CHAPTER-1

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED (BSNL) OVERVIEW: BSNL is India's oldest and largest communication service provider (CSP). It had a customer base of 90 million as of June 2008. It has footprints throughout India except for the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and New Delhi, which are managed by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL). As of June 30, 2010, BSNL had a customer base of 27.45 million wire line and 72.69million wireless subscribers. It is Indias largest telecommunication company with 24% market share as on March 31st2008.Its headquarters are at Bharat Sanchar Bhavan, Harish Chandra Mathur Lane, New Delhi. It has the status of MINI RATNA, a status assigned to public sector companies in India.

External/internal infrastructure:

Bharat

Sanchar

Nigam

Limited

(abbreviated

BSNL)

is

state

-owned

telecommunications company head quartered in New Delhi, India. BSNL is one of the largest Indian cellular service providers, with over 87.1 million subscribers as of April2011, and the largest land line telephone provider in India. However, in recent years the company's revenue and market share plunged into heavy losses due to intense competition in Indian telecommunications sector. External infrastructure Lines and cables (U/G including OFC) Internal infrastructure: Battery, Power Plant, E/A, A/C plant, MDF, Switches ( C-DOT, OCB 283, EWSD, 5ESS etc ), Leased Lines ( MLLN ), Broad Band, MPLS VPN, FTTH etc. BSNL has following interesting facts:

1.There are 2 million BSNL mobile connections in rural. 2. India (a record, no other connection is as famous as BSNL in rural areas) 3. BSNL supplies phone lines to all other network such as Airtel, Vodafone etc. 4. Largest pan India coverage-over 11000 towns & 3 lakh Villages. 5. Indias No. 1 wireless service provider with more than 50 Million customers. 6. An incredible speed of 2mbps is only offered by BSNL. 1

CHAPTER-2 National Internet Backbone (NIB) Architectural Principles

The Internet, and consequently its backbone networks, does not rely on central control or coordinating facilities, nor do they implement any global network policies. The resilience of the Internet results from its principal architectural features, most notably the idea of placing as few network state and control functions as possible in the network elements, but instead relying on the endpoints of communication to handle most of the processing to ensure data integrity, reliability, and authentication. In addition, the high degree of redundancy of today's network links and sophisticated real-time routing protocols provide alternate paths of communications for load balancing and congestion avoidance. The Internet backbone refers to the principle data routes between large, strategically interconnected networks and core routers in the Internet. These data routes are hosted by commercial, government, academic and other high-capacity network centers, the Internet exchange points and network that interchange Internet traffic between the countries, continents and across the oceans of the world.

Infrastructure:
The internet backbone is a conglomeration of multiple, redundant networks owned by numerous companies. It is typically a fiber optic trunk line. The trunk line consists of many fiber optic cables bundled together to increase the capacity. The backbone is able to re route traffic in case of a failure. The data speeds of backbone lines have changed with the times. In 1998, all of the United States backbone networks had utilized the slowest data rate of 45 Mbps. However the changing technologies allowed for 41 percent of backbones to have data rates of 2,488 Mbps or faster by the mid 2000's. The FCC currently defines "high speed" as any connection with data speeds that exceed 200 kilobits per second. An Azerbaijani based telecommunication company, Delta Telecom, has recently developed a very efficient trunk line with possible speeds of to 1.6terabits per second. Internet traffic from this line goes through the countries of Iran, Iraq and Georgia. Fiber-optic cables are the medium of choice for internet backbone providers for many reasons. Fiber-optics allows for fast data speeds and large bandwidth; they suffer 3

relatively little attenuation, allowing them to cover long distances with few repeaters; they are also immune to crosstalk and other forms of EM interference which plague electrical transmission.

Modern Backbone:

Because of the enormous overlap between long distance telephone networks and the internet backbone networks, the largest long distance voice carriers such as AT&T, MCI, Sprint and west also own some of the largest internet backbone networks. These backbone providers will then sell their service to ISPs. Each ISP has its own contingency backbone network, and at the very least, is equipped with an outsourced backup. These networks are intertwined and crises-crossed to create a redundant network. Many companies operate their own backbones that are all interconnected at various NAPs around the world. In order for data to navigate through this diverse web that the backbone creates, backbone routers are desperately needed. These backbone routers are routers that are powerful enough to handle information on the internet backbone, and they direct data to other routers in order to send it to its final destination. Without these backbone routers, information would be lost since data would not know how to locate its end destination. The very largest providers, known as Tier 1 providers, have such comprehensive networks that they never need to purchase transit agreements from other providers. As of 2000 there were only five internet backbone providers at the Tier 1 level in the telecommunications industry.

NIB in India:

India's backbone is very extensive due to a very large population. This country alone has nearly 250 million internet users as of 2009. Four of India's top Internet Service Providers are Tata Communications, BSNL, MTNL, and Reliance Communications. Tata Communications is a Tier-1 IP network, with connectivity to more than 200 countries across 400 Pops and nearly 1,000,000square feet (93,000 m2) of data center and collocation space worldwide. It is India's largest provider in data center services and also operates India's largest data center in Pune. The backbone structure keeps on getting

stronger because of the huge number of new emerging mobile operators which leads to decrease in prices due to competition in the market.

Economy of the Backbone: Peering agreements:

Backbone providers of roughly equivalent market share regularly create agreements called peering agreements. These agreements allow the use of another's network to hand off traffic where is ultimately delivered. They usually do not charge each other for this use as they all get revenue from their customers regardless.

Transit agreements:
Backbone providers of unequal market share usually create agreements called Transit agreements, and usually contain some type of monetary agreement.

Regulation:
Antitrust authorities have acted to ensure that no provider grows large enough to dominate the backbone market. The FCC has also decided not to monitor the competitive aspects of the Internet Backbone interconnection relationships, as long as the market continues to function well without regulation.

CHAPTER-3
CURRENT GENRATION NETWORK (PSTN): public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the network of the world's public circuit-switched. It consists of telephone lines, fiber optic cables, microwave transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites, and undersea telephone cables, all inter-connected by switching centers, thus allowing any telephone in the world to communicate with any other. Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital in its core and includes mobile as well as fixed telephones. The technical operation of the PSTN utilizes standards created by the ITU-T. These standards allow different networks in different countries to interconnect seamlessly. There is also a single global address space for telephone numbers based on the E.163 and E.164 standards. The combination of the interconnected networks and the single numbering plan make it possible for any phone in the world to dial any other phone. The PSTN network architecture had to evolve over the years to support increasing numbers of subscribers, calls, connections to other countries, direct dialling and so on. The model developed by the US and Canada was adopted by other nations, with adaptations for local markets. The original concept was that the telephone exchanges are arranged into hierarchies, so that if a call cannot be handled in a local cluster, it is passed to one higher up for onward routing. This reduced the number of connecting trunks required between operators over long distances and also kept local traffic separate. However, in modern networks the cost of transmission and equipment is lower and, although hierarchies still exist, they are much flatter, with perhaps only two layers. The current generation network of BSNL, popularly known as PSTN is mainly circuit switching based network and it is divided into an hierarchical architecture viz. Level I TAX exchanges, then Level-II exchanges and then tandem/local exchanges. The PSTN network is mainly optimized for voice calls services and not much suited for data services. We have a separate network for data. It has evolved over a period of last 100 years.

 It is mainly optimized for VOICE 90 seconds average duration call and not for data. It uses circuit Switching which is highly reliable. Carrier Grade Voice Telephony: Reliability 99.999%. This corresponds to 5 minutes down time per year and is known as five-nines reliability Scalability - Capability Support Lakhs of customers. Quality of Service :- High speech quality, no perceptible echoes, no noticeable delays, no annoying noises. MOBILE NETWORK: Having MSCs, BSCs, BTSs et Packet core network consisting of SGSN and GGSN The connectivity with the PSTN only at Lev-I TAX DATA NETWORK: Having NIB nodes at circle/SSA/SDCA level Connectivity at local exchange level Problems of Existing network: Slow to develop new features and capabilities. Expensive upgrades and operating expenses. Proprietary vendor troubles Large power and cooling requirements. Limited migration strategy to New tech. Product/model obsolescence. Operators wants: More and more customers to increase their revenue

 Fast deployment of new services for more revenue. Reduced cost of the network or infrastructure. Vendors want: More customers (operators) to increase their revenue. Reduced cost of the network. New products. Customer wants: New services at less cost. Value for his money. Bundled services from one operator Personalization of the services Freedom/Mobility. Simplicity.

NGN: Definition (As per ITU): NGN is a packet based network which is able to provide multimedia telecom services and able to make use of multiple broadband, QoS enabled transport technologies in which service related functions are independent from underlying transport related technologies. NGN: Definition (As per ETSI): NGN is a concept for defining and deploying networks, which due to their formal separation into different layers and planes and use of open interfaces, offers service providers and operators a platform which can evolve in a step-by-step manner to create, deploy and manage innovative services 9

NGN: Definition: NGN is a collection of technologies which shall provide convergence for voice, data and video services. Voice shall also be transported through packet switching. NGN is a framework of services for next 4-5 years which shall use packet switching as the core transport and shall be access agnostic i.e. all types of access like fixed , wireless, IP, CDMA, GSM all can be used. NGN is a collection of new technologies which allows service providers a great flexibility to offer a variety of new services Cost effectively In NGN basically the switching and call intelligence functions are separated. Under laying technology components: Next-generation networks are based on Internet technologies including Internet Protocol (IP) and multiprotocol label switching (MPLS). At the application

level, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) seems to be taking over from ITU-T H.323. Initially H.323 was the most popular protocol, though its popularity decreased in the "local loop" due to its original poor traversal of network address translation (NAT) and firewalls. For this reason as domestic VoIP services have been developed, SIP has been more widely adopted. However in voice networks where everything is under the control of the network operator or telco, many of the largest carriers use H.323 as the protocol of choice in their core backbones. So really SIP is a useful tool for the "local loop" and H.323 is like the "fiber backbone". With the most recent changes introduced for H.323, it is now possible for H.323 devices to easily and consistently traverse NAT and firewall devices, opening up the possibility that H.323 may again be looked upon more favorably in cases where such devices encumbered its use previously. Nonetheless, most of the telcos are extensively researching and supporting IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), which gives SIP a major chance of being the most widely adopted protocol. For voice applications one of the most important devices in NGN is a Softswitch a programmable device that controls Voice over IP (VoIP) calls. It enables correct integration of different protocols within NGN. The most important function of the Soft switch is creating the interface to the existing telephone network, PSTN,

through Signalling Gateways and Media Gateways. However, the Softswitch as a term may be defined differently by the different equipment manufacturers and have somewhat different functions.

10

One may quite often find the term Gatekeeper in NGN literature. This was originally a VoIP device, which converted (using gateways) voice and data from their analog or digital switched-circuit form (PSTN, SS7) to the packet-based one (IP). It controlled one or more gateways. As soon as this kind of device started using the Media Gateway Control Protocol, the name was changed to Media Gateway Controller (MGC). A Call Agent is a general name for devices/systems controlling calls. The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a standardised NGN architecture for an Internet media-services capability defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

CIRCUIT SWITICHING: Circuit switching is a methodology of implementing a telecommunications network in which two network nodes establish a dedicated communications channel (circuit) through the network before the nodes may communicate. The circuit guarantees the full bandwidth of the channel and remains connected for the duration of the communication session. The circuit functions as if the nodes were physically connected as with an electrical circuit. The defining example of a circuit-switched network is the early analog telephone network. When a call is made from one telephone to another, switches within the telephone exchange create a continuous wire circuit between the two telephones, for as long as the call lasts. Circuit switching contrasts with packet switching which divides the data to be transmitted into packets transmitted through the network independently. In packet switching, instead of being dedicated to one communication session at a time, network links are shared by packets from multiple competing communication sessions, resulting in the loss of the quality of service guarantees that are provided by circuit switching. In circuit switching, the bit delay is constant during a connection, as opposed to packet switching, where packet queues may cause varying and potentially indefinitely long packet transfer delays. No circuit can be degraded by competing users because it is protected from use by other callers until the circuit is released and a new connection is 11

set up. Even if no actual communication is taking place, the channel remains reserved and protected from competing users. Packet switching: Virtual circuit switching is a packet switching technology that emulates circuit switching, in the sense that the connection is established before any packets are transferred, and packets are delivered in order While circuit switching is commonly used for connecting voice circuits, the concept of a dedicated path persisting between two communicating parties or nodes can be extended to signal content other than voice. Its advantage is that it provides for continuous transfer without the overhead associated with packets making maximal use of available bandwidth for that communication. The disadvantage is the greater operational cost associated with the quality of service guarantees afforded by reserving bandwidth and keeping it protected from competing uses. Channel associated signaling (CAS): Channel-associated signaling (CAS), also known as per-trunk signaling (PTS), is a form of digital communication signaling. As with most telecommunication signaling methods, it uses routing information to direct the payload of voice or data to its destination. With CAS signaling, this routing information is encoded and transmitted in the same channel as the payload itself. This information can be transmitted in the same band (in-band signaling)or a separate band (out-of-band signaling) to the payload. CAS potentially results in lower available bandwidth for the payload. For example, in the PSTN the use of out-of-band signaling within a fixed bandwidth reduces a 64 kbit/s DS0 to 56 kbit/s. Because of this, and the inherent security benefits of separating the control lines from the payload, telephone systems introduced since the 1960s rely more on common-channel signaling (CCS).The most common implementation of CAS is robbed-bit signalling.

12

13

COMMON-CHANNEL SIGNALING(CCS): In telephony, common-channel signaling (CCS), in the US also common-channel interoffice signaling (CCIS), is the transmission of signaling information (control

information) on a separate channel from the data, and, more specifically, where that signaling channel controls multiple data channels. For example, in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) one channel of a communications link is typically used for the sole purpose of carrying signaling for establishment and tear down of telephone calls. The remaining channels are used entirely for the transmission of voice data. In most cases, a single 64kbit/s channel is sufficient to handle the call setup and call clear-down traffic for numerous voice and data channels. The logical alternative to CCS is channel-associated signaling (CAS), in which each bearer channel has a signaling channel dedicated to it. CCS offers the following advantages over CAS, in the context of the PSTN:[5]

Faster call set-up time Greater trunking efficiency due to the quicker set up and clear down, thereby reducing traffic on the network

Can transfer additional information along with the signaling traffic, providing features such as caller ID

Signaling can be performed mid-call

The most common CCS signalling methods in use today are Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and Signalling System No. 7(SS7). ISDN signaling is used primarily on trunks connecting end-user private branch

exchange(PBX) systems to a central office. SS7 is primarily used within the PSTN. The two signalling methods are very similar since they share a common heritage and in some cases, the same signaling messages are transmitted in both ISDN and SS7.

14

15

IP TAX IN BSNL:

The current generation network of BSNL, popularly known as PSTN is mainly circuit switching based network and it is divided into an hierarchical architecture viz. Level I TAX exchanges, then Level-II exchanges and then tandem/local exchanges. The PSTN network is mainly optimized for voice calls and not much suited for data services. We have a separate network for data services. Today the world over trend is for a single converged network used for all type of services viz. voice, data, video which is called Next Generation Network and is a packet switching based network. To change over from current generation network to next generation network we have to move in a step-by-step manner to safeguard our existing network infrastructure and investment and therefore we have to follow an evolutionary path. IP TAX is the first step towards the Evolution of Current Generation Network to Next generation Network. In other words IP TAX is the replacement of existing Level I TAX exchanges to IP based network (Packet switching network) and rest all the network still remaining circuit switched network. The other reasons why we should evolve our existing network to NGN are that the existing circuit switched networks have following problems: Slow to develop new features and capabilities. Expensive upgrades and operating expenses. Proprietary vendor troubles Large power and cooling requirements. Limited migration strategy to New tech. Model obsolescence.

What is NGN? As per ITU NGN is a packet based network which is able to provide multimedia telecom services and able to make use of multiple broadband, QoS enabled transport technologies in which service related functions are independent from underlying transport related technologies. As per ETSI NGN is a concept for defining and deploying networks, which due to their formal separation into different layers and planes and use of open interfaces, 16

offers service providers and operators a platform, which can evolve in a step-by-step manner to create, deploy and manage innovative services

The following diagram depicts the concept of NGN.

Current Gen networks

NGN

Call Control

Call Server

Switching

IP/MPLS

Interfaces

Gateways

SDH Transport with Overlay packets for data

Common IP MPLS Transport

In NGN basically the call control (i.e. signaling) and the switching is separated out in different layers and between these layers open interfaces are used. The call control functionality is realised by the component which is called call server or softswitch or media gateway controller and the interfaces to the existing PSTN switches is done with the help of media gateways for voice transport and by signaling gateways for signaling transport. For switching and transport of the packets existing IP/MPLS backbone is used. With NGN architecture the new and innovative services can be given very fast and cost effectively. Also the capital expenditure and operational expenditure come down drastically. 17

Generic reference diagram for IP TAX is as below:

ISUP/SC TP

NMS
Softswitch (MGC) SIP-T Q.1912.5 Softswitch (MGC)

ISUP/SCT P

SG
SS7

SG
SS7

ANNOUNCEMENT SERVER

ANNOUNCEMENT SERVER

H.248 NTP SERVER

ST P
H.248 SS7

CORE IP BACKBONE NETWORK

ST P
SS7

PSTN

PSTN

Bearer Channels Bearer Channels IP/RTP Based on the above GR the implantation plan is as below: Setting up Two Soft Switches at New Delhi and Chennai and 18

M G

M G

Signaling Gateways at New Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata and Bangalore Providing Trunk Media Gateways (TMGs) at 21 Level-1 locations Providing one Announcement Servers in each IP domain i.e. one at New Delhi and one at Chennai. Billing interface to Centralized Billing Server at Chennai. NMS at Chennai with FCAPS (Fault,Configuration,Accounting,Performance,Security) capabilities. No separate NTP server is being used in IP TAX, the existing NTP server of our data network will be used for synchronization.

Following architecture is going to be installed:

New Delhi

Soft switch (MGC)

AS

EMS

SG

AG JLN

AM

M G

M G

M G

RJ

M G

PT LW

M G

ND

JPR

M G M G
AHM

BSNLs MPLS Core

M G

M G M G GU M G

as
RPR

M G M G
MBI

E xi sti n g S T P N/ w

KOL

BPL

M G
NGP

M G

M G
BG

M G
ENK

CBT

M G

M G

CHN

M G

HYD

CK

Chennai

Soft switch (MGC)

AS

19

EMS

SG

The protocols used are: Between Soft switch and media gateway H.248 Between two soft switches - SIP(T) or BICC

Between Soft switch and Signaling gateway - sigtran Between soft switch and Application server- sip, parley etc.

Migration to NGN: Migration to NGN reduces network and operational complexity, resulting in better reliability, better customer provisioning, greater service bundling, etc., in addition to lower network procurement, operations and maintenance costs. Service providers who do not migrate to NGNs thus face the risk of becoming less competitive, as their costs would be higher in comparison with an operator running a single network, as well as not being able to commercially exploit new emerging services (IPTV, messaging, education, fixed -mobile converged [FMC] services etc.). Migration to NGN could change the operators business models completely. On the one hand, traditional operators would see much greater efficiencies and lower costs, as well as possible access to new services, thus boosting revenues and profitability, and on the other, service independence could create new category of operators, i.e. niche service providers who are able to compete effectively with traditional network operators for minimal investment, e.g. an IP telephony service provider being able to provide all features of voice service delivered by a traditional fixed operator by investing primarily in only a server. Implications of NGN: A possible consequence of such new service-only operators directly serving customers is that traditional network operators could become pure access providers, whereupon all application services (voice, video, broadband and data, etc.) are provided by third-party service providers. This could change the business model of the existing operators to the extent that, if not managed carefully, it could prove to be highly disruptive. Another implication of NGN migration will be that the interconnection regime also would need to change, with traditional non-IP interconnection becoming increasingly more expensive and less relevant. Service providers would need to upgrade to NGN in step with the industry or they may face the risk of lagging behind. Therefore, the migration to NGN offers both a huge opportunity to operators, as well as posing some 20

serious risks. In this scenario, clear policy direction and enabling regulation could help the industry both reap the benefits of the migration of NGN and reduce their investment and commercial risks. Steps for migration: At this stage, it is necessary to initiate the process of consultation with stakeholders on various regulatory issues so as to bring clarity. The overall approach should be such that the regulatory issues do not hinder the deployment of new network technologies, and at the same time new technologies should not be able to exploit the regulatory advantages so as to disturb the level playing field among service providers. The main regulatory issues involved are related to interconnection, Qo S, transition, emergency access, security aspects, etc., which may need detailed ex-ante regulation. Regulatory clarity on these issues can help reduce the investment risk for operators. Compared to many developed telecom markets, SPECA countries have less network legacy products (limited deployment of ATM, ISDN etc.). Various telecom service providers, including incumbents, could be in the process of finalizing their plans for deployment of NGN. This may be implemented in a phased manner, starting with the core network and then for access network and service provision. The service providers have to evaluate their business plans, keeping in view the general NGN migration scenario.

Regulatory incentives: The licensing and interconnection regime may have to be expanded to cover also

service-only operators so that they are able to provide customer services on an equal footing with traditional network operators. A list of new interconnection products will be needed in an all-IP environment, for example, to include capacity, quality, fixed bit rate, variable bit rate, etc., and type of service (voice, video, data etc.) for core network interconnection. With regulation facilitating the creation of an enabling environment, regulator could help the industry roll out NGN sin rural areas also. Regulatory options to in centivize rural NGN roll-out include possible introduction to niche NGN operators for rural areas with lighter licensing conditions, access to additional wireless spectrum (e.g. licensed and unlicensed Wi Max, UHF bands etc.) to reduce coverage costs, possible access to 21

USO funding (in case it is so) for infrastructure. And it should involve other agencies and stakeholders in order to help drive new services for rural areas (e.g. localized content agencies for television and media, e-governance, etc.).

NGN ADVANTAGES: NGNs essentially deliver convergence between the traditional world of PSTN and the new world of data networks. From an operators perspective, they provide a means of migrating from the old world to the new world, delivering substantial cost savings because of the economies of scope and efficiencies inherent in a single converged network based on IP. Firstly, across the world, existing network operators are facing fierce competition in the market and they have to remain competitive to survive. In order to achieve this, operators are trying to build cost-effective businesses on the one hand and create new business models and generate new revenue streams on the other hand. Operators are making the convergence of fixed and mobile networks and the integration of voice and non-voice services their goals because such an approach would lower operational costs and allow greater flexibilities for service innovation and increase their revenues. Secondly, the increasing service requirements from end-users call for innovative applications and multimedia services, flexibility of access to service, high-access bandwidth, high quality of service etc.

In NGN era there is a talk about EOIP which means everything over IP. That means you can provide any service through NGN platform based on IP.

Some basic terms: Service: A set of functions and facilities offered to a user by a provider Here the user or provider can be a pair such as human/computer, or subscriber/operator application/application,

Application: A structured set of capabilities which provide value added functionalities supported by one or more services.

22

IP Multimedia Application: An application that handles one or more media simultaneously such as audio, video and data in a synchronized Way from the users point of view. A multimedia application may involve multiple parties, multiple connections and the addition or deletion of resources within a single IP multimedia session. A customer may invoke concurrent IP way from the users point of view multimedia applications in an IP multimedia session. Network Provider and Service Provider: A service provider is an operator that provides telecommunication services to customers whereas a network provider maintains and operates the network components to support services. Like BSNL is both service provider and Network operator whereas in case of Airtel Bharti is service provider and Erricson is network operator. Content Provider: A third party content provider simply develops some applications based on the contents and gives it to users through service providers via open interfaces.

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Mobility: The ability for the user to communicate and access services irrespective of the location or technical environment. Service continuity: The ability for a mobile object to maintain ongoing service in the current state. Service discontinuity: The inability for a mobile object to maintain ongoing service in the current state. Seamless handover: The service continuity without any impact on the SLA Handover: The service continuity with some impact on the SLA Roaming: The ability of the user to access services as per their profile while moving outside their home network. Portability: Mechanism that allows a user to retain the same directory number irrespective of the service provider. Terminal mobility: The mobility when the same terminal equipment is used at different locations. Personal Mobility: The mobility when the user changes the terminal used for network access at different locations. The services are provided on the basis of a personal identifier. 24

NGN or IMS? 3GPP is working on 3G UMTS and in Rel5 on IMS (IP multimedia Subsystem) which is evolution of PLMN network to NGN i.e. NGN for GSM/3G network is IMS ITU is the international standardization body working for Next generation networks and has set the framework for NGN for all telecom network/services. 3GPP is working on IMS (for mobile). 3GPP2 equivalent of IMS is the MMD (Multimedia Domain), fully interoperable with 3GPP IMS ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) is one of the of the 3GPP. TISPAN (Telecommunication and Internet converged Services and Protocols for Advanced Networking) is working on Fixed and mobile convergence and a common NGN for both by using IMS as a core. It will adopt IMS of 3GPP as it is. It was formed in 2003 from the amalgamation of the ETSI bodies Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks (TIPHON) and Services and Protocols for Advanced Networks (SPAN) members

CONCLUSION:
NEXT GENERAION NETWORK & IP TAX is not just a technology, it is a concept. It is an attempt by operators to provide a single technology platform into the future to support converged services. It is a global initiatiative,coordinated by the ITUT.Robust and open standards are essential to the long term success of IMS & NGN.Not everyone likes or agrees with the NGN concept especially large part of the internet community. Regulators will have an interesting time trying to manage what is likely to become a standards/systems battle between various players.

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