Advantages of the HyperZDPTM System July 1st, 2009

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HyperZDPTM System Assessments: Part 1 Field Trial Performance Part 2 Emissions Performance

Ewa A. Bardasz, Elizabeth Schiferl, William Nahumck, Jack Kelley and Lewis Williams Lubrizol Corporation, Wickliffe, Ohio, USA Michael J. Riley and Carolyn P. Hubbard Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan, USA

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Part 1- Field Trial Performance

(details discussed in the SAE paper 2007-01-1990)

Background Real Life Test: Objectives and Variables Results: Engine Inspections, Used Oil Analysis, P Retention Assessments Conclusions

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Mission
Key drivers for lubricant performance:
Long life engine protection: wear, deposits, oil oxidation/sludge control Long life catalytic converter (TWC) efficiency: reduced deactivation due to phosphorous exposure

Focus: to develop an environmentally superior ZDP, which is capable to protect both - engine and TWC

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ZDP: Key Role in Engine Protection

S S O O P S Zn S P R O O R R R

ZDPs has been used to control wear, oxidation and corrosion in crankcase lubricants since 1940s ZDPs can also reduce TWC efficiency through phosphorus deactivation HyperZDPTM System is designed to be emissions friendly and to minimize volatile phosphorus species that can exit the engine, accumulate on TWC active sites, and reduce their effectiveness. HyperZDPTM System is designed to maintain or improve engine oil robustness

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Three Way Catalyst (TWC)

Tasks of catalytic converters are to oxidize/reduce combustion by-products TWC can loose its efficiency due to P glassy film formation Lower P exposure = longer catalyst life

Pt/Pd: Used to Oxidize HC, CO Rd: Used to Reduce NOx

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New York City Taxi Test

Objective: To assess side-by-side performance of lubricants using conventional ZDP vs. HyperZDPTM System Test Variables: Vehicles: 2003 Ford Crown Victoria, 4.6L V8 engines Test duration: 100,000 miles Two lubricants Oil change interval: 5,000 miles Service: moderate to high-temperature urban driving

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End of Test Evaluatios

SAE paper 2007-01-1990
Engine part inspection and rating Used oil analysis and P retention analysis

SAE paper 2007-01-4107

Aged three way catalyst assessed in standard emissions efficiency test Post mortem catalyst analysis

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Lubricants Studied

Oil Code KV @ 100C, cSt CCS @ -30 C, cPs Calcium (ppm) Phosphorous (ppm)

1 8.53 5270 1673 776

2 8.44 5204 1648 742

Two oils ILSAC GF-4, 5W-20 0.076 wt % P The only difference:

Oil 1: Conventional ZDP Oil 2: HyperZDP System

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Engine Inspections: Deposits/Sludge/Varnish Equivalent

10 = clean
10.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00

Average Merit Rating

OIL 1

OIL 2

OIL 1

OIL 2

OIL 1
0.00

OIL 2

0 = dirty
10

Engine Sludge

Piston Deposits

Engine Varnish

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Typical Piston Deposits and Oil Sump Sludge @ 100K miles

Oil 1: Conventional ZDP Oil 2: HyperZDP System

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EOT Engine Inspections: Overall Engine Wear - Equivalent

Rating Scale: 8 = trace/light, 6 = light/medium

10.00 9.50 9.00 8.50 Merit Rating 8.00 7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 Cam Follower Cam Lobe Cam Journal Crankshaft Journal
OIL 1 OIL 2 OIL 1 OIL 2 OIL 1 OIL 2 OIL 1 OIL 2

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Typical Examples of EOT Cam Lobes

Oil 1

Oil 2

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Used Oil Analysis: Wear Metal - Fe Profiles - Equivalent

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 Test Miles 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 Fe Oil 1 Fe Oil 2

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PPM

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Used Oil Analysis: Kinematic Viscosity Profiles - Equivalent

15.00 14.00 13.00 12.00 cSt@100C 11.00 10.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 0 2,500 Oil Miles
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ViS100 Oil 1 ViS100 Oil 2

5,000

7,500

Used Oil Analysis: TBN/TAN Crossover - Equivalent

10.00 9.00 8.00 mgHCl/g / mgKOH/g 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Oil Miles 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000
Oil 2 3,350 Miles Oil 1 3,400 Miles

Linear (TBN N orm. Oil 1) Linear (TBN N orm. Oil 2) Linear (TAN N orm. Oil 1) Linear (TAN N orm. Oil 2)

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Summary of the Used Oils Analysis

Fluid Performance
% P Loss Pentane insolubles C=0 RONOx MRV-35, CCS Wear metals TAN/TBN crossover % Viscosity increase

HyperZDP TM System vs. Conventional ZDP

Better Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent

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Assessment of %P Retention in Used Oil (based on used oil ICP analysis)

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Significant Differences % Phosphorus Retention: Oil 1 vs. Oil 2

125.0 120.0 115.0 110.0 Percent 105.0 100.0 95.0 90.0 85.0 80.0 75.0 0 2,500 Oil Miles 5,000 Avg. % P Retention Oil 1 Avg. % P Retention Oil 2 Poly. (Avg. % P Retention Oil 1) Poly. (Avg. % P Retention Oil 2)

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TWC Exposure Based on Measured P Retention in Drains

52% less P exits engine from HyperZDPTM System containing fluids

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Conclusions
Field trial demonstrated that HyperZDP System:
Maintains both excellent antiwear engine protection good deposit and antioxidancy characteristics Reduces P volatility vs. conventional technology and minimizes potential for catalyst deactivation by 50%. Volatized P contribution is equal or less than consumed oil P contribution.

Significant impact of reduced P volatility on TWC efficiency is discussed in SAE paper 2007-01-4107.

HyperZDP System protects both the engines and TWCs in real world field service.
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Part 2 Emissions Performance

(details discussed in the SAE paper 2007-01-4104)

Challenge Real Life Test Results Conclusions

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Challenge Retention of TWC Efficiency and Durability

As ZDPs decompose to protect engine parts, certain volatile P species exit engine, interact with TWC and reduces their effectiveness/service life.

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Comparison of the Cumulative Total P Generated (volatilized ZDP and oil consumption contribution)
V o l P ho s (g ) C o ns um e d O il P ho s (g )

E s tim a te d T o ta l P h o s E x p o s u r e (g )
0 .0 0 O il 1 -2 0 8 5 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 5 .0 0 2 0 .0 0

Conventional ZDP

O il 1 -6 7 5 O il 1 -0 2 5 O il 2 -4 1 0

Cab 410 had high oil consumption

HyperZDP System

O il 2 -0 2 2 O il 2 -3 7 0

HyperZDP System = Lower Possibility for P Poisoning

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Comparison of the Cumulative Amount of the Volatile Phosphorous Generated

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Aged Catalysts Efficiency Assessments: FTP-75

Data Examined: CO, NOx, THC, and THC Light-Off Time (Bag 1)
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Schematic of Crown Victoria Exhaust System

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Positive Effect of HyperZDP System on THC LightOff time: Observed Statistically Significant Differences

% Efficiency

Fresh catalyst = 29.1 secs HyperZDP System=30.9 secs Conventional ZDP = 32.7 secs.

Time (sec)
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FTP-75 Results : Improved

NOx Efficiency Related to P Exposure

Cat 1 NOx Efficiency (%)

100 ? Cab 675 95

10.3 percentage point difference

90

85

80 Conventional 8 Low Impact

Cab 410 had high oil consumption

10 12 14 16 18

Total Phos (g)

Lower P exposure = Higher NOx efficiency

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Aged Closed Coupled Catalyst Analysis

%P measured by XRF

INLET

Brick

Brick

At Inlet of TWC: Exhaust gases generated by HyperZDP System deposited significantly smaller amount of P containing compounds than conventional ZDP Observed 30% reduction in P level vs. conventional ZDP At Outlet of TWC: Detected minimal amounts of P

OUTLET
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%P measured by XRF

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Conclusions
NYC Taxi Trial Conducted with 0.076 % P, GF4 Fluids Demonstrated that Lubrizols Environmentally Superior ZDP:
Keeps P in oil drains Maintains excellent antiwear/antioxidancy performance in the field Less P is deposited on the TWC resulting in statistically significant
Improved TWC THC light-off time Lowered NOx emissions.

Lubrizols HyperZDP System clearly shows improvements in TWC efficiencies and protects engines in real world field service.

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