SOUND WAVES

Accoustics
Accoustics is Sound wave science and include the sound production, propagation and effects.
In general, the sounds are the mechanical waves which can travel through: gasses, liquids or
solids, in the frequency interval of sound (between 20 Hz and 20000 HZ range of hearing).
Hearing range - 20 Hz <f < 20 000 Hz
Oscillations with f > 20 000 Hz called ultrasound, and Oscillations with f < 20 Hz called infrasound.
Sound is feeling come from mechanical oscillations received by ear, and registrated by the brain.
In gasses and liquides can propagate only longitudinal waves , but in solids can be transferred
longitudinal and transverse waves as well. These are the waves that require a material medium
to exist, so called spatial waves, mostly spherical /wavefronts are spheres/
The speed of sound
The speed of any mechanical wave, transverse or longitudinal, depends on both inertial property
of the medium (to store kinetic energy) and an elastic property of the medium (to store potential
energy). The speed of transverese wave along a stretched string is:


F- stretching force,
- linear density of string = m/l
The speed of sound in solid elastic medium
(longitudinal wave) depends on
elastic property of solids and density

E-modulus of elasticity,
But speed of sound in a medium
with bulk modulus B we have
B- bulk volume modulus of compressibility
property inertial
property elastic F
v = =

E
c

B
c=
Speed of sound in gasses- derivation of the expression for v(or c)
From Hookes law


Differencing the Poissons equation



By substitution we get B= p
= c
p
/c
v

Speed of sound in gasses-
Proposing that the compression and expansion of gasses are adiabatic /no heat exchange with
surrounding/ and using Poissons equation pV

=const. We can derive the expression for the

speed of sound.
From the equation of gass state , we can derive its dependence of temperature



Speed of sound examples
Medium Speed (m/s)
Nitrogen 334
Helium 965
Oxygen 316
Hydrogen 1 284
Aer 331
See water (17C) 1 510-1 550


F V p dp
B odnosno B V
V
S V dV
V
A A
= = =
A
V
p
p
dp
dV p V dp V
pV d
k
k
k k
k
=
= +
=

0
0 ) (
1

p B
v = =
RT
pM
uz
p
v = =

k
T const
M
RT
v = =
k
0
0
T
T
v v =
Sound waves
When the sound is traveling through a medium, it causes the pressure changes. Pressure can
become smaller or greater than normal atmospheric. The pressure change produces the medium
deformation. This deformation also changes as sinus function of position and time, with amplitude
p
0
.


Sound waves pressure change
According to the Hookes law, p=p-p
0
produces deformation of medium


When x tends to zero, we have



Power P transfered by he wave is equal to the amount of energy transfered by the wave in unit
time through the unit area perpendicular to the direction of travel.
P = F
.
v =pSv= - p S Asin(t-kx)
Puting the expression for pressure p we have


Intensity and average power
Average wave power, P
sr
, will have the form

I - intensity of sound = product of average energy density and speed of sound I = u
average
. v
As we have that B=v
2
and p
0
=kBA
k=/v it will be


kBA p je gdje
x k t p p
=
= A
0
0
), ( sin e
V
V
B p
A
= A
;
sr
V S V S x
V S
V Sx x
c
A = A+ = A
A A+ A+
= = =
A
) sin(
) sin(
0
kx t p p
kx t BkA
dx
d
B p
= A
=
+
= A
e
e
) ( sin
2
0
kx t AS p P = e e
S I S A p P
sr
= = e
0
2
1
2
2 0
0
1
.
2
sr
p
P S const p
v
= =
Sound intensity is defined as the sound power per unit area
I = P
av
/S unit W/m
2

Or, by substituing previous expression Pav , we have




The sound intensity from a point source of sound will obey the inverse square law if there are no
reflections or reverberation. A plot of this intensity drop shows that it drops off rapidly.


Intensity of sound as a function of distance from point source


Sound waves can be progressive and standing wave.
Progressive() wave travel in certain direction and energy have
been transfered from point to point of medium. At
standing wave some points are at rest, some are
moving /nodes and antinodes/:
v
p
I

2
0
2
1
=


Speed of waves in gasses
From Hooke's law

By Differencing Poisson' equation


When substitute B= p, we get
= c
p
/c
v



Doppler effect
Sound of police siren changes its intensity and pitch, depending on the speed of car and distance
from listener when the police car is approaches to the listener and the sound waves rapidly travel
to the ear, the sound is higher frequency, but when the car is going away far, sound waves slowly
travel and its frequency become lower.




dV
dp
V
V
V
p
B =
A
A
=
V
p
p
dp
dV p V dp V
pV d
k
k
k k
k
=
= +
=

0
0 ) (
1

p B
v = =
i
i
p
p
f
v c
v c
f

Doppler effect
The change in frequency of a sound brought about by relative motion between its source and a
listener is called Doppler effect

For t=0 source is in A, and after time t it is in B. Speed of
source v
i
and speed of receiver v
p
have sign + when they
are directed from receiver to the source.
Between B and D waves are accumulating (short), but
between E and B they are spreading (long).



Wave lenght on the right side from the source (short waves) is:
but in the region where the waves are spreading (long):
(c=u)

Frequency measured by receiver that is moving relative to the source with speed v
p






Promjena frekvencije prijemnika usljed relativnog kretanja izvora i prijemnika
General formula for frequency of receiver:
C speed of sound,
V
p
- speed of receiver,
v
i
- speed of source
fi source frequency (self)
i
i
i
i
f
v c
t f
t v ct
=

= '
i
i
i
i
f
v c
t f
t v ct +
=
+
=
i
p
i
p
p
i
p
i
p
p
v c
v c
f
v c
f
ili
v c
c v
f
c v
f

=
+
+
=
+
=
'
'

When receiver is approaching to the source v

p
is positive, but when is going away from source it is
negativeo. 8the same can be said for relative speed of source v
i
.
Special cases:
v
p
=0 and v
i
>0, then f
p
>f
i
, but if vi<0, then fp<fi
v
i
=0, and v
p
>0, then f
p
>f
i
, but if v
p
<0 then f
p
>f
i


The sources of sound
Strings
Open and closed air column
Streched rodes (wires)

String as the source of sound
In the simplest case, the particles of string are oscillating on that way that at the fixed ends are
the nodes, and at the midle of string is the antinode of standing wave.
The wave on the string is transverse wave with speed:
= m/l


Stretched strings
Osnovni ton zategnute ice je takav da je duina ice jednaka polovini valne duine.



Na osnovu toga dobije se izraz za frekvenciju osnovnog tona:

Poto je brzina transferzalnog vala u ici ,
frekvencija se moe napisati kao:
masa linijska
zatezanja sila F je gdje
F
c

,
Fundamental and higher tones


Standing waves in an air column open end: antinode, closed end: node

Air column
Open


l = column height, c =sound speed in air


n = number of oscillations, or rank of harmonics

2 1
, 0,1, 2, 3
4
n
n
f c n
l
+
= =
, 1, 2, 3,
2
n
n
f c n
l
= =
,...) 2 , 1 , 0 ( ,
1 2
4
=
+
= n
n
l
n

n
l
n
2
=
Open and closed air column





Intensity of sound wave is proportional to the square amplitude of pressure of sound






SOUND LEVEL
The range of intensivities the human ear can detect is very wide. So, it is convenient to use
logarithmic scale where the sound level is defined by the:
L =10 log (I/ Io)
I objective intensity of sound in W/m
2
, and I
0
reference intensity taken to be at the threshold of
hearing.
Unit for L is decibel (and fon also).
I
0
= 10
-12
W/m
2
at 1000 Hz.


, 1, 2, 3,
2
n
n
f c n
l
= =
2 1
, 0,1, 2, 3
4
n
n
f c n
l
+
= =

kp
c =
v
p
I

2
0
2
1
=
L in Decibels



p
0
is amplitude of pressure sound at reference intensity

Scales of sound level

1 W/m
2
= level of 120dB
Loud speech = 60 dB
High street noise = 80 dB

0
2
0
log 20 ) log( 10
p
p
p
p
L = =
r
r
r
r
L
0 2 0
20 ) log( 10 = =