Phng php lun nghin cu khoa hc (Science research methodology)

PGS.TS. Phm Vn Hin pvhien@hcmuaf.edu.vn pvhien61@gmail.com

 CNG
M t mn hc:
Gii thiu cc khi nim v bn cht logic ca NCKH Phng php xy dng c s l lun ca ti, thu thp x l thng tin, trnh t thc hin ti Hng dn trnh by lun vn thc s MI CHNG

Chng 1 KHOA HC V PHN LOI KHOA HC 1. Khi nim 2. Phn loi khoa hc 3. Qui lut hnh thnh v pht trin khoa hc

Chng 2
I CNG V NGHIN CU KHOA HC
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Khi nim nghin cu khoa hc Cc c im ca nghin cu khoa hc Phn loi nghin cu khoa hc Mt s sn phm c trng ca nghin cu khoa hc Cu trc logic ca mt kho lun khoa hc Trnh t logic ca nghin cu khoa hc

Chng 3 VN KHOA HC 1. Khi nim vn khoa hc 2. Phn loi vn khoa hc 3. Hnh thc ngn ng ca vn khoa hc 4. Ba tnh hung ca vn khoa hc 5. Phng php pht hin vn khoa hc

Chng 4 GI THUYT KHOA HC

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Khi nim gi thuyt khoa hc Vai tr ca gi thuyt trong nghin cu khoa hc Tiu ch xem xt mt gi thuyt khoa hc Thuc tnh c bn ca gi thuyt khoa hc Bn cht logic ca gi thuyt khoa hc Lin h gia gi thuyt vi phn loi nghin cu Lin h gia gi thuyt vi vn khao hc Thao tc logic a ra mt gi thuyt khoa hc Kim chng gi thuyt khoa hc

Chng 5 C S L LUN CA TI 1. 2. 3. Khi nim c s l lun ca ti Ni dung c s l lun ca ti Phng php xy dng lun c l thuyt

Chng 6 PHNG PHP THU THP THNG TIN

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Bn cht thng tin ca qu trnh nghin cu Thng tin v vt mang thng tin Phng php tip cn thu thp thng tin Phng php nghin cu ti liu Phng php phi thc nghim Phng php trc nghim Phng php thc nghim Phm vi p dng cc phng php thu thp thng tin

Chng 7 PHNG PHP X L KT QU NGHIN CU

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Khi nim X l s liu X l logic i vi cc s kin Sai lch quan st v sai s php o Vit kt qu nghin cu M t ti liu c trch dn trong nghin cu

Chng 8 CC HNH THC CNG B KT QU NGHIN CU 1. 2. 3. ngha ca vic cng b Cc hnh thc cng b Vit bo co kt qu nghin cu

Chng 9 T CHC THC HIN TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Khi nim v t chc thc hin ti ti nghin cu khoa hc Trin khai thc hin ti Hi tho khoa hc nh gi kt qu nghin cu khoa hc m bo php l cho cc cng trnh khoa hc Trch dn khoa hc (Ti liu HNL)

Chng 10 LUN VN KHOA HC

1. 2. 3. 4.

Dn nhp Phn loi lun vn khoa hc Trnh t chun b lun vn Vit lun vn (Ti liu HNL)

PHNG PHP NH GI
KHA 2008 Qu trnh hc ti lp Phn tch bi bo khoa hc Seminar nhm Kho lun 10% 15% 15% 60%

1. Khi nim
- Phng php lun (Methodology) (T in VN, 2000) * Phng php: Cch thc nhn thc, nghin cu hin tng ca t nhin v i sng x hi * Phng php lun: Hc thuyt v phng php nhn thc khoa hc v ci to th gii * Methodos v Logos: L thuyt v phng php - Khoa hc l h thng tr thc v mi quy lut ca vt cht v s vn ng ca vt cht, nhng quy lut ca t nhin, x hi, t duy (Pierre Auger, 1961) l sn phm tr tu ca ngi nghin cu.

a. Tri thc kinh nghim (Indigenous Knowledge-IK) tc ng ca th gii khch quan phi x l nhng tnh hung xut hin trong t nhin, lao ng v ng x. Hiu bit c tch lu ngu nhin trong i sng b. Tri thc khoa hc (Academic-AK) l nhng hiu bit c tch lu mt cch h thng, da trn mt h thng phng php khoa hc - Tri thc khoa hc khc tri thc kinh nghim? tng kt s liu v s kin ngu nhin, ri rc khi qut ho thnh c s l thuyt. kt lun v quy lut tt yu c kho nghim Lu gi/lu truyn EX: Tri sp ma, ngi thy oi bc Vn IK AK @

2. Khi nim nghin cu khoa hc

Tm kim nhng iu khoa hc cha bit: Pht hin bn cht s vt Sng to phng php/phng tin mi Tm kim, vy bit trc cha? Gi thuyt NC/KH: phn on ng/sai? Khng nh lun im KH or bc b gi thuyt Trnh by lun im (b/c, thuyt trnh) NCKH = tm kim cc lun c chng minh gi thuyt nghin cu/lun im khoa hc

Cc bc nghin cu khoa hc
Bc 1: La chn vn Bc 2: Xy dng lun im khoa hc Bc 3: Chng minh lun im khoa hc Bc 4: Trnh by lun im khoa hc

3. Phn loi nghin cu khoa hc

Theo chc nng
Ng/cu m t: nhn dng s vt; nh tnh/nh lng Ng/cu gii thch: nguyn nhn dn n s hnh thnh s vt; cu trc/ngun gc/tng tc (VAC) Ng/cu gii php: lm ra s vt mi; phng php/phng tin Ng/cu d bo: nhn dng trng thi s vt trong tng lai

Theo giai on ca nghin cu

Ng/cu c bn Ng/cu ng dng Ng/cu trin khai

Pht hin, pht minh, sng ch Pht minh ngh in, pht hin thuc n Sng ch ra my hi nc Mua bn pht minh, cp bng pht minh Hc thuyt di truyn Cng ngh di truyn C hi nhn to Chn lc ging sn c ngun gc t Thailand My ct ma

4. Sn phm ca nghin cu khoa hc

Pht minh
Pht hin ra quy lut, tnh cht, hin tng ca gii t nhin. Ex: Archimede, Newton Khng cp patent, khng bo h

Pht hin
Nhn ra quy lut XH, vt th ang tn ti khch quan. Ex: Marx, Colomb, Kock Khng cp patent, khng bo h

Sng ch
Gii php k thut mang tnh mi v nguyn l, sng to v p dng c. Ex: Nobel, Jame Watt Cp patent, mua bn licence, bo h quyn s hu

5. S pht trin ca l thuyt khoa hc

Ngnh khoa hc

B mn khoa hc

Trng phi khoa hc Phng hng khoa hc tng khoa hc

Phng hng khoa hc (Scientific orientation)

l mt tp hp nhng ni dung nghin cu thuc mt/mt s lnh vc khoa hc, nh hng theo mc tiu v c mc ch ng dng. Ex: Tiu ch xem xt phng hng khoa hc l i tng nghin cu

Trng phi khoa hc (scientific school)

l mt phng hng KH c pht trin cao hn dn n mt gc nhn mi v i tng nghin cu. Phng hng KH n b mn c th dn n trng phi khoa hc mi trong ni b mt b mn.
EX: Dn tc hc dn n Chm hc, Choro hc H thng canh tc - trng phi k thut/kinh t/x hi

 Phng hng khoa hc a b mn (Multidisciplinary), hi t nhiu b mn khoa hc dn n xut hin mt trng phi khoa hc mi lin b mn (Inter-disciplinary).
EX: HTNN, LNXH,

Trng phi khoa hc thng dn n s xung t v quan im khoa hc trng phi mi ra i

B mn khoa hc (Scientific discipline)

l h thng l thuyt v mt i tng nghin cu B mn khoa hc l nc thang cao nht trong tin trnh pht trin t PHKH, TPKH n BMKH

Ngnh khoa hc (Speciality)

l mt lnh vc o to hoc mt lnh vc hot ng khoa hc. EX: Ngnh BVTV, Trng trt

6. Quy lut hnh thnh mt b mn khoa hc

Tin nghim Hu nghim Phn lp Tch hp

a, Tin nghim
l con ng hnh thnh mt b mn khoa hc da trn nhng tin hoc h tin Tin l mt loi tri thc khoa hc c mc nhin tha nhn khng phi chng minh. T mt tin hoc h tin mt h thng tri thc c pht trin thnh mt b mn khoa hc m khng cn quan st hay thc nghim.
EX: Euclide, im ngoi ng thng/mt phng. B mn hnh hc ra i.

b, Hu nghim
l con ng hnh thnh mt b mn khoa hc da trn s khi qut ho nhng kt qu quan st hoc thc nghim, tm ra nhng mi lin h tt yu, bn cht ca s vt.
EX: Phng php lun (Methodology), HTCT

c, Phn lp khoa hc l s tch mt trng phi khoa hc ra khi mt b mn khoa hc hnh thnh mt b mn khoa hc mi.
EX: Ton hc tch ra S hc, Hnh hc; NH tch ra BVTV, TT, Di truyn-ging.

d, Tch hp l s hp nht v l thuyt v phng php lun ca mt s b mn khoa hc ring thnh b mn mi.
EX: Kinh t hc + Chnh tr = Kinh t hc chnh tr - Lm nghip x hi hc - X hi hc nng thn - a l sinh thi- nhn vn

7. Nm tiu ch nhn bit mt b mn khoa hc

Tiu ch 1: c mt i tng nghin cu i tng nghin cu l bn cht s vt hoc hin tng t trong phm vi quan tm ca mt b mn khoa hc. Tiu ch 2: c mt h thng l thuyt Cc khi nim, phm tr, quy lut. H thng l thuyt gm mt b phn c trng ca b mn v mt b phn k tha t cc b mn khoa hc khc.

 Tiu ch 3: c mt h thng phng php lun - PP lun hiu theo 2 ngha: L thuyt v phng php v h thng cc phng php. - PP lun ca mt b mn bao gm ring v k tha t cc b mn khc Tiu ch 4: c mc ch ng dng (tiu ch mm) Khong cc gia khoa hc v thc tin cn rt ngn, nghin cu ng dng. Tiu ch 5: c mt lch s nghin cu B mn khoa hc thng c th bt ngun t mt b mn khoa hc khc, song mt s b mn mi c lp, bt u lch s ring ca b mn.

GI THUYT KHOA HC
1. Vn khoa hc 1.1 Vn khoa hc (VKH) 1.2 Phn loi vn khoa hc 1.3 Cc tnh hung ca vn khoa hc 1.4 Phng php pht hin vn khoa hc

2. Gi thuyt khoa hc 2.1 Khi nim Gi thuyt khoa hc 2.2 Tiu ch xem xt mt gi thuyt 2.3 Phn loi gi thuyt 2.4 Bn cht logic ca gi thuyt khoa hc

1.1 Vn khoa hc
VKH (scientific/research problem) l cu hi trc mu thun gia hn ch ca tri thc khoa hc hin c vi yu cu pht trin tri thc trnh cao hn.
EX: Newton thy qu to rng t cy nh lut Newton C ph rng - Hin tng sinh l/bnh? NS4/8 t/ha

1.2 Phn loi vn khoa hc

V v bn cht s vt cn tm kim V v PP nghin cu lm sng t v l thuyt v thc tin vn bn cht s vt
EX: - pht hin ra gm Hong thnh Thng Long, cu hi thuc nin i no? (bn cht s vt) - Lm cch no xc nh tiu ch, phng php xc nh (PPNC)

1.3 Cc tnh hung ca vn khoa hc

C vn Khng c vn Khng vn Gi vn C vn khc C nghin cu Khng c NC Khng NC NC theo hng khc

1.4 Phng php pht hin vn khoa hc

Pht hin mt mnh, yu trong n/cC ca ng nghip Nhn dng nhng bt u trong tranh lun khoa hc Ngh ngc li quan nim thng thng Nhn dng nhng vng mc trong hot ng thc t Lng nghe li phn nn ca nhng ngi khng am hiu Cu hi bt cht xut hin khng ph thuc l do no

2. Gi thuyt khoa hc
2.1 Khi nim Gi thuyt khoa hc 2.2 Tiu ch xem xt mt gi thuyt 2.3 Phn loi gi thuyt 2.4 Bn cht logic ca gi thuyt khoa hc

2.1 Khi nim Gi thuyt khoa hc

Gi thuyt khoa hc (scientific/research hypothesis) l mt nhn nh s b, kt lun gi nh v bn cht s vt do ngi nghin cu a ra chng minh hoc bc b. Gi thuyt l khi im ca mi nghin cu khoa hc

2.2 Tiu ch xem xt mt gi thuyt

* Mt gi thuyt cn n gin, c th v r rng v khi nim
EX: NS ging mi ln hn 15% B hnh nh c g y, ti thy c v th Tui trung bnh ca nam/n

Gi thuyt da trn c s quan st Gi thuyt khng tri vi l thuyt Gi thuyt phi c th kim chng

2.3 Phn loi gi thuyt

2.3.1 Phn loi theo tnh ph bin ca gi thuyt Gi thuyt ph bin
EX: tri nng, oi bc s c ma, c cung s c cu

Gi thuyt thng k
EX: Ma 200mm/thng s pht sinh tuyn trng/caf i lm v mun n ln

Gi thuyt c th
EX: Ph n trn 50 tui d b ung th v, nam tin lit tuyn

2.3 Phn loi gi thuyt

2.3.2 Phn loi theo chc nng nghin cu
+ Gi thuyt m t
EX: L sc nng ca nc

+ Gi thuyt gii thch

EX: L mm long mng l do chung tri b bn

+ Gi thuyt d bo
EX: n 2020 do bng tan, TP. HCM ngp su 1 m

2.3.3 Phn loi theo mc ch ca nghin cu

+ GT quy lut, l gi thuyt trong NC c bn
EX: 15/thng triu cng nc ngp, ph tng

+ GT gii php, l gi thuyt trong NC ng dng

EX: Pasteur gi thuyt v gii php to ra s min dch bng cch tim vi khun yu

+ GT hnh mu, l gi thuyt trong trin khai

EX: Xy dng m hnh trnh din c hiu qu hn hun luyn l thuyt.

2.4 Bn cht logic ca gi thuyt khoa hc

2.4.1 Gi thuyt l mt phn on a. Khi nim: l mt hnh thc t duy nhm ch r thuc tnh bn cht vn c ca s vt. Khi nim c biu t bi nh ngha, bao gm ni hm v ngoi din ?
EX: Nng dn Trung b # Nam b? V: trng, p, ghen

b. Phn on: l mt hnh thc t duy nhm ni lin cc khi nim li vi nhau khng nh khi nim ny l hoc khng l khi nim kia.
EX: C ph l cy c hm lng cafein cao trong ht, bt ny c hm lng cafein cao c th l t ht c ph.

Phn on theo cht

Phn on khng nh Phn on ph nh Phn on xc sut Phn on hin thc Phn on tt nhin

S l P S khng l P S c l l P S ang l P S chc chn l P Mi S l P Mt s S l P Duy c S l P S va l P1 va l P2 S hoc l P1 hoc l P2 Nu S th P S khi v ch khi P

Phn on theo lng Phn on phc hp

Phn on chung Phn on ring Phn on n nht Phn on lin kt (php hi) Phn on la chn Phn on c iu kin Phn on tng ng

c. Suy lun: l mt hnh thc t duy, t mt hay mt s phn on bit (tin ) a ra mt phn on mi (kt ). Phn on mi chnh l gi thuyt C ba hnh thc suy lun: suy lun din dch, suy lun quy np v loi suy

c.1 Suy lun din dch

l hnh thc suy lun i t ci chung n ci ring. C hai loi suy lun din dch: Trc tip & gin tip Din dch trc tip gm mt tin v mt kt
EX: -1 tin : mi con vt nhim khun yu u c min dch vi th bnh do chnh loi khun gy ra (quan st) -1 kt : khi cho nhim khun yu, con vt s c kh nng min dch i vi cn bnh do loi khun gy ra (gi thuyt)

Din dch gin tip gm mt s tin v mt kt

EX : - Tin 1: mi sinh vt u theo qui lut sinh, lo, bnh, t - Tin 2: sinh vt A qua giai on lo - Tin 3: sinh vt A ang bnh Kt : sinh vt A s cht

 Tam on lun l trng hp c bit ca din dch

gin tip, gm hai tin v mt kt (tin khng )

- Tin 1: bnh AIDS gy gim cn nhanh v chc chn dn ti t vong - Tin 2 : Anh A ang gim cn Kt : Anh A chc chn cht - T 1 : Con Anh A chuyn n cp xe p/mi ngi u cht - T 2 : Nh Anh B mt xe p/con ch Cn va cht K : Con anh A n cp xe ca B/Vy con ch Cn l ngi

c.2 Suy lun quy np

l hnh thc suy lun i t ci ring n ci chung Qui np hon ton i t tt c ci ring n ci chung
EX: Pierre v Marie Curie nguyn t mi ng v phng x

Qui np khng hon ton i t mt s ci ring n ci chung

EX: Pasteur quan st n cu nhim khun yu th nghim v kt khng bnh v nghin cu ra vacxin

c.3 Loi suy suy lun i t ci ring n ci ring

EX: Th thuc mi/chut/kh ngi Pilot - extension

3. Kim chng gi thuyt khoa hc

3.1 Khi nim: Kim chng gi thuyt khoa hc chnh
l chng minh hoc bc b gi thuyt chng minh: s dng nhng phng php v quy tc logic (lun chng), da vo phn on c cng nhn (lun c), khng nh tnh chnh xc ca phn on cn chng minh (lun ). Ex: NS la lai 10 t/ha bc b: l chng minh khng nh tnh khng chnh xc ca phn on. Ex: NS la 5 t/ha, chng minh n 10 t/ha

3.2 Phng php chng minh gi thuyt 3.2.1 Nguyn tc chng minh - Th nht, lun phi r rng v nht qun - Th hai, lun c chnh xc v c lin h trc tip vi lun - Th ba, lun chng khng vi phm cc nguyn tc suy lun

3.2.2 Phng php chng minh Trc tip v gin tip

EX:

Ging cao su GT1 c hiu qu kinh t cao nht ti Vit Nam. - Thng k ghi nhn nng sut ging GT1 bnh qun 10 nm l 2t/ha, cc ging khc t 1,5 t/ha (LC l thuyt) - Th trng cao su trn th gii lun cu vt qu cung v m cao su GT1 lun c mua vi gi cao hn ging khc 15 USD/T (LC thc tin) Chng minh trc tip l php CM tnh

ca gi thuyt rt ra t s ng ca lun c

ng

* Pht trin cn ti nguyn di do - Trc quan nim: PT kinh t quc gia ph thuc ti nguyn - Nc pht trin, ngho ti nguyn (Japan, Singapore) - Nc giu ti nguyn, nc ngho chm PT (Chu Phi) * Mun tng nng sut cy la cn p dng 3 gim 3 tng - KQ nc nng sut gim 200 kg/ha i vi chn rung s dy, bn nhiu phn v phun nhiu thuc tr su (3 tng) - Ti Philippin nng dn s dng PP truyn thng, khng bit 3 gim 3 tng nng sut ch t 3 T/ha - NC ca Vin la mn khi s tha, bn t N v phun t thuc tr su nng NS ln 30%. Chng minh gin tip l php CM tnh ng ca

lun c CM bng tnh khng ng ca phn lun

3.2.3 Phng php bc b gi thuyt

L CM ch r tnh khng ng ca mt phn on Chng minh bc b mt trong 3 yu t: hoc lun sai, hoc lun c sai hoc lun chng sai EX: Say ru khng tai nn p dng 3 gim 3 tng lm gim nng sut

4. Cac hnh thc cong bo cong trnh NCKH

* Kho lun khoa hc l mt cong trnh KH viet e mo ta, phan tch 1 s vat/hien tng hoac xuat 1 giai phap * Bi bo KH viet e cong bo tren tap ch, hoi ngh KH, tham gia tranh luan * Tng lun KH la ban mo ta khai quat toan bo thanh tu va nhng vn e ton tai lin quan en 1 cong trnh NC * Tc phm KH la tong ket 1 cach he thong toan b phng hng NC (tnh mi, tnh he thong, tnh hoan thien). EX: Luan van tot nghiep ?

CAU TRUC LOGIC CUA KHAO LUAN KH

gom 3 bo phan hp thanh

1. Luan e la mot phan oan can c chng minh Tra li cau hoi can chng minh ieu g ? Con h! 2. Luan c la bang chng (oc tai lieu, quan sat/thc nghiem) c a ra e chng minh luan e Tra li cau hoi chng minh bang cai g ?
Co 2 loai luan c: * Luan c ly thuyet la cac c s ly thuyet KH, luan iem KH, cac tien e, nh ly, nh luat, qui luat. Con goi la c s l lun. * Luan c thc tien la cac phan oan a c xac nhan, c hnh thanh bi cac so lieu, s kien thu thap t quan st thc nghiem.

3. Luan chng la cach thc, phng phap to chc mot phep chng minh, nham vach ro mi lin h gia luan c va gia toan bo luan c vi luan e. Tra li cau hoi Chng minh bang cach nao? Cac loai CM: * Luan chng logic bao gom chuoi cac phep suy luan c lien ket theo mot trat t xac nh. * Luan chng ngoai logic gom pp tiep can & pp thu thap thong tin

Lieu phap mi cha benh AIDS

Hien nay cac nha NC My va Uc hy vong rang lieu phap interleukin 2 se ngan chan c s phat trien va bien chng phc tap benh nhan HIV dng tnh (Luan e). Lieu phap nay chu yeu kch thch he mien dch e lam tang SLTB von a b nhiem HIV lam can kiet. Do vay, ay la PP cha tr hoan toan khac trc (Luan c ly thuyet). Lieu phap nay a c th nghiem trong nhieu nam qua cac BV tai Sydney, Melboure va thu c nhieu KQ tot (Luan c thc tien)

C S LY LUAN
CSLL la luan c ly thuyet c CM bi cac NC trc. Trch dan phai ung cho, ung luc Ly thuyet la mot he thong tri thc KH, cung cap mot quan niem hoan chnh ve ban chat s vat va moi lien he c ban gia s vat vi the gii hien thc ly thuyet gom cac khai niem, pham tru, qui luat ve s vat. Y ngha cua CSLL mn e CM gia thuyet - tiet kiem vat chat, thi gian, tai chnh - lam nen tang kien giai cho nhng luan c thc tien (thc nghiem)

TRNH T LOGIC CUA NCKH

- Bc 1. Phat hien van e NC (at cau hoi can c giai ap se a ra c cau tra li co the xac nh c phng hng NC) - Bc 2. Xay dng gia thuyet xac nh luan e nhan nh s bo ve ban chat s vat/hien tng. - Bc 3. Lap phng an thu thap thong tin, chon mau khao sat, d kien tien o, phng tien va phng phap - Bc 4. Xay dng luan c ly thuyet (CS ly luan) - Bc 5. Tthap d lieu luan c thc tien cua NC. - Bc 6. Phan tch va ban luan - Bc 7. Ket luan va ngh

Kt lun, ngh Phn tch, tho lun Lun c thc tin Lun c l thuyt Thu thp thng tin Xy dng gi thuyt Pht hin vn KH

LA CHN V T TN TI NCKH e tai D an e an Chng trnh

E TAI NCKH
e tai NCKH la mot hnh thc TC NCKH, c ac trng bi mot nhiem vu NC va do mot ngi hay nhom ngi thc hien. e tai nh hng vao viec tra li nhng cau hoi ve y ngha hoc thuat, co the cha quan tam hien thc hoa trong hoat ong thc te. D an la loai e tai co muc ch ng dung nhat nh vao i song kinh te & XH. D an oi hoi phai ap ng mot nhu cau a neu; co ky han va rang buoc ve nguon lc nhat nh. e an la loai van kien c xay dng e trnh mot cap quan ly / CQ tai tr e xin c thc hien mot cong viec nao o. se xuat hien nhng d an, chng trnh, e tai hoac to chc/hoat ong kinh te, XH Chng trnh la mot nhom cac e tai hoac d an, c tap hp theo mot muc ch xac nh. Gia chung co tnh oc lap tng oi nhng noi dung thc hien cua mot chng trnh th phai luon ong bo

Tn ti
BA KHNG NN 1. Lm dng t ch mc ch nghin cu 2. Bt u bng cm t c bt nh cao v thng tin 3. Th hin tnh qu d di, chung chung

1. Lm dng t ch mc ch nghin cu
ti: Nghin cu tc ng ca chnh sch, giao t giao rng n tnh hnh s dng t ca ng bo Mng, Dao ti huyn A, tnh B nhm gp phn nng cao i sng ng bo v bo v mi trng

2. Bt u bng cm t c bt nh cao v thng tin

Mt s bin php nng cao nng sut la lai ti huyn A, tnh B

Mt vi suy ngh Mt s bin php Bc u tm hiu Nhng vn v Nghin cu v

3. Qu d di, chung chung

ti: Hi nhp Thch thc, thi c Phn tch thc trng v nguyn nhn gy cht cy tiu ti Huyn C Chi, TP. HCM, nhm ra bin php phng tr tng hp cho cy tiu vng ng Nam b Bnh hi cy tiu ti Ph Quc

Bt u bng cm t tha khng c gi tr thng tin

Nghin cu chuyn i c cu cy trng vng T gic long xuyn

Nghin cu Nghin cu xut Kt qu nghin cu C s khoa hc Lun c khoa hc

Tn ti di
t ch nht, thng tin nhiu nht, key word

ti: Nghin cu quan h ph thuc gia sn phm ngoi g vi rng v con ngi v xut cc gii php thch hp gp phn ci thin, nng cao i sng ng bo dn tc Thi sau khi ng ca rng t nhin ti vng cao x T Bnh, huyn T Nng, tnh LS (57)

Trnh nhiu ca/th/m/l

ti: nh hng ca trnh hc vn ca ch h n tng thu nhp ca nng h x A, huyn B, tnh C.
Trnh hc vn ca ch h nh hng tng thu nhp nng h x A, huyn B, tnh C.

Hm cha nhiu key word

Nghin cu nh hng ca d lng kim loi nng n sinh trng cy trng v sc kho con ngi, v xut cc gii php thch hp hn ch nh hng v nng cao nng sut cy trng v an ton cho con ngi

Mc tiu/mc ch?

10 10 10

Mc tiu: Lm ci g?
ci ch v ni dung m ngi n/c vch ra nh hng n lc tm kim

- ng t xc nh nh gi xut tm ra chn ra nng cao

Mc tiu phi

SMART

Specific - C th Measurable - o c Achievable - Kh thi Realistic - Hin thc Timebound - C thi hn

Mc ch: nhm vo vic g? ngha thc tin ca n/c

Trng t ch mc ch nhm nhm gp phn, Qui trnh cngngh/nng cao kinh t/ci thin i sng/nng cao thu nhp/hiu qu mi trng.

Khach the, oi tng n/c, oi tng khao sat

* oi tng NC la ban chat s vat/hien tng can xem xet va lam ro trong nhiem vu n/c * Khach the NC la he thong s vat ton tai khach quan trong cac moi lien he ma ngi NC can kham pha, la vat mang oi tng NC * oi tng khao sat la mot bo phan u ai dien cua khach the NC c ngi NC la chon e xem xet. * Pham vi nghien cu la gii han trong mot so pham vi nhat nh (Gii hn)

 ti: Xy dng bin php hn ch ri ro tn dng ngn hng nng nghip Qun I. i tng NC: bin php hn ch ri ro tn dng Khch th NC: ngn hng nng nghip i tng kho st: ngn hng nngnghip qun I

 ti: Xy dng qui trnh canh tc cy ma nhp ni c ngun gc Thailand i tng NC: Qui trnh canh tc Khch th NC: Cc b ging ma nhp ni i tng kho st: B ging ma c ngun gc Thailand

PHNG PHP THU THP THNG TIN 1. 2. 3. 4. Phng php tip cn thu thp thng tin Phng php phi thc nghim Phng vn bn chnh thc Phng vn chnh thc

Thng tin
Phn loi thng tin nghin cu C s l thuyt lin quan n ni dung v i tng NC Ti liu thng k & KQNC cng b KQ quan st/thc nghim ca ngi NC

Cac phuong phap thu thap thong tin - K tha - Phong van - Quan sat - Th nghiem/thc nghiem trc tiep

PHUONG PHAP PHI THC NGHIEM

(Non-empirical method)

3.1 Tiep can tam ly trong PP chuyen gia 3.2 Phong van 3.3 Phng phap hoi ong

1. Khai niem 2. Quan sat khach quan 3. Phng phap chuyen gia (Expert method)

PHUONG PHAP PHI THC NGHIEM

(Non-empirical method) 1. Khai niem PPPTN la phng phap TTTT da tren quan sat nhng s kien a hoac ang ton tai ma khong co bat ky can thiep nao.

PHUONG PHAP PHI THC NGHIEM

(Non-empirical method) 2. Quan sat khach quan Quan sat khach quan la PP c ban e nhan thc s vat * QS co chuan b/khong chuan b trc * Khong hoac co tham d * Theo muc ch nam bat ban chat T quan sat * Theo muc ch x ly thong tin (mo ta/phan tch) * Theo tnh lien tuc cua QS (lien tuc/nh ky/chu ky/chng trnh)

3. Phng phap chuyen gia (Expert method)

tam ly trong PP chuyen gia/nong dan b, PP phong van c, PP hoi ong la a y kien en cac nhom chuyen gia e nghe ho phan tch (PP tan cong nao (Brainstorming): Nhom y tng, nhom phan tch) d, ieu tra bang bang hoi chon mau: ngau nhien, he thong, ngau nhien phan tang he thong phan tang, mau tng cum thiet ke bang cau hoi: Loai cau hoi va noi dung x ly ket qua ieu tra: Phan tch tong hp
a, Tiep can

X l thng tin
Thng tin nh tnh
S dng suy lun logic a ra phn on v bn cht s kin v qui lut M ha, s ha = SPSS

Thng tin nh lng:

thut ton thng k, Excel Bn s liu, s , biu (ct, bnh, tuyn tnh, phi hp)

Bi tp E TAI NCKH
Mc ch Mc tiu i tng nghin cu Khch th i tng kho st Gii hn