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Smoke-Wire Flow Visualization of a Synthetic Jet

Goodfellow, S.D. Yarusevych, S. Sullivan, P.E.

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Abstract Experiments were conducted to characterize a synthetic jet using smoke-wire ow visualization. This was an eective technique to identify features unique to the ingestion and expulsion cycle. Keywords synthetic jet ow control actuator smoke wire

1 Introduction Aerodynamic control of low Reynolds number ows using synthetic jet actuation is of interest to a wide range of applications including the design and operation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) [1], separation control at the inlets of jet engines [2] and the design of compressor blades [36]. Periodic excitation introduced locally has been shown to be an ecient and practical method of ow control [7,8]. Many studies have been done to identify optimum frequency ranges for producing reattachment of a separated shear layer using synthetic jets [911]. Greenblatt and Wygnanski [12] showed
S.D. Goodfellow Department of Civil Engineering University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada E-mail: sebi.goodfellow@utoronto.ca S. Yarusevych Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada E-mail: syarus@mecheng1.uwaterloo.ca P.E. Sullivan Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada E-mail: sullivan@mie.utoronto.ca

Goodfellow, S.D. et al.

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that, for most experimental conditions examined, the optimum dimensionless excitation frequency range is between 1 F + 2.5, where F + = fe L/Uo , fe is excitation frequency, L is distance between the separation point and the trailing edge and Uo is the freestream velocity. However, Amitay et al. [13] used dimensionless frequencies an order of magnitude higher than the natural shedding frequency and found these more eective. When exciting ow over a frequency range of 0 Hz fe 1480 Hz [1315], internally mounted audio speakers were used for 0 Hz fe 300 Hz and compact piezoceramic actuators were used for 300 Hz fe 1480 Hz. Recently, Goodfellow et al. [11], provided added insight into the eect of jet momentum coecient as a control parameter with a synthetic jet actuator (SJA) operated at high frequencies (600 Hz fe 1200 Hz or 27 F + 50), where the momentum I coecient is C = 1 j 2 c , Ij is the time-averaged jet momentum per unit 2 o Uo length during the outstroke, o is the freestream uid density, c is the chord, and Uo is the freestream velocity. It is of interest to investigate ow control mechanisms through which synthetic jets are able to reduce or suppress separated ow regions. Complementing ow eld measurements, ow visualization enables the identication and characterisation of coherent structures produced at the exit of the synthetic jet at various frequencies and amplitudes. In this paper, a synthetic jet is studied in a quiescent environment to determine the eect of varying operating frequencies and momentum coecient on ow structure.

2 Synthetic Jet Actuator The investigated SJA was built using four Thunder Actuator (TH-5C)piezoelectric actuators (Face International Corporation), a composite unimorph ferroelectric driver and sensor. The actuator is rated for a maximum voltage of +420V and a minimum voltage of -210V and reaches a maximum deection of approximately 0.17mm at an applied voltage of 420Vpp . The piezo-electric actuators were driven by a high voltage amplier with a gain of 100 and maximum output of 400Vpp at 250mA. The input signal was supplied via a GW Instek GFG - 8216A function generator. The SJA was machined from aluminum and had a total cavity volume of approximately 678 mm3 . The exit slot of the SJA measured 140mm 0.5mm. Additional information on the design of the SJA can be found in [11].

3 Flow Visualization Flow visualization was conducted in quiescent environment along the length of the 140mm SJA exit slot at the center points of each piezo-electric diaphragm, where the highest jet exit velocities were observed. A smoke wire technique was employed, and the experimental setup is depicted in Figure 2. A 0.076 mm stainless steel wire was positioned perpendicular to the exit slot with one

Smoke-Wire Flow Visualization of a Synthetic Jet

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end of the wire anchored and the other attached to a steel weight to prevent sagging during heating. A glycerin-water based smoke-generating liquid was evaporated by electrically heating the wire, using a variable transformer (0 130V). Images were acquired using a Nikon D70s digital SLR camera at a rate of four frames per second. A at black cloth was used as a backdrop to improve photo contrast. The smoke was illuminated using a wireless high-speed ash (Nikon SB 800 Speedlight).

4 Results and Analysis Flow visualization images were taken at excitation frequencies of 500, 600, 700, 750, 800 and 900Hz (22 < F + < 40 for the conditions seen in [11]) for an applied voltage, Vapp , of 200Vpp . The orientation of Figures 2(a) - 2(f) is such that the smoke wire is positioned in the center of the rst piezo-electric diaphragm and perpendicular to the exit slot. The perspective is down the length of the slot as seen in Figure 2. When the SJA is run at an excitation frequency of 500Hz (Figure 2(a)), each excitation cycle produces a relatively small jet pulse accompanied by two counter rotating vortices at the exit. The jet pulse measures approximately 1.25 mm, giving an approximate jet velocity of 0.625 m/s. As the excitation frequency is increased towards the resonant frequency ( 900 Hz), the momentum coecient increases [11], which is reected in stronger jet pulses seen in Figures 2(b) - 2(f). Specically, increasing the excitation frequency from 600 Hz to 900 Hz, the characteristic length scale increases from 1.75 mm to 4.5 mm (Figures 2(b) - 2(f)), corresponding to an increase in jet velocity from approximately 1 m/s to 4 m/s. A selected sequence of photographs (Figure 3) shows ow structures produced during the expulsion and ingestion process for fe = 700Hz, C = 5.68 104 and Vapp = 200Vpp . For clarity, ow structures are circled and la-

Goodfellow, S.D. et al.

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Fig. 2 Flow Visualization at the Slot Exit, Vapp = 200Vpp (fe = 500Hz - 900Hz)

Smoke-Wire Flow Visualization of a Synthetic Jet

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belled and insets show the diaphragm position in the cycle. Figure 3(a) shows a series of vortices labelled Structure 1 - 3 with the position of each counter rotating vortex shown. Figure 3(a) was taken during the expulsion part of the cycle, which can be seen by observing the smoke to the left of the vortex trail. Smoke which is clear and infocus corresponds to the expulsion part of the cycle because at this point the uid in this region is stagnant. Figure 3(b), which was taken during the ingestion cycle, shows the same three structures that have convected in the vertical direction by approximately 2 mm. Figure 3(b) was identied as being in the ingestion part of the cycle since the smoke particles to the left appear blurred in the image, as smoke is being drawn into the slot at relatively high velocity. The arrow indicates the direction of suction. During the ingestion phase, Figures 3(b) 3(d), previously ejected structures 13 continue to be convected vertically. Figures 3(e) 3(g) illustrate the formation of a new counter rotating vortex pair (Structure 4) during the next expulsion phase. The images also suggest that there are interactions between consecutive structures, with vortex merging taking likely taking place at around 2.5 mm from the slot exit resulting in a larger scale vortex of roughly 4 mm. This interaction between vortical structures coupled with the regular ejection of new vortex pairs introduces a uidic trip that, in addition to enhancing local momentum and energy transfer, can accelerate laminar-to-turbulent transition in shear ows subjected to synthetic jet actuators. The eect of varying frequency and momentum coecient on the eectiveness of the SJA in suppressing ow separation on a low Reynolds number airfoil has been shown by [11] , with their results showing that adequate control authority can only be established within a limited range of momentum coecients. The present results, obtained at the matching excitation parameters, suggest that the observed reduction of the separation region in [11] is linked to the injection of counter rotating vortex pairs into the primary ow. It can be conjectured that these structures act to energise the ow near the point of separation, thereby reducing the size of the separated ow region or preventing laminar separation.

5 Conclusions A ow visualization of a synthetic jet in a quiescent environment has been completed using a smoke wire technique. The results show that each oscillation cycle produces a pair of counter rotating vortices, whose characteristics depend signicantly on the excitation parameters. Sequences of ow images elucidate the development of the vortices throughout the full process of expulsion and ingestion of a zeromass input SJA. The results indicate that the interaction of the vortical structures produced by the SJA with wall bounded shear layers is responsible for the documented capability of the SJA to reduce the size of separated ow regions [15,11].

Goodfellow, S.D. et al.

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Fig. 3 Flow Visualization at the Slot Exit, fe = 700Hz, C = 5.68 104 , Vapp = 200Vpp

Smoke-Wire Flow Visualization of a Synthetic Jet

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Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for this work.

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