Global Transport Atlas

GTA-101 Germany, Urban Paving, Schopfheim

URBAN PAVING

Series 1 - Global Transport Notes

Germany, Urban paving, Schopfheim

Introduction
Towns and cities around the world are often faced with similar problems. This is likely to be particularly true of problems related to transport and the urban environment. There is a good chance therefore that a document describing how one town or towns have attempted to solve a particular problem could help people in other towns in other countries. This document takes some examples of urban paving from the Schopfheim. Schopfheim is a town in southern Germany, on the southern edge of the Black Forest. It is situated quite close to the Swiss and French borders, both being around 30 km away. The town has a population of some 20,000. Perhaps a further 20,000 people live in its surrounding rural catchment area. R.E.Bartlett January 2013 Page 1

This is a re-issue of a 2006 document.

Source: Robert Bartlett

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About Schopfheim Schopfheim is a town on the southern edge of the Black Forest. It lies in the state of BadenWrttemburg the southwest corner of Germany and is close to the borders with France and Switzerland. Formerly a market town it is still acts as a local centre for the surrounding rural area, providing a range of core service facilities such as a hospital, medical specialists, supermarkets and district government offices. It is an important local tourist centre, but also the location of a number of modern industrial factories. Schopfheim with its 19,200 inhabitants is the oldest town in the Wiese Valley. The small medieval old town centre with St. Michael`s Church is witness to its past. Today shops and cafs are an open invitation to take a stroll through town. The surrounding villages are mainly rural in character. A special role is played by Gersbach , a village 16 kilometres away; which recently won a gold medal in the nation-wide competition Our village is becoming more beautiful, our village has a future. Schopfheim is not just an attractive town with some history and a local centre. It is also home to a number of internationally active industrial and commercial enterprises, attracted both its location in the 3-countries triangle and by the scenery. The town authorities therefore have to work hard to keep its attractive appearance whilst at the same time remaining commercially successful. That it has so far been able to do this is in large part due to its engineering and planning staff and the contractors and consultants who work with them. One challenge for the town has therefore been to keep an attractive, regional appearance whilst providing surfaces for modern traffic loadings. The local council decided some time ago to do away with simple asphalt surfaces (whether for footpaths or traffic lanes) in the central part of the town.

Global Transport Atlas Series 1 - Global Transport Notes

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Contents

About Schopfheim Paving types Paving details Integrated streetscapes Integrated parking Detailed finishes Additional information

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Paving Types Paving types 1, 2 These two types go together, type 2 forming an edging and drainage strip for type 1 - paved areas. Mainly used in Schopfheims old town centre. Type 1 and type 2 paving are laid by hand. type 1 - granite or basalt cobblestones laid on sand. These are large fluvial gravel stones, faced on one side only. type 2 - edging line of granite set stones, laid on concrete and with an overall concave surface. Rainwater runs off the type 1 cobblestones and along the type 2 drainage channel

2
Image 01

Paving type 3 type 3 - coloured concrete blocks, laid to herringbone pattern on sand/stone chippings. This paving can be machine-laid.

3
Image 02

(The gold-coloured rectangle in these photographs is a scale indicator - a standard packet of cigarettes.)

Paving type 4 type 4 - prefabricated concrete blocks, from German manufacturers, laid on sand/chippings.

4
Image 03

Paving types 5, 6 type 5 - basalt square basalt cobblestones used to provide optical lining e.g. of car parking spaces. type 6 - precast concrete blocks, laid using mixed sizes, here typically 26.8 x 33.5 cm and 26.8 x 26.8 cm.

6
Image 04

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Paving Types Paving types 7, 8 and (1, 2) type 7 - granite cobblestones set in concrete as tree pit protection. type 8 - small granite cobblestones set in sand/chippings. Type 8 cobblestones in this shell pattern have to be hand laid by master craftsmen

2 7

Image 05

Paving types 9, 10 type 9 - precast concrete grid paving slabs as tree protection (also available in steel)

type 10 - precast coloured concrete blocks, typically 10 cm x 20 cm, around 6 to 8 cm thick

10
Image 06

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Paving Details

Image 07 Angled on-street parking

10

type 2 laid in wedge shape

similar to type 4 but different shape

Image 08 High street in front of central square

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type 2 laid in wedge shape

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Paving Details

A 5

11

B
Image 09 - Small parking area and approach road to north of town centre. The photographs shows 5 types of paving, used to define public highway access to car park (A), road with limited access for vehicles (B) and pedestrian footpath (C).

type 11, precast concrete paving slabs, 30cm / 50cm

2 5 8

11 4

Image 10 - Part of the central market square / car park. The square is used at different times as a public car park, a marketplace, a theatre and for events such as beach volleyball matches..

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Global Transport Atlas Series 1 - Global Transport Notes

Integrated Streetscapes Integrated streetscape Main town square, used at different times of the week as car park, market square and entertainment centre.

Image 11

Integrated streetscape Old town centre, residental road. The Black Forest is 4 minutes walk away. .

Image 12

Integrated streetscape Residential street on the edge of the old town area

Image 13

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Integrated Car Parking Integrated car parking High street, showing cobbled dished channel and gulley. This is the main shopping street in the town centre and has a 20 km/hr speed limit.

Image 14

Integrated car parking Small car park, with coordinated landscaping and road surfacing.

Image 15

Integrated car parking Small car park, another example of dished cobblestone drainage channel.

Image 16

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Detailed Finishes Detailed finishes Detail of paving around tree area in pedestrian zone.

Image 17

Detailed finishes Detail, plant beds.

Image 18

Detailed finishes Detail of tree planting, High street.

Image 019

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Additional information

Notes on materials Related publications Related organisations Back page

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Notes on materials
Local suppliers One of the suppliers of paving stones in southwest Germany is Birkenmeier. The company also supplies materials to clients in Switzerland and France. Birkenmeier only produce artificial paving blocks or in a combination of concrete with natural stone surface finish. They are produced in a range of sizes and shapes Manufacturing standards Germany has several guidelines and notes on the manufacture and laying of paving blocks; these cover such aspects as structure and thickness of the underlying pavement layers (one source lists as many as 20 immediately relevant guidelines and standards). Many of these guidelines could well be useful to practicioners in countries outside Germany as well. Laying concrete blocks The blocks are laid open-jointed with a gap of 3 5 mm; although the gap has to be filled with special material such as graded silica sand The main reason for failure in this type of paving is defective joint filling (or correctly filled joints but with the filling subsequently evacuated by e.g. litter vacuum machines used in road cleaning Birkenmeier produces paving blocks in special finishes, including one which is said have a low dirt take-up, be easy to clean, and indeed to have an increased self-cleaning ability (weathering).. GTA-101 January 2013

graphics: "Planung und Ausfhrung dauerhafter Betonpflasterbauweisen" (Dipl.Ing. Ulonska; publ. Birkenmeier) Page 12

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Related publications *
TL Pflaster-StB 06: Technische Lieferbedingungen 2006) TL Pflaster-StB 06:Technical conditions of delivery for building products used to fabricate paving stones, tiling and edgings (FGSV 2006)

ZTV Pflaster-StB 06: Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien zur Einfassungen (FGSV 2006)

ZTV Pflaster-StB 06: Additional technical conditions of contract and guidelines on the production of paving stones, tiling and edgings (FGSV 2006)

ZTV E-StB 94

ZTV E-StB 94 - Additional technical conditions of contract and guidelines for earthworks in road construction (FGSV - contains information on e.g. frost sensitivity, degree of compaction, bearing capacity)

Anforderungen an das Bettungs- und Fugenmaterial Requirements for bedding and jointing material for paving stones subject to static and dynamic traffic loading ( : Bremerhaven : Wirtschaftsverlag NW, 2006. Wirtschaftsverlag NW, 2006. - Forschung , BMVBS, Vol. 934)

Pflasterdecken unter horizontaler Belastung / Wellner [u.a.]. - Bremerhaven: Wirtschaftsverlag

Further research into the behaviour of paving stones subject to horizontal loading (Wellner [u.a.]. Bremerhaven: Wirtschaftsverlag NW, 2004. - , Vol. 894)

BGB-Richtlinie Nicht genormte Betonprodukte -

BGB-Guideline Non-standard concrete products requirements and tests

* (from 2006 version of the document)

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Related organisations
Stadt Schopfheim A small town in the south of the Black Forest in Germany, Schopfheim is a district centre as well as a local centre for tourism and commercial activities. The town authorities try to combine attractive local architecture with robust means of transport and transport facilities.. http://www.schopfheim.de/

BASt The Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) is a sub-department of the BMVBS (Federal Ministry of Traffic, Building and Urban Affairs). Its main purpose is to promote the advancement of road systems and provide the BMVBS with scientifically verifiable guidelines for making decisions on technical and traffic-related issues pertaining to such road systems. The BASt is involved in the topic of paving stones although detailed guidelines are developed by the appropriate committees of the FGSV. .http://www.bast.de/ Birkenmeier Stein + Design Birkenmeier is a specialist company involved in the manufacture of high-quality concrete products for use (amongst others) in the surfacing of roads and pedestrianised areas, car parks and footways. http://www.birkenmeier.de/intro.php Bund Gteschutz Beton The German association for quality protection in concrete products - is an organisation providing the independent certification of concrete building products such as paving stones. http://www.gueteschutz-betonbauteile.de/

FGSV The FGSV (Road and Transportation Research Association) is a non-profit organisation with members from both engineering and scientific backgrounds. It was founded in 1924. The main aim is to promote and foster research and development throughout the entire road and transportation sector. This is achieved by an effective cooperation between administration, industry and science. They nominate more than 2,100 experts to a wide range of commissions, committees and task groups. http://www.fgsv.de/ SRL SRL is an association of professionals involved in urban, regional and national planning. Its 2000 or so members are involved in fields such as urban architecture, city planning, traffic and spatial planning. SRL committees cover technical subjects such as people and traffic, urban regeneration, cyclist and pedestrian movements etc. http://www.srl.de/index.php

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Cover notes and Disclaimer
This is a research document. The best efforts have been made to make sure the figures are correct. However no liability can be taken for any of the details, information or analysis in this document. The layout, look and feel of this document is copyright. The photos are generally copyright of Robert Bartlett. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/

Global Transport Atlas Series 1 - Global Transport Notes

History and Change log

The original version of this document was published in January 2006. gta-101 material reformatted, new version prepared January 2013

GTA documents series Global Transport Atlas is a project with two aims. One is
to encourage people around the world to share examples of how they actually use transport in their daily lives. The other is to compare and improve the design of transport infrastructure. There are the following GTA document series: Series 1 - global transport notes A collection of papers on transport infrastructure and vehicles from various countries, prepared by various authors and contributors. Typical size 2 to 3 pages. Series 3 - discussion papers Papers with arguments and ideas on different aspects of modern transport and transport infrastructure. Series 4 - comparative geometrics Working papers which look at different aspects of highway infrastructure design and compare values from different countries. Series 7 - Dimensions of vehicles Transport infrastructure has to be defined with an idea of the size and types of vehicle which will use it. This series looks into the dimensions of different types of vehicle at different periods of time. Papers include technical discussion notes and example dimensions. Typical size 20 pages and more.

About the contributor

Robert Bartlett, Germany - is an experienced transportation and urban development studies engineer with over 25 years of professional experience. Current engineering work: includes technical research in highway design standards and applications in areas such as urban planning and highway engineering. Interests include applied GIS.

Contact
We welcome comments on this paper, and also on new developments in other countries in this field. Email: global.transport.atlas@gmail.com Web: http://globaltransportatlas.weebly.com/index.html

Stadt Schopfheim - Thanks to the staff of the

Schopfheims engineering and the tourism departments for their help, in particular to Mr. Karle (city engineer) and Ms. Beer (tourism).

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