,0,,0} {b8q, , b8q+7} = {0,0,,0} {b4q, , b4q+3} = {0,0,,0} {b2q, b2q+1} = {0,0} 102
Nokia Parameters for S-CCPCH and Paging

RAN 1 & RAN1.5 support data rates of 15, 30, and 60 ksym/s for the S-CCPCH. FACH Open Loop power control can be implemented only if the S-CCPCH is dedicated, uplink PC information through the RACH (RAN 2)
WCEL: NbrOfSCCPCHs The parameter defines how many S-CCPCH are configured for the given cell. Range: [1,2], step: 1; default = 1 (1 = FACH&PCH; 2 = FACH on 1st / PCH on 2nd) WCEL: PtxSCCPCH1 (carries FACH & PCH) This is the transmission power of the 1st S-CCPCH channel, the value is relative to primary CPICH transmission power. Range: [-35 dB 15 dB] , step size 0.1 dB, default: - 5dB
WCEL: PtxSCCPCH2 (carries PCH only) This is the transmission power of the 2nd S-CCPCH channel, the value is relative to primary CPICH transmission power. Range: [-35 dB 15 dB] , step size 0.1 dB, default: - 5dB
103
Nokia Parameters for S-CCPCH and Paging

WCEL: PtxPICH This is the transmission power of the PICH channel. It carries the paging indicators which tell the UE to read the paging message from the associated secondary CCPCH. This parameter is part of SIB 5. [-10 dB..5 dB]; step 1 dB; default: -8 dB (with Np =72) NP Repetition of PICH bits [18, 36, 72, 144] with relative power [-10, -10, -8, -5] dB RNC: CNDRXLength The DRX cycle length used for CN domain to count paging occasions for discontinuous reception. This parameter is given for CS domain and PS domain separately. This parameter is part of SIB 1. [640, 1280, 2560, 5120] ms; default = 640 ms. WCEL: UTRAN_DRX_length The DRX cycle length used by UTRAN to count paging occasions for discontinuous reception. [80, 160, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5120] ms; default = 320 ms
104
FACH and S-CCPCH

The transport channel Forward Access Channel (FACH) is used, when relatively small amounts of data have to be transmitted from the network to the UE. In-band signalling is used to indicate, which UE is the recipient of the transmitted data (see MAC PDU with UE-ID type). This common downlink channel is used without (fast) closed loop power control and is available all over the cell. FACH data is transmitted in one or several S-CCPCHs. FACH and PCH data can be multiplexed on one S-CCPCH, but they can also be be transmitted on different S-CCPCHs. The FACH is only transmitted downlink. The FACH is organised in FACH Data Frames via the Iub-interface. Each FACH Data Frames holds the Transmission Blocks for one TFS. The used TFS is identified by the TFI. A TFI is associated with one Transmission Time Interval (TTI), which can be either 10, 20, 40 or 80 ms. The TTI identifies the interleaving time on the radio interface. A FACH Data Frame has header fields, which identify the CFN, TFI, and the Transmit Power Level. The Transmit Power Level gives the preferred transmission power level for the FACH and for the TTI time. The values specified here range between 0 and 25.5 dB, with a step size of 0.1 dB. The value is taken as a negative offset to the maximum power configured for the S-CCPCHs, specified for the FACH. The pilot bits and the TFCI-field may have a relative power offset to the power of the data field, which may vary in time. (The offset is determined by the network.) The power offsets are set by the NBAP message COMMON TRANSPORT CHANNEL SETUP REQUEST, which is sent from the RNC to the Node B. There are two power offset information included: PO1:defines the power offset for the TFCI bits; it ranges between 0 and 6dB with a 0.25 step size. PO3:defines the power offset for the pilot bits; it ranges between 0 and 6dB with a 0.25 step size. Another important parameter is the maximum allowed power on the FACH: MAX FACH Power.
105
FACH and S-CCPCH

Power offsets for TFCI and TPC defined during channel setup Transmit Power Level CFNTFI
FACH Data Frame

TB TB
Iub Uu Node B RNC
max. transmit power for S-CCPCH
UE
0..25.5 dB, step size 0.1 Transmit Power Level TFCI (optional) PO1 Data
106
PO3
Pilot bits
Nokia Parameters for S-CCPCH Power Setting

Currently, either one or two S-CCPCHs are supported.
WCEL: PowerOffsetSCCPCHTFCI Defines the power offset for the TFCI symbols relative to the downlink transmission power of a Secondary CCPCH. This parameter is part of SIB 5. P01_15/30/60 15 ksps: [0..6 dB]; step 0.25 dB; default: 2 dB 30 ksps : [0..6 dB]; step 0.25 dB; default: 3 dB 60 ksps : [0..6 dB]; step 0.25 dB; default: 4 dB
WCEL: PowerOffsetSCCPCHPilot Defines the power offset for the pilot symbols relative to the downlink transmission power of a Secondary CCPCH. This parameter is part of SIB 5. P03_15/30/60 15 ksps : [0..6 dB]; step 0.25 dB; default: 2 dB 30 ksps : [0..6 dB]; step 0.25 dB; default: 3 dB 60 ksps : [0..6 dB]; step 0.25 dB; default: 4 dB
107
Code Tree Capacity

Note: there are not P-SCH and S-SCH !! P-SCH and S-SCH Sare not under the cell-specific primary scrambling code cell(the UE must be able to synchronize to the cell before knowing the downlimk scrambling code)
There are 5 CCH's (4 use SF256 and one uses SF64), they blocked (5 used + 13 not allowed) a total of 18 codes
108
Part V Power Control
109
Effect of TX & RX Powers on Interference Levels
Downlink transmission power = Interference to the network
Uplink transmission power = Interference to other cells
Uplink received power = Interference to own cell users
Since every TX and RX power is causing interference to others, PC 110 is necessary to limit the interference
CDMA Fundamentals : Power Control

Near-Far Problem
Pr,1 = EIRP(MS1) - PL1 = 21 - 100 = -79 dBm Pr,2 = EIRP(MS2) - PL2 = 21 - 90 = -69 dBm Pr,1 Pr,2 P = 21 dBm P = 21 dBm PL2 = 90 dB
PL1 = 100 dB MS2 MS1 (S/N)1 = Pr,1 - Pr,2 = -10 dB (S/N)2 = Pr,2 - Pr,1 = +10 dB MS2 must be Power Controlled by -10 dB to have the same S/N for both users MS1 and MS2
111
Near-Far Effect
112
Purpose of Power Control in WCDMA
113
Physical Random Access (Open loop Power Control) Outer Loop Power Control Fast Closed Loop (Inner) Power Control
114
Physical Random Access (Open loop Power Control)

In the random access (based on Slotted ALOHA approach with fast acquisition indication) , initiated by the UE (MOC), two physical channels are involved: Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) The physical random access is decomposed into the transmission of preambles in the uplink. Each preamble is transmitted with a higher output power as the preceding one. After the transmission of a preamble, the UE waits for a response by the Node B. This response is sent with the physical channel Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH), telling the UE, that the Node B has acquired the preamble transmission of the random access. Thereafter, the UE sends the message itself, which is the RACH/CCCH of the higher layers. The preambles are used to allow the UE to start the access with a very low output power. If it had started with a too high transmission output power, it would have caused interference to the ongoing transmissions in the serving and neighbouring cells. Please note, that the PRACH is not only used to establish a signalling connection to UTRAN. It can be also used to transmit very small amounts of user data. Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH) This physical channel indicates to the UE, that it has received the PRACH preamble and is now waiting for the PRACH message part.
115
Random Access the Working Principle
UE
No response by the Node B No response by the Node B
Node B
PRACH (preamble)
PRACH (preamble)
PRACH (preamble)
OLA!
PRACH (message part)
I just detected a PRACH preamble
AICH
116
Random Access Timing

The properties of the PRACH are broadcasted (SIB5, SIB6). The candidate PRACH is randomly selected (if there are several PRACH advertised in the cell) as well as the access slots (= 2 TIME SLOTS) within the PRACH. 15 access slots are given in a PRACH, each access slot lasting two timeslots or 5120 chips. In other words, the access slots stretch over two 10 ms frames. A PRACH preamble, which is frames transmitted in an access slot, has a length of 4096 chips. Also the AICH is organised in (AICH) access slots, which stretch over two timeslots. AICH access slots are time aligned with the P-CCPCH. (Activity factor 80%) The UE sends one preamble in uplink access slot n. It expects to receive a response from the Node B in the downlink (AICH) access slot n, p-a chips later on. If there is no response, the UE sends the next preamble p-p chips after the first one. The maximum numbers of preambles in one preamble access attempt can be set between 1 and 64. The number of PRACH preamble cycles can be set between 1 and 32. If the AICH_Transmission_Timing parameter in the SIB is set to BCCH SIB5 & SIB6 to 0,
then, the minimum preamble-to-preamble distance is 3 access slots, the minimum preamble-tomessage distance is 3 access slots, and the preamble-to-acquisition indication is 3 timeslots.
1,
then, the minimum preamble-to-preamble distance is 4 access slots, the minimum preamble-to117 message distance is 4 access slots, and the preamble-to-acquisition indication is 5 timeslots.
Random Access Timing

SFN mod 2 = 0 SFN mod 2 = 1 SFN mod 2 = 0
P-CCPCH
1 2 3 4 5120 chips UE point of view 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
AICH access 0 slots
(distances depend on AICH_Transmission_Timing )
AICH access slots preamble-to-AI distance p-a Preamble AS # i
Acquisition Indication AS # i
4096 chips PRACH access slots Preamble 5120 chips preamble-to-preamble distance p-p
Message part
preamble-to-message distance p-m
118
PRACH Power Setting

1st preamble: power setting Constant Value attenuation in the DL
Preamble_Initial_Power =
UL interference + Primary CPICH TX power CPICH_RSCP + Constant Value
estimated receive level
UL interference at Node B
-5..10 dB
1..8 dB
Pp-p
Preamble Preamble
Pp-p
Preamble
Pp-m
Message part
RRC Connection Request
# of preambles: 1..64
# of preamble cycles: 1..32
119
Nokia Parameters Related to the PRACH and AICH

WCEL: PRACHRequiredReceivedCI This UL required received C/I value is used by the UE to calculate the initial output power on PRACH according to the Open loop power control procedure. This parameter is part of SIB 5. [-35 dB..-10 dB]; step 1 dB; default -25 dB. We use - 20 WCEL: PowerRampSteponPRACHPreamble UE increases the preamble transmission power when no acquisition indicator is received by UE in AICH channel. This parameter is part of SIB 5. [1dB..8dB]; step 1 dB; default: 2 dB. We use 1 WCEL: PowerOffsetLastPreamblePrachMessage The power offset between the last transmitted preamble and the control part of the PRACH message. [-5 dB..10 dB]; step 1 dB; default 2dB WCEL: PRACH_preamble_retrans The maximum number of preambles allowed in one preamble ramping cycle, which is part of SIB5/6. [1 ... 64]; step 1; default 8. We use 7
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WCEL: RACH_tx_Max Maximum number of RACH preamble cycles defines how many times the PRACH pre-amble ramping procedure can be repeated before UE MAC reports a failure on RACH transmission to higher layers. This message is part of SIB5/6. [1 ... 32]; default 8. We use 16 WCEL: PRACHScramblingCode The scrambling code for the preamble part and the message part of a PRACH Channel, which is part of SIB5/6. [0 ... 15]; default 0. WCEL: AllowedPreambleSignatures The preamble part in a PRACH channel carries one of 16 different orthogonal complex signatures. Nokia Node B restrictions: A maximum of four signatures can be allowed (16 bit field). [0 ... 61440]; default 15. We use 4 WCEL: AllowedRACHSubChannels A RACH sub-channel defines a sub-set of the total set of access slots (12 bit field). 121 [0 ... 4095]; default 4095. Company Confidential

WCEL: PtxAICH This is the transmission power of one Acquisition Indicator (AI) compared to CPICH power. This parameter is part of SIB 5. [-22 ... 5] dB, step 1 dB; default: -8 dB. WCEL: AICHTraTime AICH transmission timing defines the delay between the reception of a PRACH access slot including a correctly detected preamble and the transmission of the Acquisition Indicator in the AICH. 0 ( Delay is 0 AS), 1 ( Delay is 1 AS) ;default 0. WCEL: RACH_Tx_NB01min In case that a negative acknowledgement has been received by UE on AICH a backoff timer TBO1 is started to determine when the next RACH transmission attempt will be started. The backoff timer TBO1 is set to an integer number NBO1 of 10 ms time intervals, randomly drawn within an Interval 0 NB01min NBO1 NB01max (with uniform distribution). [0 ... 50]; default: 0. WCEL: RACH_Tx_NB01max [0 ... 50]; default: 50.
122
Outer Loop Power Control

RRC Conn Setup
RRC Conn Request
UL DPDCH RRC Conn Setup Complete
OL PC is needed to keep the quality of the communication at the required level (BLER, SIR, BER,) by setting the target (SIR) for the fast power control. It aims at providing the required quality: no worse, no better. Too high quality would waste capacity. It is needed in both UL and DL since there is Fast PC (Closed Loop or Inner Loop) in both UL and DL
123
Outer Loop Power Control
In RADIO BEARER SETUP Message you can find the Target BLER (for the DL) For AMR and PS 128 = 1% BLER, CS T (VIDEO) = 0.1%, CS NT = 0.2%
124
UL Outer Loop Power Control Algorithm
Case of Soft Handover
125
UL Outer Loop Power Control Algorithm
When Max SIR Target is hit, RNC might force a hard handover
126
UL OL PC: BLER
Eb/No
(Initial SIR Target, SIR Target Max, SIR Target Min)
127
DL Outer Loop Power Control
DeltaSIR(1,2), DeltaSIR after (1,2),.. The adjustments of the SIR Target done by the UE is a proprietary algorithm that provides the same measured quality (BLER) as the quality target set by the RNC 128
Fast Closed Loop (Inner) Power Control
129
Fast Closed Loop (Inner) Power Control

UL (Near-Far Problem): UE1 and UE2 operate within the same frequency, separable at the base station only by their respective spreading codes. It may happen that UE1 at the cell edge suffers a path loss, say 70 dB above that of UE2 which is near to NodeB. If there were no mechanism for UE1 and UE2 to be power-controlled to the SAME level at the NodeB, UE2 could easily overshoot UE1 and thus a large part of the cell. Power control tries to equalizes the Rx power per bit of all UEs at NodeB. Since Fast Fading is uncorrelated between uplink and downlink (large freq separation between ul and dl bands in FDD) we can not use only a method based on Open Loop Power Control. Solution: Closed Loop PC: in UL the NodeB performs frequent (1.5 KHz) estimates of the received SIR and compares it to the SIR Target (calculated during Outer Loop PC). DL: We do not have Near-Far Problem due to one-to-many scenario: all the signals within one cell originate from one NodeB to all mobiles. However it is desirable to provide a marginal amount of additional power to UE at the cell edge, as they suffer from increased other-cell-interference.
130
DL Fast Closed (Inner) Loop Power Control

Inner loop power control is also often called (fast) closed loop power control. It takes place between the UE and the Node B. We talk about UL inner loop power control, when the Node B returns immediately after the reception of a UEs signal a power control command to the UE. By doing so, the UEs SIR ratio is kept at a certain level. DL inner loop power control control is more complex. When the UE receives the transmission of the Node B, the UE returns immediately a transmission power control command to the Node B, telling the Node B either to increase or decrease its output power for the UEs DPCH. The Node Bs transmission power can be changed by 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2 dB. 1 dB must be supported by the equipment. If other step sizes are supported or selected, depends on manufacturer or operator. The transmission output power for a DPCH has to be balanced for the PICH, which adds to the power step size. There are two downlink inner loop power control modes: DPC_MODE = 0: Each timeslot, a unique TPC command is sent uplink. DPC_MODE = 1: 3 consecutive timeslots (for DL), the same TPC command is transmitted. One reason for the UE to request a higher output power is given, when the QoS target has not been met. It requests the Node B to transmit with a higher output power, hoping to increase the quality of the connection due to an increased SIR at the UEs receiver. But this also increases the interference level for other phones in the cell and neighbouring cells. The operator can decide, whether to set the parameter Limited Power Increase Used. If used, the operator can limit the output power raise within a time 131 period.
DL Fast Closed (Inner) Loop PC Algorithm

Every 1500 Hz (time slot) UE measures SIR= (RSCP/ISCP)SF
132
Downlink Inner Loop Power Control
TPC two modes DPC_MODE = 0 unique TPC command per TS DPC_MODE = 1 same TPC over 3 TS, then new command
cell
1500 times/s
500 times/s
TPCest per 1 TS / 3 TS
133
UL Inner Loop Power Control

SIRest
SIRtarget
time
T TC TCP CP = TC P P= = =0 0 1 1
TPC TPC_cmd
in FDD mode: 1500 times per second

134
UL Fast Closed (Inner) Loop PC Algorithm
135

Power Control Algorithm 1 is applied in medium speed environments. Here, the UE is commanded to modify its transmit power every timeslot. If the received TPC value is 1, the UE increases the transmission output at the DPCCH by DPCCH, otherwise it decreases it by DPCCH. The DPCCH is either 1 or 2 dB, as set by the higher layer protocols. TPC values from the same radio link set represent one TLC_cmd. TPC_cmds from different radio link sets have to be weighted, if there is no reliable interpretation. Power Control Algorithm 2 (300 times/s) was specified to allow smaller step sizes in the power control in comparison to PCA1. This is necessary in very low and high speed environments. In these environments, PCA1 may result in oscillating around the target SIR. PCA2 changes only with every 5th timeslot, i.e. the TPC_cmd is set to 0 (do not do anything) the first 4 timeslots. In timeslot 5, the TPC_cmd is 1, 0, or 1. For each radio set (Radio set is combined radio links from same NodeB), the TPC_cmd is temporarily determined. This can be seen in the next figure. The temporary transmission power commands (TPC_temp) are combined as can be seen in the figure after the next one. Here you can see, how the final TPC_cmd is determined.
136
UL Inner Loop Power Control Algorithms (1 and 2)

The optimum PC step size varies depending on the UE speed. For a given quality target, the best UL PC step size is the one that results in the lowest target SIR. With an update rate of 1500 Hz, a PC step size of 1dB can effectively track a typical Rayleigh fading channel up to Doppler frequency of about 55 Hz (30 Km/h). At higher speeds, up to about 80 Km/h, a PC step size of 2dB gives better results. For speeds greater than 80 Km/h the inner loop PC can no longer follow the fades and just introduces noise into the UL transmission. This adverse effect on the UL performance could be reduced if a PC step size smaller than 1 dB was employed. Also, for UE speeds lower than about 3 Km/h where the fading rate of the channel is very small, a smaller step size is more beneficial. Algorithm 1 is used when the UE speed is sufficiently low to compensate for the fading of the channel (PC step size should be 1 or 2 dB) Algorithm 2 was designed for emulating the effect of using a PC step size smaller than 1 dB and can be used to compensate for the slow fading trend of the propagation channel rather than rapid fluctuations. It performs better than Alg 1 when the UE moves faster than 80 Km/h or slower than 3 Km/h. The UE does not change its transmission power until it has received 5 137 consecutive TPC commands.

algorithms for processing power control commands TPC_cmd
PCA1
TPC_cmd for each TS TPC_cmd values: +1, -1 step size TPC: 1dB or 2dB
PCA2
TPC_cmd for 5th TS TPC_cmd values: +1, 0, -1 step size TPC: 1dB
UL DPCCH power adjustment: DPCCH = TPC TPC_cmd PCA2 0 PCA1 PCA2 km/h
138
3 80 Rayleigh fading can be compensated

Soft Handover Case: UL Inner Loop Power Control Algorithm 1

Example: reliable transmission At the mobile, a power down command has higher priority over power up command TPC3 = 1 Down TPC_cmd = -1
Cell 3 UP
TPC1 = 1 UP Cell 1
TPC3 = 0 Down
Cell 2
139
No Soft Handover Case - UL Inner Loop Power Control Algorithm 2 (Part 1)
TPC = 1 TPC = 1 TPC = 1 TPC = 1 TPC = 1 TPC = 1 TPC = 0 TPC = 1 TPC = 0 TPC = 1 TPC = 0 TPC = 0 TPC = 0 TPC = 0 TPC = 0
TPC_temp 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1
if all TPC-values = 1 TPC_temp = +1 if all TPC-values = 0 TPC_temp = -1 otherwise TPC_temp = 0
140
Soft Handover Case :UL Inner Loop Power Control Algorithm 2 (Part 2)
Example:
N = 3 cells
TPC_temp1 TPC_temp2 TPC_temp3
1 N TPC_tempi N i=1
-1 TPC_cmd = -1
-0.5
0 0
0.5 1
1
141
Part VI Dedicated Physical Channels
142
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)

The downlink DPCH is used to transmit the DCH data. Control information and user data are time multiplexed. The control data is associated with the Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH), while the user data is associated with the Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH). Data is not only User Traffic/Data but could be also High layer signalling (Measurement control, RRC messages,L3 Dedicated signalling) The transmission is organised in 10 ms radio frames, which are divided into 15 timeslots. The timeslot length is 2560 chips. Within each timeslot, following fields can be found:
Data field 1 and data field 2, which carry DPDCH information Transmission Power Control (TPC) bit field Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI) field, which is optional Pilot bits
The exact length of the fields depends on the slot format, which is determined by higher layers. The TFCI is optional, because it is not required for services with fixed data rates. Slot format are also defined for the compressed mode; hereby different slot formats are in used, when compression is archived by a changed spreading factor or a changed puncturing scheme. The pilot sequence is used for channel estimation as well as for the SIR ratio determination within the inner loop power control. The number of the pilot bits can be 2, 4, 8 and 16 it is adjusted with the spreading factor. A similar adjustment is done for the TPC value; its bit numbers range between 2, 4 and 8. The spreading factor for a DPCH can range between 4 and 512. The spreading factor can be changed every TTI period. 143 Superframes last 720 ms and were introducedConfidential Company for GSM-UMTS handover support.

Superframe = 720 ms
Radio Frame Radio Frame Radio Frame 0 1 2 Radio Frame 71
10 ms Frame
Data 1 bits
TPC bits
TFCI bits
(optional)
Data 2 bits
Pilot bits
DPDCH
17 different slot formats Compressed mode slot format for changed SF & changed puncturing
DPCCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
2,4,8 bits
2,4,8,16 bits (SIR estimation, phase estimation for Rake 144 receiver)

Following features are supported in the downlink: Blind rate detection, and Discontinuous transmission. Rate matching is done to the maximum bit rate of the connection. Lower bit rates are possible, including the option of discontinuous transmission. Please note, that audible interference imposes no problem in the downlink, since Common Channels have continuous transmission.
Multicode usage:
Several physical channels can be allocated in the downlink to one UE. This can occur, when several DPCH are combined in one CCTrCH in the PHY layer, and the data rate of the CCTrCH exceeds the maximum data rates allowed for the physical channels. Then, on all downlink DPCHs, the same spreading factor is used. Also the downlink transmission of the DPCHs takes place synchronous. One DPCH carries DPDCH and DPCCH information, while on the remaining DPCHs, no DPCCH information is transmitted. But also in the case, when several DPCHs with different spreading factors are in use, the first DPCH carries the DPCCH information, while in the remaining DPCHs, this information is omitted (discontinuous transmission). Multicode usage is not implemented in RAN1.
145
Physical Layer Bit Rates (Downlink)

Spreading factor 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 4, with 3 parallel codes Channel symbol rate (ksps) 7.5 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 2880 Channel bit rate (kbps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 1920 5760 DPDCH channel bit rate range (kbps) 36 1224 4251 90 210 432 912 1872 5616 Maximum user data rate with rate coding (approx.) 13 kbps Half rate speech 612 kbps Full rate speech 2024 kbps 45 kbps 105 kbps 128 kbps 215 kbps 456 kbps 384 kbps 936 kbps 2.8 Mbps 2 Mbps
The number of orthogonal channelization codes = Spreading factor

146

maximum bit rate discontinuous transmission with lower bit rate
TS Multicode usage:
TS
TS
TS
TS
DPCH 1 TS TS TS DPCH 2 TS TS TS DPCH 3

147
Power Offsets for the DPCH
Power offsets TFCS DL DPCH slot format FDD DL TPC step size
NBAP: RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
DCH Data Frame
Node B
Uu
Iub RNC
P0x: 0..6 dB step size: 0.25 dB
UE
PO3 Data 2 bits
148
PO2 Data 1 bits
TPC bits
TFCI bits
(optional)
PO1
Pilot bits
Nokia Parameters Related to DPCHs

RNC: PowerOffsetDLdpcchPilot The parameter defines the power offset for the pilot symbols in relative to the data symbols in dedicated downlink physical channel [0 6 dB]; step size 0.25 dB; default: 3 dB for 12.2 kbps RNC: PowerOffsetDLdpcchTpc, The parameter defines the power offset for the TPC symbols relative to the data symbols in dedicated downlink physical channel [0 6 dB]; step size 0.25 dB; default: 3 dB for 12.2 kbps RNC: PowerOffsetDLdpcchTfci, The parameter defines the power offset for the TFCI symbols relative to the data symbols in dedicated downlink physical channel. [0 6 dB], step size 0.25 dB; default: 3 dB for 12.2 kbps
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Uplink Dedicated Physical Channels

The uplink dedicated physical channel transmission, we identify two types of physical channels: Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH), which is always transmitted with spreading factor 256 (3840/256=15Ksps=15Kbps). Following fields are defined on the DPCCH: - Pilot bits for channel estimation. Their number can be 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8. - Transmitter Power Control (TPC), with either one or two bits - Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI), which is optional, and a - Feedback Indicator (FBI). Bits can be set for the closed loop mode transmit diversity and site selection diversity transmission (SSDT) 6 different slot formats were specified for the DPCCH. Variations exist for the compressed mode. Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH), which is used for user data transfer (Data is not only User Traffic/Data but could be also High layer signalling (Measurement Reports, RRC messages,L3 signalling) . Its spreading factor ranges between 4 and 256. 7 different slot formats are defined, which are set by the higher layers. The DPCCH and DPDCH are combined by I/Q code multiplexing with each multiframe. Multicode usage is possible. If applied, additonal DPDCH are added to the uplink transmission, but no additional DPCCHs! The maximum number of DPDCH is 6; when more than one DPDCH is used (Multicodes) they all use SF = 4. The transmission itself is organised in 10 ms radio frames, which are divided into 150 15 Company Confidential timeslots. The timeslot length is 2560 chips.
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channels

Superframe = 720 ms
Radio Frame Radio Frame Radio Frame 0 1 2 Radio Frame 71
10 ms Frame
DPDCH DPCCH
Pilot bits 6 different slot formats Compressed mode slot format for changed SF & changed puncturing
Data 1 bits TFCI bits

(optional)
FBI bits
TPC bits
7 different slot formats
Feedback Indicator for Closed loop mode transmit diversity, & Site selection diversity transmission (SSDT)
151
Discontinuous Transmission and Power Offsets

Discontinuous transmission (DTX) is supported for the DCH both uplink and downlink. If DTX is applied in the downlink as it is done with speech then 3000 bursts are generated in one second. (1500 times the pilot sequence, 1500 times the TPC bits) This causes two problems: Inter-frequency interference, caused by the burst generation. At the Node B, the problem can be overcome with exquisite filter equipment. This filter equipment is expensive and heavy. Therefore it cannot be applied in the UE. The UEs solution is I/Q code multiplexing, with a continuous transmission for the DPCCH. DPDCH changes can still occur, but they are limited to the TTI period. The minimum TTI period is 10 ms. The same effects can be observed, then the DPDCH data rate and with it its output power is changing. 3000 bursts causes audible interference with other equipment just see for example GSM. By reducing the changes to the TTI period, the audible interference is reduced, too. Determination of the power difference between the DPCCH and DPDCH
I/Q code multiplexing is done in the uplink, i.e. the DPCCH and DPDCH are transmitted with different codes (and possible with different spreading factors). Gain factors are specified: c is the gain factor for the DPCCH, while d is the gain factor for the DPDCH. The gain factors may vary for each TFC. There are two ways, how the UE may learn about the gain factors: The gain factors are signalled for each TFC. If so, the nominal power relation Aj between the DPDCH and DPCCH is d/c. 152 The gain factor is calculated based on reference TFCs.
Discontinuous Transmission and Power Offsets
DPDCH DPCCH
DPDCH DPDCH DPCCH DPCCH
TTI
TTI
TTI
UL DPDCH/DPCH Power Difference:

two methods to determine the gain factors: signalled for each TFCs calculation based on reference TFCs
Nominal Power Relation
Aj =
d c
DPDCH
DPCCH
153
Transmit Diversity Closed Loop Mode

Closed loop mode transmit diversity
Used in DPCH and PDSCH to improve DL performance based on feedback information from UE Channel coding, interleaving and spreading are done as in non-diversity mode. The spread complex valued signal is fed to both TX antenna branches, and weighted with antenna specific weight factors w1 and w2. NodeB adjusts the phase of antenna 2 (as antenna 1 taken as reference), so as to maximize the power received by UE The weight factors are determined by the UE, and signalled to the UTRAN access point (=cell transceiver) using the D-bits of the FBI field of uplink DPCCH The calculation of weight factor is the key point of closed loop Tx diversity There are two modes with different calculation methods of weight factor:
1. Mode 1 uses phase adjustmentthe dedicated pilot symbols of two antennas are different (orthogonal) 2. Mode 2 uses phase/amplitude adjustment the dedicated pilot symbols of two antennas are the same
154
Initial Uplink DCH Transmission

When we look to the PRACH, we can see, that a preambles were used to avoid UEs to access UTRAN with a too high initial transmission power. The same principle is applied for the DPCH. After PRACH procedure the UE transmits between 0 to 7 radio frames only the DPCCH uplink (the period is called DPCCH power control Preamble), before the DPDCH is code multiplexed. The number of radio frames is set by the higher layers (RRC resp. the operator). Also for this period of time, only DPCCH can be found in the downlink. The UE can be also informed about a delay regarding RRC signalling this is called SRB delay, which can also last 0 to 7 radio frames. The SRB delay follows after the DPCCH preamble. How to set the the transmission power of the first UL DPCCH preamble? Its power level is DPCCH_Initial_power = CPICH_RSCP + DPCCH_Power_offset The DPCCH Power Offset is retrieved from RRC messages. Its value ranges between 164 and 6 dB (step size 2 dB). CPICH_RSCP is the received signal code power on the P-CPICH, measured by the UE.
155
Initial Uplink DCH Transmission

DPCCH only DPCCH & DPDCH
reception at UE
transmission at UE
T0 0 to 7 frames for power control preamble DPCCH only, always based on PCA1 DPCCH & DPDCH PCA based on RRC
DPCCH_Initial_power = CPICH_RSCP + DPCCH_Power_offset 156

Radio frame timing and access slot timing of downlink physical channels
Primary SCH Secondary SCH Any CPICH P-CCPCH k:th S-CCPCH
Radio framewith (SFN modulo 2) = 0 S-CCPCH,k PICH
Radio framewith (SFN modulo 2) = 1
PICH for k:th S-CCPCH AICH access slots Any PDSCH n:th DPCH HS-SCCH Subframes DPCH,n #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
Subframe Subframe Subframe Subframe Subframe #0 #1 #2 #3 #4
10 ms
10 ms
157
Part VII WCDMA Planning
158
Radio Network Planning Process

DEFINITION
System Dimensioning Requirements and strategy for coverage, quality and capacity, per service
PLANNING and IMPLEMENTATION

Coverage Planning and Site Selection Path loss prediction Coverage optimisation Cell isolation optimisation Capacity Optimisation Traffic distribution Pilot Power Soft handover Blocking objectives
O&M
Network Optimisation Survey measurements Statistical performance analysis
159
Planning issues
Planning should meet current standards and demands and also comply with future requirements. Uncertainty of future traffic growth and service needs. High bit rate services require knowledge of coverage and capacity enhancements methods. Real constraints Coexistence and co-operation of 2G and 3G for old operators. Environmental constraints for new operators. Network planning depends not only on the coverage but also on load.
Objectives of Radio network planning

Capacity: To support the subscriber traffic with sufficiently low blocking and delay. Coverage: To obtain the ability of the network ensure the availability of the service in the entire service area. Quality: Linking the capacity and the coverage and still provide the required QoS. Costs: To enable an economical network implementation when the service is established and a controlled network expansion during the life cycle of the network.
160
Planning methods
Preparation phase Defining coverage and capacity objectives Selection of network planning strategies Initial design and operation parameters Initial dimensioning First and most rapid evaluation of the network elements count and capacity of these elements Offered traffic estimation Joint capacity coverage estimation Detailed planning Detailed coverage capacity estimation Iterative coverage analysis Planning for codes and powers Optimization Setting the parameters Soft handover Power control Verification of the static simulator with the dynamic simulator
161
A strategy for dimensioning

Plan for adequate load and number of sites. Enable optimized site selection. Avoid adding new sites too soon. Allow better utilization of spectrum. Recommended load factor 30- 70 %
162
Dimensioning process
163
Detailed Planning Workflow of RNP Tool
164
Input data preparation

Digital map. - for coverage prediction. - topological data (terrain), morphological data (terrain type), building location and height. - Resolution: urban areas 10-20m, rural areas 50-100m. Plan. - logical concept combining various items. digital map, map properties, target plan area, selected radio access technology, input parameters, antenna models. Antenna editor. - logical concept containing antenna radiation pattern, antenna gain, frequency band. Propagation model editor. - Different planning areas with different characteristics. - For each area type many propagation models can be prepared. - tuning based on field measurements. BTS types and site/cell templates - Defaults for the network element parameters and ability to change it. - Example BTS parameter template: maximum number of wideband signal processors. maximum number of channel units. noise figure. Tx/Rx diversity types. Company Confidential
165
Planning
Importing sites.
Utilization of 2G networks.
Editing sites and cells.

Adding and modifying sites manually.
Defining service requirements and traffic modelling.

Bit rate and bearer service type assigned to each service. For NRT need for average call size retransmission rate. Traffic forecast.
Propagation model tuning.

Matching the default propagation models to the measurements. Tuning functions per cell basis.
Link loss calculation.

The signal level at each location in the service area is evaluated, it depends on Network configuration (sites, cells, antennas). Propagation model. Calculation area. Link loss parameters. Cable and indoor loss. Line-of-sigth settings. Clutter type correction. Topographic corrections. Diffractions.
Optimising dominance.
Interference and capacity analysis. Locating best servers in each location in the service area. Target to have clear dominance areas.
166
Iterative traffic planning process

Verification of the initial dimensioning. Because of the reuse 1, in the interference calculations also interference from other cells should be taken into account. Analysis of one snapshot.
For quickly finding the interference map of the service area. Locate users randomly into network. Assume power control and evaluate the SIR for all the users. Simple analysis with few iterations. Exhaustive study with all the parameters.
Monte-Carlo simulation.
Finding average over many snapshots: average, minimum, maximum, std. Averages over mobile locations. Iterations are described by:
Number of iterations. Maximum calculation time. Mobile list generation. General calculation settings. 167
Example of WCDMA analysis
Reporting:
Raster plots from the selected area. Network element configuration and parameter setting. Various graphs and trends. Customized operator specific trends.
168
Uplink iteration step

Allocate MS transmit powers so that the interference levels and BS sensitivities converge. Transmit power of MS should fulfill required receiver Eb/Io in BS.
Min Rx level in BS. Required Eb/Io in uplink. Interference situation. Antennae gain cable and other losses.
The power calculation loop is repeated until powers converge. Mobiles exceeding the limit power
Attempt inter-frequency handover. Are put into outage.
Best server in UL and DL is selected.

169
Downlink iteration step
Allocation of P-CPICH powers. Transmit power of BS should fulfill required receiver Eb/Io in MS. The initial Tx powers are assigned iteratively. The planning tool evaluates the actual CIR and compares it to the Target CIR
170
Coverage Analysis
UL DCH Coverage
Whether an additional mobile having certain bit rate could be served. The transmit power need for the MS is calculated and compared to the maximum allowed
DL DCH Coverage
Pixel by pixel is checked whether an additional mobile having certain bit rate could be served. Concentration on the power limits per radio link. The transmit power need for supporting the link is calculated and compared to the maximum allowed
DL CPICH Coverage
Pixel by pixel is checked whether the P-CPICH channel can be listened.
171
Examples of Plots/Arrays
172
173
174
175
Capacity&Coverage Trade Off

The coverage for a WCDMA system is generally limited by the uplink. This is because the maximum output power of the mobile is lower than for the base station, so the base station can reach longer than the mobile can. Capacity is generally limited by the downlink. This is because better receiver techniques can be used in the base station than in the mobile. Since most forecasts predict an asymmetric load where the users download data to a larger extent than sending, the downlink will be most important from a capacity point of view. Capacity and coverage is closely related in a WCDMA system. When traffic increases, the level of interference in the system increases. To compensate for this, the mobile has to increase its output power in order to defeat the increased noise, or in already at max power, make the connection closer to the base station. Due to the increase of traffic, the effective cell area has shrunk. This behavior is known as cell breathing. In an FDMA or TDMA-system this problem does not arise, breathing since coverage and capacity is largely independent. To reduce cell breathing interference margins are included when dimensioning the 176 network, which has the effect of increasing site density.
Coverage Limited Uplink

Another way to reduce cell breathing would be to add a frequency, which would mean that the users could be spread over two or more carriers. Since the different carriers are not interfering with each other, the interference level is reduced, and an increase in capacity or coverage is achieved When making the initial design, the aim is to provide a certain capacity, or service level, over an area. One design strategy could be to design a very low-density network, capable of providing low capacity over a wide area. This would reduce the number of base stations as compared to building for higher capacity. Since the cost of base stations are a large part of the cost of building a network, minimizing the number of base stations are important. On the other hand, it is important to be able to provide attractive services to the customers. This could be difficult if not enough bandwidth is available. Building less dense means that the maximum distance between the mobile and base station is increased, which is the same as allowing a higher maximum path loss between the two. A higher path loss between the mobile and the base station can be tolerated if the interference is decreased. If the interference in a cell were reduced by a certain amount of dB, the maximum allowed path loss would increase by the same amount.
177

Using a propagation model like for example Okumura-Hata, it is possible to convert a change of the interference level into a changed site density, compared to a reference case. Table below shows the change in number of sites if the interference margin in the link budget is changed. A negative dB value means that the link budget is worse compared to the reference case, and thus more sites are needed.
178
Uplink Load Factor

Interference degradation margin: describes the amount of increase of interference due to multiple access . It is reserved in the link budget. Can be calculated as the Noise Rise: the ratio of the total received power Itotal to the Noise Power PN
Noise Rise =
1 1 I total = = N PN 1 j =1 L j 1 UL
Where Load Factor ULis :
UL = j =1 L j , L j is the load factor of one connection

N
The uplink load factor can be written as
UL = (1 + i ) j =1 L j = (1 + i
N
NS
) j =1
N
1 W 1+ ( Eb / N O ) j R j j
Where UL [0,1]
Noise Rise (dB) is equal to - 10 log10 (1 UL )

179
Uplink Load Factor

Definitions N
Number of users per cell Activity Factor of user j at physical layer Signal energy per bit divided by noise spectral density that is required to meet a predefined BLER. Noise includes both thermal and interference WCDMA chip rate Bit Rate of user j Sectorisation Gain 0.67 for speech Dependent on service, bit rate, mulitpath, fading channel, receive antenna diversity, mobile speed, etc 3.84 Mcps Dependent on service 1 Sector (Omni): 1; 3 Sectors (90): 2.57; 3 Sectors (65): 2.87; 3 Sectors (33): 2.82 4 Sectors (90): 3.11; 6 Sectors (65): 4.70
Recommended Values
j
Eb/No
W Rj
NS i
Number of Sectors Other cell to own cell interference ratio seen by the base station receiver Macro Cell with omni antennas: 55%. Macro Cell with 3 sectors: 65% 180
Uplink Noise Rise as a Function of Throughput

Noise Rise (dB)
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Throughput (Kbps) 144 Kbps Voice (12.2 Kbps)

181

For voice services a typical noise rise would be between 1-3 dB, which corresponds to a throughput between 150 kbps and 375 kbps. A network is designed for a certain throughput. After some time that throughput is reached, and as a result the noise rise rises over the design value. The choice is then to either increase site density, or add more frequencies. Adding a frequency has its own set of problems, most notably that soft handover does not work between frequencies. This problem is less of an issue if new frequencies are added to a number of sites over a wider area. The mobile can then move freely on the frequency it has been assigned, and the probability of making a hard inter-frequency handover is reduced Assume that traffic increases so that the actual noise rise is 4 dB, 1 dB above the design level. The noise figure needs to be improved, for example down to 2 dB, to improve quality and make room for future capacity demands. In other words, the average throughput per cell needs to be reduced. Building more sites, or adding another frequency can do this. Adding a second frequency would half the throughput for each cell and carrier. For a 4 dB noise rise the throughput is 450 kbps according to the graph. A new throughput of 450/2 kbps=225 kbps per carrier gives a noise rise of 1.5 dB, an improvement of 2.5 dB. A 2.5 dB lower allowable path loss corresponds roughly to 40% more sites, that is. The cost of building these sites can then be said to be the value of having one extra frequency. Adding a second and a third frequency follows the same pattern, with a slight difference. The relative decrease in noise rise will be lower. When a third frequency is added the traffic is spread over three 182 carriers, and reduced with a third for each frequency.

It is also possible to do the other way around, that is, build sites less dense to start with. This saves money in the roll out phase, but could cause problems if high capacity is needed in the future. Using figures from the example above, assume a design for a maximum throughput of 375 kbps for one carrier, which corresponds to a noise rise of 3 dB. Using two carriers gives a throughput per carrier of 375/2 kbps=190 kbps, which corresponds to a noise rise of 1.3 dB. The saving is 2.7 dB, which converts to roughly 70% of the original number of sites is needed. This is the same as each site covers approximately 1.4 times the area of the original one carrier site.
Uplink Coverage of Different Bit Rates
3.5 3 2.5
Range [km]
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 32 kbps 64 kbps 144 kbps 384 kbps 1024 kbps 2048 kbps
Suburban area with 95% outdoor location probability

183
Downlink Load Factor

DL = j =1 j
N
( Eb / N O ) j W Rj
(1 - j ) + i j
Noise Rise over therm al noise due to multiple access interferen ce is equal to - 10 log 10 (1 DL ) Where DL [0,1]
Definitions
Recommended Values 0.58 for speech Dependent on service, bit rate, mulitpath, fading channel, receive antenna diversity, mobile speed, etc 3.84 Mcps Dependent on service
j
Eb/No
Number of users per cell Activity Factor of user j at physical layer Signal energy per bit divided by noise spectral density that is required to meet a predifined BLER. Noise includes both thermal and interference WCDMA chip rate Bit Rate of user j Orthogonality of channel of user j
W Rj
ij
Dependent on the multipath propagation 1: fully orthogonal 1-path channel 0: no orthogonality ITU Vehicular A channel: ~ 50% ITU Pedestrian A channel: ~ 90% ij Ratio of other cell to own cell base station power, Each user sees a different , depending on received by user j its location in the cell and log-normal shadowing. Macro Cell with omni antennas: 184 55%. Macro Cell with 3 sectors: 65% Company Confidential
Downlink Load Factor

Compared to the uplink load equation, the most important new parameter is j , which represent the orthogonality factor in the downlink. WCDMA employs orthogonal codes in DL to separate users, and without multipath propagation the orthogonality remains when the base station signal is received by the mobile. The DL load factor exhibits very similar behavior to the UL load factor, in the sense that when approaching unity, the system reaches its pole capacity and the noise rise over thermal noise goes to infinity For downlink dimensioning, its important to estimate the total amount of base station transmission power required. This is based on average transmission power for user
BS _ TxPw =
N rf W L j =1 j
N
(Eb
(W
No ) j Rj )
1 DL
Where N rf is the noise spectral density of the mobile N rf = k T + NF = 174dBm + NF (assuming T = 290K) k is the Boltzmann constant of 1.38110-23 J / K , NF is mobile Noise Figure (5 - 9 dB)
185
Downlink Common Channels

Part of the downlink power has to be allocated for the common channels that are transmitted independently of the traffic channels
Downlink common channels CPICH P-SCH S-SCH P-CCPCH PICH AICH S-CCPCH Total Common channels Power Remaining power for traffic channels Relative to CPICH Activity Average Power allocation with 20W max Power 0 dB -3 dB -3 dB -5 dB -8 dB -8 dB 0 dB 100% 10% 10% 90% 96% 80% 25% 2.0 W (33 dBm) 0.1 W 0.1 W 0.6 W 0.3 W 0.25 W 0.5 W 3.85 W
Almost 50% is for CPICH
20-3.85 = 16.15 W
186
Worst case; Depends on the FACH bit rate; Depends on PCH and FACH traffic
Relation of Uplink and Downlink Load

100 90 80 70
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 UL Load [%]
Increasing asymmetry
Downlink load is always higher than uplink load due to: asymmetry in user traffic different Eb/No values in uplink and downlink orthogonality in downlink overhead due to softhandover
DL Load [%]
187
Capacity Limited Downlink

As the demand for downlink capacity increases, there are several different ways of increasing capacity. The most common ways are adding more frequencies and power amplifiers, and introducing transmit diversity Upgrading capacity in the ways just mentioned is of course dependant on the base station equipment being able to handle it. It is reasonable to assume that as the capacity demand increases, the equipment vendors will produce equipment that can handle it Assume an initial base station configuration of one 20W power amplifier per sector, one carrier per sector and three sectors per site. This is called the baseline configuration, and has a baseline capacity The first step to upgrade the capacity is to add a second frequency. This gives a capacity increase of 80%. The reason why the increase is not 100% is that the power amplifier only can deliver 20W, which has to be split between the two frequencies, making the output 10W per carrier. The second step could be to add a second 20W power amplifier (restoring the power per frequency to 20W) and introduce transmit diversity (STTD, Closed loop mode 1, Closed loop mode 2). With these two upgrades the capacity now is 180% compared to the baseline. Adding a third frequency would decrease the output power to 13 W per carrier, but the extra carrier would still mean a capacity increase of 290% compared to the baseline If there are no more frequencies available, changing the power amplifiers from two 20W to two 40W will give a modest capacity increase, making the increase compared to baseline 320%. Adding a fourth frequency and at the same time 188 changing out the two 20W power amplifiers to two 40W amplifiers, if that has not been done before, gives a capacity increaseConfidentialcompared to the baseline. Company 460%
Capacity Limited Downlink

Upgrading the power amplifier restores the power per frequency to 20W, the same as the baseline case. With the stronger PAs there is power to add a fifth and a sixth carrier. This would give capacities of 550% respectively 680% compared to the baseline Using two PAs means that no modification to the antenna system is required. Adding a third PA means that either a combiner, or an extra antenna needs to be used. A combiner typically has a 3dB insertion loss, offsetting the gain achieved Adding a third antenna is complicated from a site-engineering point of view. An extra feeder cable is needed, and adding an extra antenna could be difficult since it means renegotiating the agreement with the house owner. With a third PA the 6 frequencies is transmitting at 20W, giving a 740% increase gain compared to the baseline capacity.
Example upgrade path

189
Typical Pathlosses for different Bearer Services

Low Data Scenario Low Asymmetry Scenario
165,00
160,00
better coverage
Pathloss [dB]
155,00
150,00
Speech 12,2k UL Pathloss RT Data 14k UL Pathloss RT Data 64k UL Pathloss NRT Data 144k UL Pathloss NRT Data 384k UL Pathloss DL Pathloss
145,00
Coverage is uplink limited

0 10 20 30 40 UL Load 50
Capacity is downlink limited

60 70 80
140,00
190
Part VIII WCDMA Link Budget
191
WCDMA Link Budget
192
WCDMA Link Budget
193
WCDMA Link Budget
194
WCDMA Link Budget
195
WCDMA Link Budget
196
WCDMA Link Budget
197
WCDMA Link Budget
198
WCDMA Link Budget
199
WCDMA Link Budget
200
WCDMA Link Budget
201
WCDMA Link Budget
202
WCDMA Link Budget
203
WCDMA Link Budget
204
WCDMA Link Budget
205
WCDMA Link Budget Cell Sizes

Output of Link Budget is MAPL (Maximum Allowed Path Loss) based on different: - Clutter types (Dense Urban, Urban, Sub-Urban, Rural) - Services (AMR, PS64, CS64, PS128, PS384,) - Indoor/Outdoor - Area Location Probability - Mobile speed: Pedestrian/Vehicular Given an area to be covered (Km) the cell count has to be performed based on Cell Area ( Cell Radius) Cell Radius can be calculated using Propagation models (Cost231, HokumuraHata, Walfish-Ikegami,) The models need as input: MAPL UE antenna height NodeB antenna height Frequency Clutter correction factors
206
WCDMA Link Budget Cell Count

r = Cell Radius r Surface of a tri-sectorial cell :
ACell
3 2 r =3 2
Number of Sites = Number of Cells /3 Intersite Distance = 1.5*r Example: r = 0.409 km Acell = 0.432 km2 Stotal = 100 km Number of Tri-secotrial sites = 100/0.432 230
207
Part IX Coverage-Capacity enhancement
208
Coverage Improvement Alternatives

Mast head amplifier basic solution for optimized uplink performance compensates feeder cable loss supported by Nokia's base stations can be used together with Smart Radio Concept
6 sectored site utilizing narrowbeam antennas ~ 2 dB better antenna gain than in 3 sectored site Nokia Smart Radio Concept, SRC 4-branch uplink diversity
209
Capacity Improvement Alternatives

6 sectored site ~ 80% capacity gain compared to 3 sectors (not 100% due to inter-sector interference) More carriers (frequencies) per sector doubling the amount of carriers with power splitting gives roughly 60% more capacity Smart Radio Concept transmit diversity
210
Smart Radio Concept

Uplink coverage 4-branch diversity reception per sector Maximal ratio baseband combining of 4 uplink signals forms a beam Downlink capacity upgrade Upgrade transmit diversity when needed
dB
10 5 0 -5 -10 SRC Rx diversity -15 0 0.5 1
Received signal power
RX RX RX
+ TX
1.5 2 2.5 Seconds, 3km/h
RX + TX WCDMA Transceiver Combined received signal

211
144 kbps Coverage / Capacity in Macro Cells

Max. allowed path loss [dB] 170 165 Better 160 coverage 155 150 145 Coverage is uplink limited Capacity is downlink limited
Uplink load curve with RX diversity for 144 kbps
Downlink load curve
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000110012001300 Load per sector [kbps]
212
Nokia Smart Radio Concept Phase 1: Increase Uplink Coverage

Max. allowed path loss [dB] 170 165 160 155 150 145 Uplink load curve without SRC 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000110012001300 Load per sector [kbps]
Uplink load curve with SRC
2.5-3.0 dB coverage improvement with SRC
213
Nokia Smart Radio Concept Phase 2: Increase Downlink Capacity

Max. allowed path loss [dB] 170 165 160 155 150 145 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000110012001300 Load per sector [kbps]
Downlink with TX diversity, 20W per branch Downlink 20W no diversity
70% increase in capacity
214
Coverage : 30 % less sites with SRC

Sites / km2 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0
2.5 - 3.0 dB gain corresponds to 30% less sites with SRC
3-sector (rx div)
3-sector (SRC)
215
Capacity Upgrade with Smart Radio Concept

No changes to antennas or antenna cables All these capacity upgrades within one Ultrasite cabinet Speech Erlang per site
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 20W 2x10W + 2x10W
216
Cost / Erlang is decreasing with capacity upgrades

Add tx diversity + take 2nd frequency into use
Downlink power per sector
Capacity Optimisation The impact of MHA, SRC & 6 -sector site 3G Radio Network Planning case study
Assumptions: The geographic area under study is defined by the suburban area of London The site's location was given, antennas directions are the same as the DCS network. Two antenna type has been used, 60 and 90 degrees horizontal opening 1800MHz measurements provided. Assumption that narrow band 1800MHz propagation is representative of wideband 2GHz propagation 15dB of building penetration loss included in the link budget for Indoor Coverage. Multiple simulation runs. MS positions and slow fading changed for each run
217
Area under Investigation

Suburban area of London 12km by 11km Intended to be representative of suburban areas across the UK
Morphology analysis
Morphology Suburban Open/Fields Open in Urban Industrial Roads in Urban Forest Urban Water Percentage Area 65.2% 13.7% 10.1% 6.3% 2.2% 2.0% 0.5% 0.1%
218
Radio Network Configuration

51 sites (3 sector) existing 1G and 2G sites, plus sites to be acquired prior to 3G Link level simulations used to define Eb/No requirements, SHO Gain Vehicular A channel assumed
Parameter Assumptions
Parameter Max. transmit power Max. power per link Min. transmit power per link CPICH power Common channel power Cable/connector loss Soft handover window RF carriers available Slow fading standard dev. Maximum uplink load Value 43dBm not limited not limited 30dBm 30dBm 3dB 5dB 1 8dB 50%
219
Antenna Configuration
1G and 2G antenna list 60 antenna x 56 85 antenna x 97 3G antenna list 60 antenna x 56 90 antenna x 97
Differences in elec. tilt compensated with mech. tilt

Antenna Type 741415 CS72138 Horizontal Beamwidth 60 90 Vertical Beamwidth 7 7 Electrical Downtilt 0 2 Antenna Gain 18dBi 16.5dBi
741415
CS72138
220
Traffic Modeling
Priority placed on modeling traffic services separately 12.2kbps speech 64kbps data 144kbps data Symetric data services
Service 64 kbps data 21 dBm -50 dBm 1.5 m 0 dBi 0 dB 64 kbps 64 kbps 1 1 3 km/hr
Uniform distribution of mobile terminals System loaded to maximum capability fixed uplink load limit fixed BTS power capability Link level simulations used to define Eb/No requirements, SHO Gain
Parameter Max. transmit power Min. transmit power Antenna height Antenna gain Body loss Uplink bit rate Downlink bit rate Uplink activity factor Downlink activity factor Mobile speed
12.2 kbps voice 21 dBm -50 dBm 1.5 m 0 dBi 3 dB 12.2 kbps 12.2 kbps 0.67 0.67 50 km/hr
144 kbps data 21 dBm -50 dBm 1.5 m 2 dBi 0 dB 144 kbps 144 kbps 1 1 3 km/hr
MS Numbers
Distrib. Supp. 12.2kbps speech 15000 ~5400 64kbps data 144kbps data 5000 1500 ~1100 ~500
221
Benchmark Results
MHA, SRC, 6 Sector not included Only coverage and capacity presented here
Service 12.2kbps Speech 64kbps Data 144kbps Data Envir. Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Indoor
Uplink limited
Capacities network per cell 5074 33.2 5336 34.9 966 6.3 1100 7.2 470 3.1 501 3.3
Uplink limited
Number of Cells
Depends upon polygon
Envir. Outdoor Indoor Service of the Probe Mobile Speech 64kbps Data 144bps Data Speech 64kbps Data 144bps Data Mean 99.83 98.54 96.74 88.05 70.05 59.71
12
0 0 30 60 Number of 12.2kbps speech users
222
Percentage of Cells
100
Impact of MHA
MHA introduced at all sites Improves uplink power budget Improved Example indoor speech: 88 93% indoor 64kbps data: 70 79% indoor 144kbps data: 60 71%
Trend of results as expected
Remains approximately the same uplink and downlink approximately balanced

223
Impact of SRC (rx only)

2 scenarios SRC introduced at all sites SRC introduced at TACS sites only Reduces uplink Eb/No target Improved speech by 9% 64kbps data by 11% 144kbps data by 30% Becomes limited by BTS tx power Observations:
Once downlink limited, soft handover window has great impact upon capacity Introducing SRC at TACS sites only, increases capacity of surrounding sites 224
Improved indoor speech: 88 92% indoor 64kbps data: 70 77% indoor 144kbps data: 60 68% Remains uplink limited
Impact of SRC (rx & tx)

Tx and Rx SRC introduced at all sites Reduces uplink and downlink Eb/No targets Further Improved Example: outdoor speech no SRC 5000 users rx SRC 5800 users (+15%) rx&tx SRC 7500 users (+49%) Tx SRC offers no coverage improvement over Rx SRC Coverage remains uplink limited
225
Impact of 6 Sectors
2 scenarios 6 Sector introduced at all sites 6 Sector introduced at TACS sites only 33 beam width antennas Doubled Example, outdoor speech, 2500 5100 users 64kbps data, 440 950 users 144kbps data, 230 450 users Improved Example, indoor speech: 85 93% indoor 64kbps data: 65 80 % indoor 144kbps data: 50 70 % Not true in this case due to antenna pattern selected: reduced SHO and inter-cell interference
226
increased gain Usual message for 6S: capacity improves by less than a factor of 2 due to increased SHO & inter-cell interference
Part X WCDMA/GSM Co-siting issues
227
Antenna System Co-siting
GSM 900 / GSM 1800 shared antenna lines by diplexers/triplexers GSM 900 / GSM 1800/WCDMA multi band antennas
228
Antennas: WCDMA/GSM Co-site

Antenna 1: Antenna 2: WCDMA X-pol 3 sector site: G 900/1800 antennas: 3 pcs SM WCDMA antennas: WCDMA MHAs: T riplexers: F eederlines: 3 pcs 6 pcs 6 pcs 6 pcs
Shared antenna lines
GSM 900 / 1800 Dual Band X- pol
GSM 900 / GSM 1800 / WCDMA triplexers
Shared antennas
WCDMA MHA
WCDMA MHA
Dual Band GSM 900 / WCDMA Dual Band GSM 1800/WCDMA Triple Band 900/1800/WCDMA
GSM 900 / GSM 1800 / WCDMA T riplexer- 2
GSM 900 / GSM 1800 / WCDMA T riplexer- 1
Mast Head Amplifiers
Triplexer supports MHA in one GSM 900 branch BTS Additional MHAs to be equipped with direct DC feed
GSM 1800 BTS
WCDMA BTS with Bias- T s
229
Upgrades to Current GSM Antennas

Current : space diversity Upgrade : space + polarization diversity
Space diversity Space diversity improves performance improves performance 0.5..1.0 dB compared 0.5..1.0 dB compared to single radome. to single radome. The gain of 2.5 dB The gain of 2.5 dB assumes single radome. assumes single radome.
Current : polarization diversity
Upgrade: 2 x polarization diversity within one radome

Antennas can be shared with GSM
150 mm
1300 mm
300 mm
230
Example: common feeders, separate antennas

GSM 900/1800 BTS & WCDMA BTS Triplexers common feeders Separate antennas 900/1800 MHz dual-band 2 GHz
DPX
Triplexer Abis/Iub To/From BSC/RNC Iub
Triplexer
Power
Site Support System
GSM BTS
WCDMA
BTS
TPX DPX
231
Nokia Base Stations and Co-Siting Air-interface issues

WCDMA - WCDMA Co-Siting This has been taken into account in 3GPP Air Interface Specifications Nokia WCDMA base station products are compliant with 3GPP WCDMA - GSM900 Co-Siting This has been taken into account with Nokia's WCDMA and GSM900 base station design WCDMA - GSM1800 Co-Siting This is as with GSM900 If GSM1800 Transmitter Frequency separation within same sector is more than 57 MHz( bottom channels) or 40 MHz (top channels), extra transmitter filtering (~10 dB) may be required in GSM1800 BTS Note: 30 dB Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) assumed between antennas
232
Co-Siting with other manufacturers Air-interface issues

WCDMA Co-Siting with other manufacturers' equipment theoretical worst case requires 50 dB extra isolation in GSM BTS in practice this much will not be needed Nokia can provide assistance with co-siting issues Note: 30 dB Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) assumed between antennas
233
WCDMA - GSM Interference Outline

Spurious emissions Nonlinear distortion Specifications and isolation requirements Interference mitigation methods Co-located sites
234
WCDMA - GSM Interference Outline

Site and equipment sharing is an important issue to cut costs down and to guarantee proper function of the networks. Common base station mechanics site support transmission antennas and feeders site construction network management By proper site design (antenna installation etc.) interference coupling between systems can be reduced and unreasonable degradation of service due to co-sited installations avoided. Co-siting preferred to avoid high path loss differences between own and neighbour systems.
235
Spurious emissions
ITU-R definition of Spurious Emission (ITU-R: 329-7_ww7.doc): Spurious Emission: Emission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmissions of information. Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products, but exclude out-of-band emissions. Normally the intermodulation distortion (IMD) is handled separately due to its importance. Spurious signals can be coupled by radiation conduction combination of radiation and conduction
236
Nonlinear system
Nonlinear system transfer function can be expressed as a series expansion
System
y = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + ...
In the case of one input frequency, vin = cos 1t, output will consist of harmonics, m1 Fundamental (m = 1) frequency is the desired one. If m > 1, there are higher order harmonics in output => harmonic distortion. Can be generated both inside an offender or a victim system. In the case of two input frequencies, vin = cos 1t + cos 2t , output will consist of harmonics m1 + n2, where n and m are positive or negative integers. Intermodulation is a process generating an output signal containing frequency components not present in the input signal and it is called intermodulation distortion (IMD). Most harmful are 3rd order (|m| + |n| = 3) products. Can be generated both inside an offender or a victim system.
237
Nonlinear components
Nonlinearities of active components like amplifiers under normal operation. Nonlinearities of passive components Antennas Feeders Connectors Antenna mismatching Reflected wave can cause IMD in the power amplifier. Damaged feeders => mismatching Loose connectors => mismatching, reflections and rectification.
238
Active nonlinear distortion

Active nonlinear distortion is generated in nonlinearities of active components like amplifiers and modulators The nonlinearity effect is especially strong in power amplifiers if they are driven to saturation. Intermodulation levels of the amplifiers can be decreased by backing-off of them. The amplitude of the 3rd order product increases 3 dB compared to the fundamental frequencies due to x3 term of it. Active IMD generated inside an offender BTS can be removed by BTS TX filtering.
3rd order intercept point
Desired signal slope = 1
3rd order IMD slope = 3

239
Passive nonlinear distortion

Passive nonlinear distortion is generated in nonlinearities of passive components like connectors, antennas and feeders. Contact and material nonlinearities Loose connectors Oxidation of joints Cracks in materials Electron tunneling through layers Nonlinear resistivity of materials B/H nonlinear hysteresis Levels normally lower than in active IMD. Aging of the components increases IMD Can NOT be filtered out in BTS TX.
240
Harmonic distortion
Harmonic distortion can be a problem in the case of co-siting of GSM900 and WCDMA. GSM900 DL frequencies are 935 - 960 MHz and second harmonics may fall into the WCDMA TDD band and into the lower end of the FDD band. 2nd harmonics fGSM = 950 - 960 MHz
...
WCDMA WCDMA FDD TDD 1920 - 1980
2nd harmonics can be filtered out at the output of GSM900 BTS.
GSM900 935 - 960 MHz
1900 1920 MHz
241
IMD3 from GSM1800 DL to WCDMA UL

GSM1800 IM3 products are hitting into the WCDMA FDD UL RX band if 1862.6 f2 1879.8 MHz 1805.2 f1 1839.6 MHz For active elements IM products levels are higher than IM products produced by passive components Typical IM3 suppression values for power amplifiers are -30 -50 dBc depending on frequency spacing and offset Typical values for passive elements are -100 -160 dBc
fIM3 = 2f2 - f1
f1
f2 X dBc fIM3
GSM1800 UL
GSM1800 DL
WCDMA UL
WCDMA DL
242
1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz MHz1920 - 1980 MHz 2110 - 2170 MHz 40
Nonlinear distortion conclusions

Second harmonics from the GSM900 system may fall into the WCDMA TDD band. Intermodulation can be a problem if an operator has a splitted GSM1800 band or in multioperator systems. The most harmful intermodulation products are 3rd order products which may fall into the WCDMA RX band: fIM3 = 2f1,2 f2,1 IM products can be avoided by proper frequency planning in GSM. fIM3 is hitting into the WCDMA FDD RX band (1920 - 1980 MHz) if GSM1800 channels are from 512 to 684 (f2) and from 799 to 885 (f1). Active intermodulation products can be filtered out in GSM1800 BTS TX IM products generated inside a WCDMA receiver cannot be filtered out. Passive IM products can not be filtered out in BTS TX if they are generated in feeder lines and connectors after the filtering unit of BTS. Some aging problems may be avoided by installation, site administration and maintenance recommendations.
243
RF Specifications
GSM 05.05-8.7.1, WCDMA TS 25.104-3.5.0 Two main reasons to isolate GSM and WCDMA Blocking Sensitivity
Transmitter GSM spurious GSM main UMTS spurious UMTS main Frequency Level Parameter affected [MHz] [dBm] / [MHz] 1920 1980 UMTS BTS 96 / 0.1 (FDD UL) sensitivity -80 / 4.0 +40 / 0.2 UMTS BTS 1805 Typical blocking 1880 GSM BTS 1710 98 / 0.1 sensitivity 1785 95 / 0.2 2110 2170 +43 / 4.0 GSM BTS (FDD DL) Typical blocking Required Required [dBm] / MHz isolation [dB] 28 < 108 / 4.0 (Noise floor) 55 < 15 / CW (Specifications) 15 < 110 / 0.2 (Typical) 0 43 (Specifications)
244
Interference mitigation methods
Means to achieve the required isolation RF-methods Tighter filtering of the GSM BTS TX signal Proper frequency planning in GSM Di- or triplexer in case of feeder and antenna sharing between different systems By proper antenna selection and placing Baseband methods Interference cancellation receivers If the interferer is known its effect can be removed easily Combined RF and baseband methods
245
Antenna isolation measurements

Measurements performed in an anechoic room in a GSM1800 band with a HP8753/D network analyzer. According to the most common definition the far field assumption is valid if
df =
2D 2
, and d f , D >>
where D is the largest dimension of an antenna, is wavelength and df is the distance from antenna. The far field assumption is not valid => measurements needed. For a typical GSM1800 antenna dimensions (D 1 m) df 13 m. Let's assume coupling loss of 65 dB from the near field to the far field => Extra 10 dB means therefore about 30 m distance by deploying a free space model from d0 = 10 m.
246
Isolation measurements Antennas and configurations

Vert. Pol Antenna A B C D Horizontal beamwidth 65 90 90 90 Gain 18 dBi 16 dBi 17.5 dBi 16 dBi Polarisation Vertically linear Vertically linear Vertically linear +/- 45 dual pol. Frequency band 1710 1880 MHz 1710 1880 MHz 1710 1880 MHz 1710 1880 MHz
Dual. Pol
120
d
I (90)
1TSG-RAN
II (120)
III (180)
IV (Horizontal)
V (Vertical)
247
Working Group 4 (Radio) Meeting #8 TSGR4#8(99)631 Sophia Antipolis, France 26-29 October 1999 Company Confidential Source: Allgon

Setup I
d
Antenna A B C D, C o-polar D, C ross-polar
d [mm] / Min is olation [dB] 250 / 50 250 / 46 250 / 54 200 / 46 200 / 49 S ame mast / 49 S ame mast / 38 S ame mast / 53 S ame mast / 38 S ame mast / 43
d [mm] / Max is olation [dB] 850 / 63 975 / 59 950 / 62 1250 / 59 1000 / 58 1050 / 66 1100 / 66 1150 / 68 1100 / 65 1050 / 63
248
I (90)
II
d 120
A B C D, C o-polar
II (120)
D, C ross-polar

Setup III
d
Antenna
A B C D, Co-polar
d [mm] / Min is olation [dB]

Same mast / 52 Same mast / 49 Same mast / 52 Same mast / 38 250 / 37 250 / 27 250 / 34 250 / 33
d [mm] / Max is olation [dB]

750 / 71 1300 / 69 1150 / 76 1250 / 62 1250 / 62 6000 / 57 6000 / 52 6000 / 48 4250 / 53 6000 / 57
249
III (180)
D, Cross-polar Same mast / 53 IV A B C D, Co-polar
d
IV (Horizontal)
D, Cross-polar 250 / 36

Setup V
d
Antenna A B C D, Co-polar D, Cross-polar
d [mm] / Min d [mm] / Max is olation [dB] 2250 / 50 2250 / 55 2250 / 61 1500 / 42 1500 / 44 is olation [dB] 6000 / 70 5500 / 69 6000 / 66 6000 / 61 5500 / 65
V (Vertical)
250

Measurements performed in a more realistic environment by Nokia. The used antennas are listed in the table below
Band UMTS GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800 Manufacturer Racal CSA CSA CSA CSA Model No UMTSXP/65/17.7/2 PCNV065-13-0B PCNV065-13-0B PCNV085-13-0B PCNA115-19-0B Horizontal Beamwidth 65 deg. 65 deg. 65 deg. 85 deg. 115 deg. Polarisation X-polar X-polar X-polar X-polar Vertical Vertical Beamwidth 7 deg 7 deg 7 deg 7 deg 5 deg Gain 17.7dB 18 dBi 18 dBi 16 dBi 17dBi Electrical Downtilt 2 deg 0 deg 0 deg 0 deg 0 deg
Horizontal, vertical and combined displacement configurations measured. Rooftop, face and tower mounted measurements. Both co- and cross-polar feed used.
251

Measured frequencies from 1710 to 1980 MHz and results collected from 1900, 1950 and 1980 MHz. Measurement corresponds spurious emissions attenuation from the GSM1800 band into the WCDMA band.
output
input
Antenna A (fixed)
Network Analyser Figure 3. Equipment set up
Antenna B
252
Antenna isolation measurements: Horizontal

Antenna A (fixed)
horizontal separation distance Antenna B UMTS Front View
Side View
direction of radiation
1000mm
2000mm
400mm 650mm
Figure 5. Sketch of measurement configuration
253
GSM1800 65 deg to UMTS 65 deg Horizontal co-polar measurements

75.00 70.00
Isolation (dB)
65.00 60.00 55.00 50.00 45.00 40.00

50dB marker
1900MHz 1950MHz 1980MHz
00 0.
1.
00
2.
00
3.
00
4.
00
00 5.
6.
00
7.
00
8.
00
9.
00
1.
..
Distance (m)
254
65.00 60.00
GSM1800 85 deg to UMTS 65 deg Horizontal co-polar measurements
Isolation (dB)
55.00 50.00 45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 Distance (m)

50dB marker
1900MHz 1950MHz 1980MHz
9. 00 10 .0 0
2. 00
3. 00
6. 00
0. 00
1. 00
4. 00
5. 00
7. 00
8. 00
255
GSM1800 115 deg to UMTS 65 deg Horizontal measurements

60.00 55.00 Isolation (dB) 50.00 45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00
0 0 2. 00 0. 00 3. 00 6. 00 1. 00 4. 00 7. 00 5. 00 8. 00 9. 00 .0 11 10 12 .0 .0 0
50dB marker
1900MHz 1950MHz 1980MHz
Distance (m)
256
Antenna isolation measurements: Face

Antenna A GSM1800
Front View
1m
5m
Antenna B UMTS
Side View
1000mm
2000mm
300mm
400mm
650mm
257
Antenna isolation measurements: Face

Face mounting GSM1800 85 deg to UMTS 65 deg Co-polar
85.00
1900MHz
1950MHz
80.00
1980MHz
75.00
70.00 0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
258
Antenna isolation measurements: Vertical
Antenna B UMTS
Antenna A GSM1800 (fixed)
10m
259
Antenna isolation measurements: Vertical
GSM1800 115 deg to UMTS 65 deg

85.00 80.00
Noise Floor
Noise Floor
Isolation (dB)
75.00 70.00 65.00 60.00 55.00 50.00
1900MHz 1950MHz 1980MHz
0. 50
0. 25
0. 7
0. 0
Distance (m)
260
1. 0
1. 25
1. 50
Antenna measurement conclusions

According to the measurements it's easy to find a configuration, which provides isolation of 30 - 60 dB. Lowest isolation (27 dB) was measured in an anechoic room antennas horizontally displaced 0.25 m with 6 m distance isolation was already about 50 - 55 dB. Highest isolation values were measured with the face mounted antenna and the isolation was more than 70 dB. In Allgon's measurements both antennas were for GSM1800 and in Nokia's measurements for GSM1800 and WCDMA. There is also attenuation between GSM1800 and WCDMA due to frequency difference of them => isolation figures are higher for the spurious emissions.
261
Isolation 800/900 - UMTS

Horizontal Separation : XPol 900 65 _ XPol UMTS (824-960) (1710-2170)
262

263

Vertical Separation : XPol 900 65 _ XPol UMTS (824-960) (1710-2170)
264

265

Separation by 120 : XPol 900 65 _ XPol UMTS (824-960) (1710-2170)
266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273
Isolation Dualband GSM 900/1800 - UMTS

Horizontal Separation : XXPol 900/1800 65/65 _ XPol UMTS (870-960/1710-1880) (1710-2170)
274
Isolation Dualband GSM 900/1800 - UMTS

Vertical Separation : XXPol 900/1800 65/65 _ XPol UMTS (870-960/1710-1880) (1710-2170)
275
Isolation UMTS - UMTS

Horizontal Separation : XPol UMTS 65 _ XPol UMTS (1710-2170) (1710-2170)
276

Vertical Separation : XPol UMTS 65 _ XPol UMTS (1710-2170) (1710-2170)
277

Separation by 120: XPol UMTS 65 _ XPol UMTS (1710-2170) (1710-2170)
278
Part XI WCDMA Optimization
279
Network Optimization Process

Objective: To optimize the outdoor part of the 3G network, this done cluster wise, as they are being integrated. The main elements for this process are: 1.Pre-optimisationsurvey 2.Network check 3.Initial drive test, baseline 4.Pre-Launch optimization Cluster tuning until break-out point is reached Ready for network acceptance & reporting
280
Pre Launch Optimization-Overview
281
Pre Launch Optimization-Process
282
Optimization-Overview
283
Optimization-Overview Block A
284
Optimization-Overview Block A
285
Optimization-Overview Block B
286
Optimization-Overview Block C
287
Optimisation - required performance

Examples of performance metrics Area of service availability or coverage performance Average FER, BLER Access failures including paging and SMS MOC/MOT Call Setup Failures Dropped call performance Handover percentage (Soft/Hard) Ec/Io&RSCP performance UMTS Bearer Service Attributes Maximum/Average bitrate (kbps) Residual bit error ratio Transfer Delay Guaranteed bitrate (kbps)
288
Key Performance Indicators, KPI

KPIs are a set of selected indicators which are used for measuring the current network performance and trends. KPIs highlight the key factors of network monitoring and warn in time of potential problems. KPIs are also used to prioritise the corrective actions. KPIs can be defined for circuit switched and packet switched traffic separately and be measured by field measurement systems and Nokia NetActTM network management system. An example set of KPIs RRC Setup Complete Ratio RAB Setup Complete Ratio RAB Active Complete Ratio Call Setup Success Ratio Call Drop Rate Softer/Soft Handover Fail Ratio
289
WCDMA RAN Optimisation

Network Management
Nokia NetActTM for 3G Field Tool Server configuration KPIs, counters
WCDMA RAN
Configuration
KPIs, measurements
me as
ur e me nt
air-interface
RAN Optimisation
pre-defined procedures semi / full automated
No Start
WindowAdd WindrowDrop Change 1 stepsize Change 1 stepsize
CompThreshold Change 1 stepsize
DropTimer Change 1 stepsize
NMS: Collect network performance data
Evaluate KPI 'HO Overhead'. OK ?
Yes
Evaluate all network KPIs. OK ? Yes
No
Go to relevant optimisation flow-chart
Field Tool
290
End
WCDMA Field Tool

Measurement data with
Phase 1 location and timestamp File & remote IP based interface
Measurement data with

location and timestamp
Phase 2 Post Processing Tool
connection to NMS
Field Tool Server
Data Logging Tool
map data Map network configuration Network configuration

information
291
3G Network Optimization
3G Network optimization is divided into 1. Pre-launch optimization (without traffic, No OSS KPIs) 2. Continuous optimization (with traffic, KPIs used) 3G Network optimization could be split into A. Cluster Optimization:
Area
Cluster
B.
Area optimization:

Mainly concentrates on the detail network optimization for each individual sub-cluster area Cluster optimization work start when all the sites in the Sub-cluster have been implemented and integrated into the Network 10-12 cells form one cluster takes broader approach by focusing the network performance over the whole area Will begin after a number of clusters have finished implemented & optimised
292
Pre-launch Optimization Process
Cluster Preparation Planning tool data
Cluster Tuning Scanner Measurements for RF optimisation
Cluster Optimisation Call Performance measurements for RF verification
Network Verification Call Performance verification among clusters
293
Cluster Preparation
Cluster Identification Site locations, major roads, RNC borders, other geographical aspects, e.g. rivers Interference analysis to minimise the amount of external interference to a cluster from neighbouring clusters MapInfo plot illustrating sites within cluster, cluster borders etc. Site information spreadsheet (cluster id, priority etc.) Site Integration percentage criteria check Drive route planning A good percentage of main roads, motorways Different clutter types, where applicable Areas of special interest, e.g. airport routes, corporate routes Drive test equipment check Site Verification (crossed feeders etc.)
294
Cluster Preparation
Collection of Cluster data Dominance plot CPICH coverage plot Best server Ec/Io plot RSCP plot SHO plot Configuration data (scrambling codes, tilts & bearing, data build) Network health check Identifying faulty Sites with Cell availability check Alarm check Neighbour list check (Planner vs. configuration management) Parameter consistency check (configuration management) RNW parameter check 295 Transmission parameter check
Cluster Tuning
RF optimisation (physical change of antenna tilt, azimuth, type and height) based on scanner data Target exit criteria for RF optimisation is based on CPICH RSCP (Ec) per each SC Best Server CPICH Ec/Io Pilot Pollution (high RSCP vs. low EcNo) SHO overhead (active set count) Neighbour list (scrambling code) verification based on scanner data incl. GSM/EDGE neighbours Call Performance KPI Verification with logging tool AMR call setup success rate (CSSR) AMR call drop rate (DCR) Call setup time (CST)
296
Cluster Optimisation
Maximise call performance KPIs by Analysis of Drive test data Analysis PM data (counters and KPIs) Investigation of bad quality lack of coverage external interference wrong or missing neighbours Additionally Golden cluster can be used for solving UE-specific problems (hanging on the cell, poor cell reselection, poor power control) UE-NW incompatibilities Troubleshooting (call tracing)
297
Network Verification
Used to accept the network performance based on drive tests along reference routes in the area of multiple clusters KPIs are measured in areas of acceptable coverage is achieved
298
RF & Call Performance Targets

Minimum RF conditions for field measurements for all KPIs (examples) Best server CPICH RSCP > -100 dBm Best server CPICH EcNo > -11 dBm CPICH EcNo of the 4th strongest cell > 6dB below best server Call Performance target examples for AMR Call setup success rate, 98 % Call drop rate, 2 % Overall call success rate, 96 % Call connection time <8 s, 98 %
299
Field Measurement Tools

Field Measurement tools Scanner could be used for Coverage and Scrambling code analysis Logging tools are available from a many manufacturers: Nemo Technologies Layer 1 & 3 trace capability SwissQual - Layer 1 & 3 trace capability + subjective voice measurement (MOS)
300
Dominance Verification
301
RSCP Verification
302
EcIo Verification
303
Pilot Pollution Verification- example
Criteria: RSCP>-92 dBm & EcIo<-9 dB
304
UL Coverage Verification
305
Throughput Verification
306
RF Optimization based on Scanner data

Data collection
A
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Etc. No
No
CPICH Ec > Threshold

e.g. 100 dBm
Possible Actions/Solutions Antenna Tilting Antenna Panning Change Antenna Type Change Antenna Height Change CPICH Tx Pwr
Low CPICH Ec A
Yes
CPICH Ec/Io > Threshold

e.g. 11 dB
amount of Scrambling Codes > X No
Yes Pilot Pollution A
Yes No
Dominance Area OK Aggregated to Peak > 3 dB Yes Yes Multi-path Problem
Bad Ec/Io A
No A
307
Neighbour list verification

The neighbour list can be verified by comparing Best server Ec/Io results (from Scanner) with existing neighbours e.q. with UE logging Best server Ec/Io results to certain Handover margin (Event 1a criteria) based on certain number of samples Analysis can be done in Actix analyzer
308
Part XII Radio Resource Management
309
Radio Resource Management
310
311
312
313
RRM Control Processes
314
WCDMA Radio Resource Management: Logical Model

LC RM PS
AC Admission Control
AC
Network based functions
LC Load Control PS Packet Scheduler RM Resource Manager PC Power Control
PC HC
HC HO Control
Connection based functions
315
RRM control processes

Admission control: Performs the admission control for new bearers to enter/leave the network. Predicts the interference caused by the bearer and checks whether there is room for it. Power allocation Packet Scheduler Scheduling packets to the radio interface (UL/DL) Load Control: Takes care of radio network stability Gathers interference information and produces a load vector Resource manager Manages the physical resources of RAN and maintains the code allocation
316
RRM control processes

Power Control Closed loop PC compares the measured SIR with SIR-target and accordingly transmits an up/down PC command at 0.667 ms interval Open loop PC estimates the needed power based on pathloss + interference measurements (RACH). Outer loop PC sets the SIR target for the fast closed loop PC Handover Control Soft (intra-frequency) handovers: softer between cells within one BS, intra-RNC soft, inter-RNC soft Inter-frequency (hard) handovers: Intra-BS, Intra-RNC, Inter-RNC (-MSC) Inter-RAT handovers: WCDMA <-> GSM
317
Power Control Power Control loops in WCDMA

MS BTS RNC
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access) Closed Loop Power Control Outer Loop Power Control
318
Power Control Loops

Effective power control is essential in WCDMA due to frequency re-use factor of one (in ideal case) Closed loop e.q. Fast power control Makes Eb/No requirements lower Equalizes received powers at BTS in uplink (avoids near-far effect) Introduces interference peaks in the transmission Open loop power control for initial power setting of the UE Outer PC loop at a slower rate, across the Iub interface in uplink At a much slower rate, across the Iub interface in uplink Adjusts the SIR target to achieve a target BLER Also similar outer loop power control in MS There is also similar outer loop power control in UE
319
Power Control & Diversity

At low UE speed, power control compensates the fading : fairly constant receive power and Tx power with high variations With diversity the variations in Tx power is less At UE speed >100kmph fast power control cannot follow the fast fading, therefore diversity helps keep receive power level more or less constant In the UL Tx affects adjacent cell interference and Rx power affects interference within the cell.
320
Admission Control & Packet Scheduler

AC handles new incoming traffic to the RAN by estimating the total load caused by adding a new RAB in uplink and downlink and decides whether or not this can be admitted. AC also sets : initial DL transmission power for the channel the power control range as well as many other parameters (UL/DL BLER, Eb/No Target, SIR Target, e.g. Transport Format Set. PS handles all the NRT data connections. PS is determining the time a packet is sent and which bit rate is used.
321
Admission Control & Packet Scheduler

The key function of AC and PS is to maximize capacity (throughput) by estimating the load and to fill the system up to maximum loading while still ensuring the required quality of service for RT traffic. In uplink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the total received power of a BS, PrxTotal In downlink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the total transmitted power of a BS, PtxTotal
322
Admission Control Uplink admission control

In uplink the total received wideband interference power measured indicates the traffic load of the radio resources . The fundamental criteria of evaluation is based on
Itotal_old + I < Ithreshold

Ithreshold indicates the traffic load of the radio resources In uplink, the total received power is the function of the maximum interference received in the wideband spectrum.
power
max planned power
Ithreshol
d
Itotal_old
I =?
max planned load
load
323
Admission Control Uplink admission control

UL interference power
Prx_target_BS Marginal load area Prx_target TRHO_threshold Prx_offset
planned uplink interference power

Planned load area
Load
Prx_target defines the optimal operating point of the cell interference power, up to which the AC of the RNC can operate.
324
Admission Control Downlink admission control

DL transmission power
Ptx_target_BS Ptx_target TRHO_threshold Marginal load area Ptx_offset
Planned load area
planned Downlink interference: carrier transmission power
Load
Downlink power increase estimation is done for non-controllable load just like UL power increase.
325
Admission Decisions
326
Admission Decisions
327
Admission Decisions
328
Packet Scheduler
Packet scheduler is a general feature, which takes care of scheduling radio resources for NRT radio access bearers for both uplink and downlink. The packet access procedure in WCDMA should keep the interference caused to other users as small as possible. Packet access is implemented for both dedicated (DCH) and common control transport channels (RACH/FACH). There are three scenarios for WCDMA packet access: infrequent transmission of short packets, frequent transmission of short packets (RACH/FACH)
transmission of long packets (DCH) Packet scheduler makes the decision of the used channel type for downlink direction. For uplink direction the decision of the used channel type is made by UE
329
Packet Scheduler Capacity Division

The proportion between RT and NRT traffic varies all the time It is characteristics for RT traffic that the load caused by it cannot be controlled in efficient way. The available capacity, which is not used for non-controllable load, can be used for NRT radio access bearers on best effort basis.
load free capacity, which can be allocated for controllable load on best effort basis planned target load
non-controllable load
time
330
Packet Scheduler Load Decrease Example
331
Packet Scheduling Principle
332
Load Control Capacity

The traffic can be divided into two groups Real Time (RT) Non-Real Time (NRT) THUS some portion of capacity must be reserved for the RT traffic for mobility purposes all the time. The proportion between RT and NRT traffic varies all the time. Overload area Load Target Power Overload Margin Estimated capacity for NRT traffic. Measured load caused by noncontrollable load Time
333
Load Control Definition of Non-controllable traffic

Since it is not enough to divide the load to RT and NRT one must take into account the interference coming from surrounding cells. Traffic is divided into controllable and non-controllable traffic. Non-controllable traffic = RT users + other-cell users + noise + other NRT users which operate at minimum bit rate
Controllable traffic =
NRT users
334
Logical description of load control

The purpose of load control is to optimize the capacity of a cell and prevent overload situation. Load control consists of Admission Control (AC) and Packet Scheduler (PS) algorithms, and Load Control (LC) which updates the load status of the cell based on resource measurements and estimations provided by AC and PS.
Load change info Load status
AC
LC
NRT load
PS
335
Handover Control
336
Handover Control - WCDMA Handovers

Supported WCDMA handovers for PS and CS services : Soft handover MS simultaneously connected to many cells Mobile Evaluated HandOver (MEHO) Intrafrequency handover Hard handover Intrafrequency hard handover Arises when interRNC SHO is impossible Decision procedure is the same as SHO; MEHO and RNC controlled Causes temporary disconnection of the user Inter-frequency handover Can be intraBS hard handover, intraRNC hard handover, interRNC hard handover Network Evaluated HandOver (NEHO) Decision algorithm located in RNC Inter-RAT handover 337 Handovers between GSM and WCDMA Company Confidential
Softer Handover
Sector/Antenna RAKE combining (MRC) Handover between cells within a BS softer handover is handled by BS internally softer handover probability about 5 - 15 % no extra transmissions across Iub basically same RAKE MRC processing as for multipath/antenna diversity (BS / MS). More RAKE fingers needed. provides additional diversity gain softer handover does create additional interference and needs BS PA resources
338
RNC
Soft handover
Handover between cells from different BS's Soft handover probability about 20 - 50 % Required to avoid near/far effects Extra transmission across Iub, more channel cards are needed RNC CN
frame selection / duplication
iability me rel fra
info
Except for the TPC symbol exactly the same information (symbols) sent over air. Differential delay in order of fraction of symbol duration
DL/MS: Maximal ratio combining fra m e UL/RNC: Frame selection combining re lia Soft handover does create additional bi lit yi interference in downlink and needs BS nf o power amplifier resources DL Power drifting in soft HO BSs a problem due to independent errors in uplink commands
339
Handover Control IntraFrequency Handovers
340
341
342
Handover Control IntraFrequency Handovers Measurements
343
Handover Control IntraFrequency Measurement Reporting Events
344
345
346
347
Differences between Handovers
348
Benefits from Inter-System handover
349
Load and coverage reasons handover
350
Service Control
GSM GSM WCDMA WCDMA GSM GSM GSM GSM WCDMA WCDMA UE in GPRS makes cell reselection to WCDMA UE makes cell reselection to GSM GSM GSM
Idle mode camping to WCDMA Packet data Speech call WCDMA WCDMA
GSM GSM Connected mode
WCDMA WCDMA
GSM GSM
WCDMA WCDMA
GSM WCDMA GSM WCDMA
GSM GSM
User starts a connection
Coverage reason handover from RAN1.5 to BSS.
Speech call continues in GSM, re-selection after call ended

351
352
353
354
355
356
357
Resource Manager
The main function of RM is to allocate logical radio resources of BS according to the channel request by the RRC layer for each radio connection The RM is located in the RNC and it works in close co-operation with the AC and the PS The actual input for resource allocation comes from the AC /PS and RM informs the PS about the resource situation The RM is able to switch codes and code types for different reasons such as soft handover and defragmentation of code tree. Manages the BS logical resources BS reports the available logical HW resources Maintains the code tree, Allocates the DL channelization codes, UL scrambling code, UL channelization code type Allocates UTRAN Registration Area(URA) specific Radio Network Temporary Identifier(RNTI) allocated for each connection and reallocated 358 when updating URA
Resource Manager Spreading

Spreading = channelization and scrambling operations (producing the signal at the chip rate, i.e. spreads the signal to the wideband) Downlink: Scrambling code separates the cells and channelization code separates connection Uplink: Scrambling code separates the MS's, channelization code separates the DPDCHs in case of multicode The length of the channelization code is the spreading factor All physical channels are spread with channelization codes, Cm(n) and subsequently by the scrambling code, CFSCR The code order, m and the code number, n designates each and every channellization code in the layered orthogonal code sequences. user data chanellization scrambling code code
widespread data
359

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Vikas Mishra 3G Overview

Whats New in WCDMA?

UMTS network architecture

Microsoft Word Document

Ref. 3GPP TS23.002

IMT2000 Frequency Allocation for UMTS

MSS TDD UL UL/DL

FDL FDL/UL FUL

IMT 2000 3GPP

UMTS System Characteristics

Key features of WCDMA

Power control: transmissions by the UE must be carefully controlled so that all

Key features of WCDMA

WCDMA Compared to GSM and CDMA IS-95

WCDMA Compared to GSM and IS-95 CDMA

TD-SCDMA System Characteristics

TD-SCDMA Technical Summary

QoS for different services

Non Real time

Video phone (WCDMA)

Transmission diversity - STTD

Transmission diversity - TSTD

P-SCH S-SCH P-SCH S-SCH

Part II WCDMA Fundamentals

TDMA based System

W-CDMA based System

Processing Gain and Spreading

Spreading and Despreading

Spreading and Despreading

WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier

TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers

Spreading and Despreading

Spreading and Despreading

Spreading and Despreading

Spreading and Despreading

CDMA Multiple Access Advantages : Multiple Access Features

CDMA Multiple Access Advantages : Interference Rejection

M1(f) 1 -1 1 1/Tb C1(f)

Tc : Chip Rate of the PN Code Tb : Information rate (voice/data)

1/Tb C1(f)* M1(f)

Processing gain (Gp)

Processing gain (Gp)

(User data rate) x (spreading ratio)= const.=W=3,84 Mcps

Unspread narrowband signal Power density (W/Hz)

Processing Gain G=W/R=25 dB Spread wideband signal Frequency (Hz)

Packet data user (384 kbit/s)

Power density (W/Hz)

Unspread "narrowband" signal

Processing Gain G=W/R=10 dB

Spread wideband signal Frequency (Hz)

2. Scrambling (does not affect the signal bandwidth)

3.84 Mcps Symbol Rate Chip Rate

Channelisation code (OVSF)

Convolutional or Turbo Coding

3.84 Mcps Chip Rate

(OVSF) Company Confidential

12.2 Kbps Uplink Reference channel

64 Kbps Uplink Reference channel Company Confidential

Scrambling code properties

Scrambling code properties

Usage of the codes

Multipath propagation and diversity

Wide Band Channel