CONTENTS

CONTENTS: Chapter 1 1.1. 1.2. ABSTRACT

MASONRY MINARET OF MAGRIBIJA MOSQUE ........................................................................................................................................ 2 SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF HISTORIC MASONRY MINARET ........................................................................................................................ 2 MAGRIBIJA MOSQUE

Chapter 2 2.1. 2.2. 2.3.

LOCATION .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 HISTORICAL INFORMATIONS ................................................................................................................................................................... 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE MOSQUE .............................................................................................................................................................. 5

The mosque .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 The stone minaret ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 The main prayer space ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 The entrance portal ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 The mahfil ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 The mihrab ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 The minber ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 The urs .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.3.3. 2.3.4. 2.3.5. 2.3.6. 2.3.7. 2.3.8.

2.4. 2.5. 2.6.

LEGAL STATUS TO DATE ........................................................................................................................................................................ 10 RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION WORKS ......................................................................................................... 10 CURRENT CONDITION OF THE MOSQUE............................................................................................................................................... 12 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Chapter 3 3.1. 3.2.

GEOMETRICAL AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF THE MINARET ........................................................................................................ 13 NUMERICAL 3D MODEL ........................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Modal Analysis .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 Seismic Analysis ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

3.2.1. 3.2.2.

Chapter 4

CONCLUSION

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1
Abstract
1.1. MASONRY MINARET OF MAGRIBIJA MOSQUE
The mid-16th century Sheikh Magribija Mosque at the heart of Sarajevo is one of the most important Ottoman monuments in the city. During the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina an artillery shell destroyed the minaret and other key elements. Year 2000, UNESCO-Sarajevo, in association with the Cantonal Institute, attracted $32,300 of a total budget $47,100 from the High Saudi Committee for Relief in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Restoration endorsed by donor and observers and the mosque has returned to active community use, although its urban surroundings are in poor condition. The casual visitor would not recognize the buildings significance but this could be an endorsement of its success as restored.

1.2.

SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF HISTORIC MASONRY MINARET

The dynamic behavior of block masonry minaret of a historical mosque in Sarajevo is analyzed, and a seismic retrofit method is proposed. Due to high seismicity of the region, a 3D finite element model is used to determine lateral displacements and failure modes under seismic load. The analyses show that the highest damage usually occurs at the base and the lower part of the minaret, and that lateral behaviour can be improved by strengthening these sections with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. The results obtained are promising in terms of seismic protection. This work aims to determine stability of Magribija mosques minaret during the earthquakes and determine itself capacity on horizontal loadings.

KEY WORDS: stone masonry minaret, earthquake, fiber reinforced polymer Magribija mosque's minaret
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2
MAGRIBIJA MOSQUE
2.1. LOCATION
The Magribija mosque is located at n. 5 Magribija street, close to Marindvor in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, which at the time the mosque was built constituted the western outskirts of old Sarajevo. It is now part of the city belonging to Centar Sarajevo Municipality. The building stands on c.p. no. 832 (new survey), or c.p. nos. 1 and 82 (old survey), and is owned by the Islamic Religious Community in Sarajevo. The mosque is right by Magribija street, and has no harem (courtyard) but merely a fenced-off green space to the west of the building. The plot on which it stands is relatively small: the mosque occupies an area of 158 m2 and the mosque courtyard 223 m2. The entrance is to the northwest, from Magribija street.
- Zmaja od Bosne -

Magribija Mosque

- Hiseta -

The buildings standing on neighboring plots c.p. 829 and 830 are very close to the Magribija mosque, particularly the Sarajevostan building which is only about 4-5 meters from the south-east facade of the mosque.

Fig. 1-1: Location of Magribija mosque, Sarajevo, BiH

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Chapter 2

Magribija Mosque

2.2.

HISTORICAL INFORMATIONS
H. abanovi regards the dating of the Magribija mosque as an open question, which leaves the possibility that the original mosque was indeed built during the time of the founder of Sarajevo but that it burned down in the fire of 1459. According to abanovi, the Magribija mosque in its present form could date from between 1538 and 1565, when it is first mentioned in a document from the Sarajevo sidil (court records). It was burned down again in 1697 during the campaign by Eugene of Savoy, when all that survived were the walls and the stone minaret. According to an account by Mula Mustafa Baeskija, the mosque was rebuilt in 1766 with the help of the state, and the present appearance of the mosque and all the painted decorations date from that year. The famous English scholar Sir Thomas W. Arnold visited Sarajevo in 1929 and was particularly impressed by the Magribija mosque. He was interested in the wooden pillars with stone bases and capitals on the sofas, the structure of the ie ceiling and the beautiful painted decorations on the woodwork inside the mosque. He noted that he had seen something similar in mosques in Delhi, in India, but nowhere else in the world (from an article in the Evening Post). According to information from the Cantonal Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Sarajevo, between 1971 and 1984 research and conservations works were carried out on the painted decorations of the Magribija mosque. The Magribija mosque was damaged during the war by shelling in August 1992. The minaret was knocked down to pedestal level, and the roof suffered major damage, as did the entire building.

Sheikh Magribijas mosque, known as the Magribija, was erected in Sarajevo close to Marindvor, in a quarter formerly known as Zagorica, the quarter below Gorica. Local tradition holds that Sheikh Magribija came to Sarajevo with Isa-beg (founder of the city and first governor of Sarajevo) and that he built a mosque there. Almost nothing is known of Sheikh Magribija except that his name suggests he was a member of a Sufi order and that he came from the Maghreb, the term used to denote the Islamic lands of North Africa: Tunis, Algeria and Morocco. If this tradition is correct the mosque dated from the mid16th century and was named after its founder. Later the name Magribija was used for the mahala too and the street which has now borne the name for 400 years. The quarter too was known as Magribija, after the mosque. In the late Ottoman period the mahala was also known Gornja Hiseta.

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Chapter 2

Magribija Mosque

2.3.

DESCRIPTION OF THE MOSQUE

2.3.1. The mosque

Bosnia and Herzegovina has many more mosques with hipped roofs and stone minarets than domed mosques. According to statistics dating from 1993, there were 223 of them. Sarajevo had the most, mosques with stone minarets, 34 before the war and 26 now. In ground plan the Magribija mosque belongs to the type of single-space mosque with a hipped roof and stone minaret. The mosque consists of the main prayer space and a portico on the northwest entrance front of the mosque extending over the entire width of the exterior wall, and a stone minaret. The main prayer space and portico share the same hipped roof. The ground plan of the mosque is a rectangle, measuring 13.80 x 11.30 (exterior dimensions), with the portico measuring 18.15 x 11.30 m. Within the portico are stone sofas measuring approx. 4.53 x 4.35 m, with a height of 0.50 m. The sofas have wooden floorboards. The 2.25 m wide passageway to the mosque portal passed between the sofas.

Fig. 2-1: View on entrance of Magribija mosque

There are four massive wooden columns with a height of 3.75 m and a diameter of approx. 0.50 m. The columns have stone bases and capitals with decorative moldings. Between the wooden columns is a wooden railing above a stone wall about 2.00 m high, thought somewhat lower at the sides. The entrance door, with a height of approx. 2.00 m., is of wide wooden boards set one against the other. The upper part of the portico consists of a wooden structure with arches, six on the entrance front and three each on the sides, resting on a wooden 20 x 20 cm beam which itself rests on the capitals of the pillars. The roof structure of the portico is covered with wood paneling.

Fig. 2-2: Side view of the mosque 5 / 17

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Chapter 2

Magribija Mosque

The walls of the main body of the mosque are of unfired brick with wooden tie beams, plastered and painted both inside and out. The walls are 80 cm thick. The hipped roof is shallow pitched, with a wooden roof structure clad with tiles. There are dormer windows on all four sides of the roof, serving as exits to and ventilation for the roof. They measure approx. 1.50 x 1.0 m. The mosque has seventeen simply-shaped wooden windows, six on the south-west facade, three on the north-east, and four each on the north-west and the south-east facades. The windows are set in two rows, except in the north-east facade where there are windows on the upper level only. There was formerly a row of windows at ground floor level too, but they have been walled up and are now visible as niches in the interior of the mosque, used as bookshelves.

All the ground-floor windows are rectangular in shape, 92 cm wide and 150 cm high. Above each of the ground-floor windows is a small wooden arched, glazed aperture, almost the same width as the window itself, with the pointed arch 70 cm in height. On the outside, these windows have iron bars forming a fine grid (4 x 5 sections). The upper-level windows are arched and set vertically above the ground-floor windows. They too are 92 cm in width, but 200 cm in height. In addition to these windows, there are another five glazed circular apertures in wooden frames on all the facades except the entrance facade. These have a diameter of 55 cm. There are two on each of the side facades and one on the mihrab facade, between and level with the top line of the upper-level windows.

Fig. 2-3: Wooden columns with capitals

Fig. 2-4: South-west faced wooden windows 6 / 17

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Chapter 2 2.3.2. The stone minaret

Magribija Mosque

The stone minaret of the Magribija mosque was built against the south-west facade wall. The base of the minaret is in the form of a square-sided cube measuring 2.26 x 2.26 m. The transition from the four-sided base to the stem of the minaret is in the form of a trapezoid prism with a shallow molded stone string course. The twelve-sided body of the minaret is slightly conical in shape, with a diameter of approx. 1.85 m. and walls 26-30 cm thick. The erefe is at a height of 14.50 m. and is of hrea stone. The parapet of the erefe is of simple stone slabs with pronounced upper and lower molded string courses. The steeple of the minaret is clad with sheet copper and topped by an alem or finial made of lead, with four equal-sized pommels. The total height of the minaret from ground level is 32.0 m.

2.3.3. The main prayer space

The portico leads into the main prayer space, with interior dimensions of 12.20 x 9.70 m. The prayer area is covered by a timber barrel vault running longitudinally along the north-west/south-east axis. This vault measures approx. 5.0 x 7.5 m. The height of the prayer space from floor level to the top of the barrel vault is approx. 7.9 m. The vault turns into a level ceiling on all four sides; this ceiling is 6.4 m above floor level and is clad with ie boards (grooved wooden boards). The barrel section is clad with caisson boards painted with polychrome motifs, mainly of floral origin, with a circular rosette filled with floral ornaments at the center. All the interior walls of the mosque are plastered and whitewashed, and some areas and features have painted decorations.
Fig. 2-5: The stone minaret Fig. 2-6: The main prayer space

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Chapter 2 2.3.4. The entrance portal

Magribija Mosque

The entrance portal dominates the central area of the north-west facade, occupying in width the entire space between the sofas. It is approx. 5.90 m in height and projects outwards from the surface of the mosque walls by approx. 0.25 m. Above the arched door opening is a niche in the form of an equilateral triangle. In the niche above the door is the place where the tarih (chronogram) used to be, measuring 75 x 40 cm. The portal terminates in a crown in the form of a stylized fleur de lis. The entire portal was thickly painted with polychrome floral decorations on plaster, which are now barely visible. The double wooden doors are 1.4 m wide and 2.20 m. high. They are divided into rectangular panels without any particular decoration.

2.3.5. The mahfil

The mahfil runs along the front wall and measures 9,70 m long and 2.30 wide. It is made of wood and rests on six wooden pillars linked by wooden arches below the mahfil. The wooden pillars are decorated with wood carving and the entire surface of the arches is painted in floral designs composed of flowers, leaves and tendrils. The painted decoration consists of dark-toned outlines surrounding light red, grey and beige. Below the mahfil are interior sofas measuring 3.70 x 2.00 m, with raised floors. The area of the sofa and the part of the mahfil against the north-east wall are now glazed. At the center of the mahfil is a 1.00 m wide projection for the muezzin. The mahfil is paneled above and below with wooden boards and has a wooden railing. The small door leading to the narrow, dark, curving minaret stairway is located below the mahfil in the south-west wall of the mosque. The mahfil is reached via the stone minaret stairway, with a single-flight wooden staircase approximately halfway along branching off it to the mahfil. The wooden structure of the mahfil is of natural wood treated with wood preservative.

2.3.6. The mihrab

The mihrab is 2.55 m wide, with the niche itself 1.55 m wide and the frame 70 cm wide on either side. The height of the mihrab from the floor of the mosque to the top of the crown of the mihrab is approx. 3.50 m. The seven-sided niche, with a radius of 40 cm, terminates in stalactite decorations forming a complex composition. The niche area is framed by the rectangular field of the mihrab frame, which terminates in a wavy semicircular line with a fleur de lis at the top and demi fleur de lis at the sides. The

Fig. 2-7: The mihrab 8 / 17

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Chapter 2

Magribija Mosque

frame of the mihrab is almost identical to that of the entrance portal, except that the painted decorations are different. The mihrab frame is thickly painted with polychrome floral decorations on plaster recalling floral rumi designs. The floral elements of leaves, tendrils and flowers are densely intertwined composing medallions painted alternately in white, red, brown and beige. In addition to these colors, which dominate, there are occasional touches of blue in the medallions. The edge of the mihrab is 20 cm wide and decorated with a string course with floral motifs forming two types of linked medallions forming a chain. The string course is edged outside and in by a thick red line, as are the medallions. The ground tone is beige and the medallions are green, blue and grey.

2.3.7. The minber

The minber of the Magribija mosque is made of wood and is 3.70 m long, 0.90 m wide and 6.40 m high. The mimber consists of an entrance portal formed by a wooden frame with a semicircular wooden plaque above it bearing an inscription from the Qur'an, and a wooden stairway with a railing consisting of 10-12 steps with a landing at the top known as the kjurs. The kjurs is covered by a conical canopy on a wooden frame with a finial on top. On either side of the mimber steps is a high wooden railing simply decorated with a single rhomboidal geometric shape. The lateral triangular areas below the steps and rail are enclosed and decorated with a single large equilateral triangle with an edging of brown beading and painted white inside. Below the triangle is a decoration of five small pointed arches. The mimber is painted with oil paint, predominantly beige, but with touches of brown, green, grey and white.

2.3.8. The urs

The urs is in the angle to the left of the mihrab on a raised floor. It is made of wood. To the right of the entrance to the mosque is a small mosque courtyard that is walled off, the barrier extending to the wooden partition of the portico. This barrier consists of masonry to half its height with the other half made of iron.

Fig. 2-7: The minber

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2.4.

LEGAL STATUS TO DATE

Pursuant to the law, and by Ruling of the National Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities of NR Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo no. 675/50 of 1950, the Magribija mosque in Sarajevo was placed under state protection. Pursuant to the law, and by Ruling of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities of NR Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo no. 02-635-3 of 1962, the Magribija mosque in Magribija street in Sarajevo was entered on the register of immovable cultural monuments. The Regional Plan for the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina to 2002 lists the Magribija mosque as a Category I monument. The Magribija mosque in Sarajevo is on the Provisional List of National Monuments of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments under serial no. 531.

2.5.

RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION WORKS

According to information from the Cantonal Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Sarajevo, between 1971 and 1984 research and conservation works were carried out on the painted decor of the Magribija mosque under the auspices of the mosque committee and the Institute for the Protection of Monuments of BiH, and the painter Jusuf Zainovi. At that time the first coat of paint on the exterior of the portal and the mihrab was discovered. The main design project for the reconstruction of the minaret of the Magribija mosque was drawn up in 1997 by Said Jamakovi of the design company Arch design Sarajevo. The reconstruction of the minaret was carried out from March to December 2000 under the auspices of the Cantonal Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Sarajevo, by Kara drvo Kiseljak. It was funded by UNESCO. The attestation of the stone was carried out by the Institute IMK Sarajevo. The walls of the minaret were reconstructed using tufa from Fojnica, where the tufa was most suitable in color and mechanical characteristics for this reconstruction. The spiral staircase was rebuilt using the old surviving steps, with missing steps made of the same hrea stone from a quarry in Sarajevo. The blocks were joined by lead cramps and lime mortar as was the case when the mosque was first built.

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Chapter 2

Magribija Mosque

The lower, four-sided pedestal and the prismatic section above it to the height of the mosque steeple had not been destroyed, but were simply conserved and the rest of the minaret above them was rebuilt. During construction, an analysis of the structural assessment conducted by Prof. Dr. M. Zlatar revealed that there were high stretching tensions in the lower third of the minaret. Carbon fibre tape technology was used to provide additional reinforcement in a band 8 m above the prismatic section of the minaret. This was applied by GP Company. After applying the carbon fibre tape, a thin masking of strips of tufa was added. The project was completed by wiring for electricity and installing a lightning conductor (Cantonal Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Sarajevo, web site). In August 2004 the Cantonal Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Sarajevo drew up a main design project for the repair, reconstruction and restoration of the roof and sofas of the Magribija mosque, Stage I. The project will consist of four stages; as of now the project documentation has been drawn up for Stage I and is with the Federal Ministry of Regional Planning and Environment for approval. The Commission has received a copy for inspection. Stage I consist of: 1. Repair and reconstruction of the roof structure and roof cladding 2. Repair of the ceiling joists (including repairs to the barrel vault) 3. Repair, reconstruction and restoration of the exterior sofas 4. Installing under floor heating Stage II consists of: 1. Reconstruction of the sofa railing 2. Reconstruction of the sofa floor 3. Reconstruction and restoration of interior woodwork 4. Repair and painting interior walls and woodwork 5. Repair, reconstruction and restoration of the mahfil 6. Repair of exterior south-east wall (mihrab wall) 7. Repair and painting facades and exterior woodwork Stage III consists of: 1. Reconstruction and restoration of decoration on the barrel vault 2. Reconstruction and restoration of the painted decoration of the mahfil 3. Reconstruction and restoration of the painted decoration of the mihrab 4. Reconstruction and restoration of the painted decoration of the portal 5. Reconstruction of the paintings on the interior walls

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Stage IV consists of: 1. Remaining installation works 2. Installing floodlighting 3. Making good the exterior of the building (including repairing the harem wall) According to the project documentation, Stage I provides for the complete replacement of the existing timber roof structure and ceiling joists, which are in a seriously dilapidated state. The new roof structure is made of Grade I cut fir and spruce wood. The roof cladding of hollow tiles is also entirely new. The decision will be made on site, when the plastic sheeting is removed from the ceiling, whether the panelled ceiling and painted decoration can be retained (with restoration work) or whether the decorations must be photographed and reconstructed on a new ceiling. Restoration works on the sofas will take place in line with the existing state of the structure. The pillars with their stone bases and capitals are being retained, since the oak wood of which they are made is in good condition they need cleaning and treating with a protective application of linseed oil. The stone is also being cleaned and repaired where necessary.

2.6.

CURRENT CONDITION OF THE MOSQUE

An on-site inspection conducted in December 2004 ascertained as follows: There is visible physical damage to the building on the facades and portico The stone bases of the pillars are broken, there are numerous cracks in the wooden pillars and beams, and the floor of the sofas is in very poor condition Stains caused by damp penetration are to be observed on the plaster in the upper reaches of the mosque, particular in the mahfil area of the north-west wall by the staircase to the mahfil There are particularly noticeable cracks in the plaster in the interior of the mosque in the upper reaches. These cracks are also visible on the exterior facade, though here they are smaller Other than the minaret and part of the roof, which have been repaired in part following war damage, the mosque building is in poor condition The area most at risk is the barrel vault which has collapsed due to leakage of rainwater, particularly the decoration. The ceiling is now covered with plastic sheeting The decoration on the outer portal is damaged almost all over, with only faded fragments remaining.
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3
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
3.1. GEOMETRICAL AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF THE MINARET
5,5m

15,3m

2,26m
Fig. 3-3: Cross section of the base

3,21m
Fig. 3-4: Cross section of the erefe

Material Hrea ; Sedra

E [kN/m2] G [kN/m2] [kN/m3] 5106 6105 28,0

0,1

1,5m

5,7m
Fig. 3-1: Facade of the minaret Fig. 3-2: Longitudinal section of the minaret 13 / 17

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Chapter 3

Structural Analysis

3.2.

NUMERICAL 3D MODEL

3.2.1. Modal Analysis

During calculations, SAP 2000 V.15.1.0 was used.

Fig. 3-6: Response Spectrum

T1 = 0,40147sec

T2 = 0,40147sec

T3 = 0,07267sec

Fig. 3-5: 3D model shell elements

Fig. 3-7: Modal Analysis first three modes 14 / 17

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Chapter 3 3.2.2. Seismic Analysis

Structural Analysis

U = 0.12423m

Fig. 3-10: Maximum top movement without FRP

U = 0.07512m

Fig. 3-11: Maximum top movement with FRP

Fig. 3-8: Internal forces

Fig. 3-9: Internal forces at connection between pedestal and minaret 15 / 17

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4
CONCLUSION
Analysis shown that with reinforcing the parts of the minaret which are the most vulnerable (pedestal and connection between pedestal and minaret), there is enough safety because of stability of the minaret in case of design value of seismic demand (10% in period of 50 years strong earthquake) 3D analysis provides evaluation of the minaret behaviour under seismic forces, what include determininig possible cracking zones and types of cracking. Additional research should be provided about determining design response spectrum specially adjusted for this kind of structures. More realistic values of R factor (design factor for seismic load) and damping coefficient should be researched by experimental and analytic methodes. On other hand, full connection between masonry structer and FRP layers must be provided. Problem could be solved with usage of anchorage or by the connection between longitudinal FRP lanes and foundation of the minaret. The FRP lanes rounded around masonry structure can cause moisture because of unpermeability of the FRP layers, what is bad effect. Low fire resistance of the FRP lanes could be improved by adding a thin protective layer of concrete or plaster which will hide FRP lanes in same time. Results of numerical analysis show that the biggest demages appear in base zone and in lower part of minaret, so application of FRP lanes around critical regions will improve laterally behaviour of the structure.

Fig. 4-1: The minaret reinforced with FRP

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LITERATURE
1911. Jnl of the National Museum in Sarajevo, XXII, Kemura, Sejfudin, XLVII. ejh Magribina damija u Magribiji, (The Shaikh Magriba mosque in Magribija) 1911.

1980. Institute for Architecture, Town Planning and Regional Planning of the Faculty of Architecture in Sarajevo, Regional plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Stage B - valorization of natural, cultural and historical values, Sarajevo, 1980.

1997. Main design project for the reconstruction of the minaret of the Magribija mosque, Arch design Sarajevo, designer Jamakovi Said, March 1997.

1998. Mujezinovi, Mehmed, Islamska epigrafika Bosne i Hercegovine, (Islamic Epigraphics of BiH) bk. I, Sarajevo Publishing, Sarajevo, 1998.

2004. Cantonal Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Sarajevo, Main design project for the repair, reconstruction and restoration of the roof and sofas of the Magribija mosque Stage I .

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