Electromagnetic Transient Analysis on a 400 kV Overhead-underground System

Hkctor G. Sarrniento, Senior Member IEEE, and Carlos Tovar G.

Abstmct--As part of a feasibility study to install a 400 kV double circuit system, this paper reports relevant results from an electromagnetic transient analysis to determine overvoltage protection in an overhead-underground system. All computer simulations were done with the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). Keywords--Modeling and simulation, electromagnetic analysis, lightning overvoltages, switching transients, arresters. transient lightning

Table I. Network configurations studied.

Electric energy supplied from:

Texcopo
r.3c0c0

Su00lv 10 SE Supply IIO SE1 .. . Madero via Lag0 vca OHTL +UGC OHTL UGC UCK

I. INTRODUCTION nderground cables are extensively used in high load density zones, as well as residential areas, in order to distribute electric energy at medium voltage. They are also applied at high and extra high voltage to transfer blocks of electric power, when overhead transmission is not acceptable for different reasons: technical, environmental and/or aesthetic. Expected load growth in the metropolitan area of Mexico City, in particular the northeast region, makes it necessary to build new infrastructure. Luz y Fuerza de1 Centro (LFC) has established the need for a new 4001230 kV substation, called SE Lago, and its associated electric transmission, to improve the availability and reliability of the electric energy in such region. Electric energy to SE Lago will be fed from a 400 kV double circuit taken from a loop of such voltage level that surrounds Mexico City. Due to the construction of a nearby new international airport, SE Lago has been designed to be gas-insulated (GIS). The proximity of the new airport also forces the electrical transmission to be underground for at least a portion of its route. Hence, along this 400 kV path, different configurations were studied: the whole trajectory underground or a combination of overheard line and underground cable. These 400 kV configurations studied are summarized in Table I.
Hector G Sarmiento (hsu@iie.org mx) and Carlos Tovar G (ctg@ie.org.mx) are with lnstituto de lnvestigaciones EICctricas, Temlxco, Mexico.

OHTL = Overhead transmission line UGC = Underground cable This paper describes the part of this project where electromagnetic transient performance is assessed. Transient overvoltage results were obtained for the following phenomena: m : Lightning strokes (back flashover and shielding failure) Underground cable switching Single-phase fault Open phase Switching in the GIS. II.
OVERVOLTAGES DUE TO LIGHTNING

Overvoltages due to lightning can be of two types [I]: 1) Back flashover. High current lightning that hits overhead ground wires or towers, can generate overvoltages of suflicient magnitude as to flashover the insulator string in the transmission tower. Due to the fact that most of the stroke current will flow into ground, the quality of the transmission tower footing resistance is of utmost importance in this case. 2) Shielding Failure. Lightning can strike directly one of the phase conductors, this is called shielding failure. The resulting surges will penetrate the underground cable thrn the phase conductors. The most severe condition will arise when these overvoltages are just below the breakdown level of the insulation string. What follows is a description of computer simulations for back flashover and shielding failure. A. Circuit analyzed. A 9 km 400 kV overhead transmission line and a 15 km underground 400 kV cable, which terminates in the GIS SE Lago, form the circuit.

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At the end of the substation, the 400/230 kV, 330 MVA transformer is represented with a capacitance. To establish a severe case, the transformer is unloaded.

2+

CABLE _---_

SE SF8

$20

-.-T--I 4 10

---, ___ 20 40 60 60

I 100

Rt (ohms)
---NoLk --ILh ZL A.

Figure I Circuit used for back flashover studies (SE=substatlon, T=Transformer, AP=lightning arrester).

Figure 2. Overvoltages at the substation transformer

Figure 1 shows the circuit used for the back flashover simulations. Circuit data is presented in Appendix A. R. Overvoltages caused by hackjlashover. As mentioned before, back flashover will occur when the voltage (due to lightning) between the phase conductor and tower exceeds the breakdown voltage of the insulator string. This value is I,4 17 kV for the 400 kV OIITL studied. Sensitivity to tower footing resistance (TFR).During back flashover, most of the stroke current flows to ground thru the tower and overhead ground wire. Lowering the TFR can reduce voltage surges appearing in the underground cable. As the TFR was varied from 10 to 100 ohms, three cases were studied: I 0 A base case with no protective scheme. One lightning arrester (L.A.) at the overheadunderground transition point (refer to Appendix A for the L.A. characteristics). Two L.A. An additional arrester at the GIS transformer.

Figure 3 shows overvoltage waveforms of the surges reaching the power transformer at the GIS with a TFR of 100 ohms.

\ \ --._--__ 0 1R 0.20 a, JWC?m.. n*

e@J 8.00

--R.OZ

0 0,

0.06

:.. R.&a it.18 8.12 0.14 Time sca,c: 10-t-3, s.

8.16

Figura 3. Overvoltages at the power transformer, wth TFR =: 100 ohms.

Figure 2 shows a graph of the voltage peak at the GIS transformer vs. the TFR for the cases described above. It is readily observed that a scheme consisting of two lightning arresters provides the best protection. The peak voltage magnitude recorded with this scheme is 786 kV. Even considering a 20% margin (common criteria used in insulation coordination) [2], the peak voltage falls below the transformer RIL, which in this case is 1,425 kV. If only one L.A. is applied, TFR must be kept below 40 ohms.

The three waveshapes are related to the three cases studied. The base case (no lightning arrester) obviously shows the highest voltage peaks. The lowest curve refers to the case of two LA. installed; one at the overhead-underground transmission point, the other at the GIS transformer. C. Overvoltages caused by shielding failure. A shielding failure occurs when a lightning stroke directly hits a phase conductor instead of the tower or overhead ground wire. For these studies, the stroke waveform has the following characteristics: 1.5/70 ps and a magnitude of 60 kA [2]. Table II shows the resultant overvoltages due to a shielding failure in the 400 kV line. Since TFR does not intervene in this phenomena, values presented in the table cover only the three cases already listed: base case without a LA., one L.A. at the OII-UG transition, and an additional LA. at the GE power transformer. Three values are presented for each of the three cases: overvoltage recorded at the beginning of the

0-7803-7287-5/01/$17.00 (C) 2001 IEEE

cable, overvoltage recorded at the end of the cable (entering the GIS), and overvoltage recorded at the GIS trail&former. Overvoltages due to shielding Table II. ransmission line
Lightning arrester in: 1 Cable 1 ;;;,
1415 195

failure
1 GIS 1 ;,ef.
2978

in the
1 1

Also presented are results in which a trapped charge remains in the cable. This simulates a re-energization of the cable shortly after a switching operation is performed. Table III illustrates results from previously described switching overvoltages. Table III Overvoltages in P.U. when energizing the circuit -

1 Cable 1 end [kV]

2610 1548

No LA. OIITL-UGC transition

I I

I I

I I

I I WI0 LA. With one LA. w/trapped charge, no [..A.

1.61 1.81 1.85

1 783
783

OHTL-UGC transition and at GIS Transformer

795

961

L-l

I 1 2.02

1.60

I 1 2.54

I.80

I 1 2.60

183

It is noted from observing the magnitudes in the previous table, that two lightning arresters provide an adequate protection against shielding failure. With only one L.A. installed, overvoltages recorded reach values of 1,548 and 1,783 kV at the end of the cable, and at the transformer terminals, respectively. Both of these values are greater than the BIL of such system, which equals 1,425 kV. For the case with two L.A., even considering a 20% margin, overvoltage magnitudes fall below the BIL of the system. III.
OVERVOLTAGE DLJE TO ILIGHTNING

A. Switching transients in tfze overflecrrf-unrlergrourzti 400 k V system. The circuit used for these simulations is shown in figure 4. In this figure, the electric circuit consists of 9 Km. of double circuit 400 kV overhead line, initiating from substation Texcoco. What follows is 15 km of underground 400 kV cable up until Lago substation.

From the previous table, the overvoltage calculated when installing on or two lightning arTesters (LA.) and having trapped charge is 2.167 p.u. (707 kV). This value is less than the Basic Switching Impulse Level that LFC specifies of 1180 kV. Even considering a 20% security margin (848 kV), one 01 two lightning arresters provide adequate protection. For illustrating purposes, Figure 5 shows the overvoltage waveshape at Texcoco Substation, when energizing the OHTL and cable with a trapped charge of -1.0 p.u. and without lightning arrester. In this case, and overvoltage of 660 kV is registered at Texcoco, and at the end of the UGC the value is 850 kV.

400 L&GO

xv

290

Kv AJEROPUERTO

Figure 4. Overhead-underground circuit fed from Texcoco substation. Figure No. 5 Overvoltage waveshapc when energizing 400 kV cable.

Transmission between Lago and Madero substations consists of a double circuit overhead line, 230 kV for 5.5 km. Energy delivery to Aeropuerto substation is thru a 230 kV underground cable, with a length of 5.0 Km. Similar to the analysis performed for lightning performance, a base case with no protection was used as reference. This base case is then compared to two others, conslstmg of one L.A. in the overhead-undergound transition point, in one hand; and a third case, consisting of an additional arrester at the GIS transformer terminals.

The next group of transient studies deal with the performance of the 230 kV portion of the OMTL-UGC system that originates in the Lago Substation and feeds Madero and Aeropuerto substations. Table IV shows results from these simulations, with overvoltages being recorded at Lago, Madero (MAD) and Aeropuerto (AER) substations.

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Table IV Overvoltages in P.U

:nergizi lg the 230 kV

MAD

OHTL to Madero substation, no L.A. UGC to Madero substation, no L.A. substation, w/trapped UGC to Aeropuerto substation, w/trapped charge, no L.A.

I .02

1.96 I.89

I .08

I .08

From the previous table, the maximum value observed is when the 230 kV UGC to Aeropuerto substation is energized (2.279 p.u.). This magnitude, with a 20% margin results in 5 14 kV, below the basic impulse switching level specified of 745 kV, and no additional protection is necessary. B. Single-phase fault. Single-phase faults were the next group of disturbances analyzed. Results are presented in Table V. Table V. Single-phase faults (19-f) in the 400 & 230 kV transmission system I OHTLI+fat : TEX MAD AER MO
UGC I .78 End of 400 kV OHTL End of 400 kV UGC Start of 230 kV OHTL Start of 230 kV UGC I .67 I.81 I.14

Figure 6. Overvoltage waveform for a single-phase fault at the end of the UGC.

C. Open Phase. Last group of studies refer to having an open phase in the 400 kV transmission system. Results are shown in table VI. Tabla No. VI Open phase in the 400 kV system.
Open Phase No L.A. Two L.A. TEX I .06 I .05 OHTLUGC I.98 I .67 &to I.98 I .6?

Application

of two lightning arresters limit overvoltage at

Texcoco and Lago substations, as well as in the overheadunderground transmission, The resulting overvoltages do not harm the equipment insulation. Figure 7 show the overvoltage present at the end of the UGC with an open phase in the overhead transmission system. Maximum overvoltage without a lightning arrester is 648 kV.

I.71

I .86

1.87

I .26

I .32 I .32

I .39 I .39

T
I .40 I .40

I .56

I S6

All resulting overvoltages from single line faults, both at 400 and 230 kV levels, are below the insulation level of the underground cables. When the fault is cleared, overvoltage in the faulted phase reaches 592 kV, while in the other phases the overvoltage is 386 kV. For illustrating purposes, Figure 6 shows the overvoltage waveshape from a single-phase fault at the OHTL-UGC transition .

Figure 7. Overvoltage a! the end of the 400 kV UGC with an open phase in the OHTL.

Lightning arresters will limit overvoltages, but cannot completely damp out temporary overvoltages. These surges can have a long duration and their magnitude may be close to the L.A. rating [2]. These conditions influence the capacity and thermal stability ratings of the L.A. to be selected.

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Therefore, determination of magnitude and duration of temporary over-voltages is important in arrester selection. Temperature rise due to temporary overvoltages will determine thermal stability in the unit. If temperature at the zinc oxide block is greater than the design temperature, the unit can be destroyed. Temporary overvoltage capacity in the L.A. must be greater than the expected magnitudes in the system. IV. SWITCHING TRANSIENTS IN THE 400 KV SYTEM WITH
UNDERGROUND CABLE

Results from the previous table show that none of the overvoltage magnitudessurpasses the GIS BIL, which is 1050 kV, even considering a 20% margin in insulation coordination. Nevertheless, it is noted that the overvoltage present at the transformer terminals increases its magnitude when the length of the connecting cable is also increased. VI.
CONCLUSIONS

The circuit analyzed in this case consists of a 400 kV underground cable for the whole length (24 Km.), from Texcoco to Lago substations (refer to figure 4). The 230 kV system remains the same. Results from simulating different events are shown in Table VII. TableVII. Overvoltages in p.u. with the circuit consisting of cable from Texcoco to Lago.
Event 1 Energizing UGC w/o L.A. Energizing UGC w/LA. Energizing UGC, charge, w/o L.A. witrapped TEX MW MAD AER 1 ----___ I.31 I

1. The following table shows the maximum overvoltages recorded when the protection scheme with two lightning arres;ers described before is applied. These overvoltages are compared with the insulation level used in the equipment. Table IX. Summary of maximum overvoltages
Event Backflashover Overvoltage I 163 Insulation level I 425

1 I .55 1 1.74 1 --I .58 1.99 I .68 1.73 2.41 I .84 --___ I .24

Single-phase fault at the end of the cable

Overvoltages appearing at Texcoco and Lago substation are practically the same for the first two events, since their magnitude is not enough to make the lightning arrester work.
V. SWITCHING TRANSIENTS IN THE GIS

Overvoltage transient simulations in SF6 substation [X] consisted of energizing buses at the 400 kV level, and transformer energizing with two configurations: Gas insulated ducts up to the transformer, and electric connection between SF6 and transformer by way of a short length of underground cable. Results are presented in Table VIII. The length of the cable connecting the transformer is varied from 20 to 80 m. Tabla VIII. Overvoltaee within GIS rkV1
Transf. energization Without L.A., SF6 1 BI 1 812 1 1 B2 367 1 1 Ap. 679 1 T 1 654

Both for back flashover and shielding failure in the lightning performance analysis, overvoltages are controlled with the installation of two ZnO lightning arresters: One at the overhead-underground transition, the other at the terminals of the GIS power transformer. Both units at a voltage level of 400 kV. With a protective scheme consisting of two lightning arresters, no damaging overvoltages were recorded when switching the 400 kV underground cable. In fact, results do not show a clear difference when using one or two L.A. An adequate lighming performance of the electric system under study requires the application of a second lightning arrester at the power transformer terminal in the GIS. It is recommended to install this L.A. as close as possible to the transformer terminals, since the protective margin will be reduced if the distance between the transformer and arrester is increased.
VII. APPENDIX A

This appendix lists the main data used in the studies described in this paper. a) Short Circuit equivalents Table X. Three-phase and single-phase short circuit le vels.
Substation Texcoco Teotihuacan Madero Pee 39 (MW) I2 891 16412 I3 I86 Pee 19 (MW) 14 331 t1;vt-l 14666
.&.,

X/R I i 14.8 l!?Lt 16.7

2 _T

1 1

1 1

With L.A., 40 m. With L.A., 60 tn.

With I A 80 m

762 761 748

363 359 358

623 630 631

625 629 631

Pee = short circuit power

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b). Overhead transmission line parameters Table XI Line uarameters in units/km

Table XIII includes typical inductances and capac$ances of SF6 insulated components, used in this study.
I.\ I

IVoltage [kV]

Parameter

I 1 1

,A\

Sequence I 1 1

Rn L mHy. C pF. R!Z2 L mHy. C pF.

0.3565 3.3810 0.0070 1 0.3290 3.2170 0.00713

0.02660 0.86900 0.01344 0.02690 0.98500 0.01184

Table XIII. Inductances and capacitances for the different components of the GIS
400 kV Equipment Cap.

Id.

c). Underground cable parameters. Table XII shows cable parameters used in the calculations. These parameters represent a 230 and 400 kV XLPE underground cable for three different conductor sizes. It is assumed that cables are transposed each 715 m. Table XII. Cable parameters in units/m.
Voltage CTs PTs Bushings Cable terminals 50 100 200 80 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24

VIII.
Sequence 0 244 67.0 -_103 85 ---

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Ikl
230

Area [mm] 2000

Parameter RpR WL ptn C pF. R@ WL l.tR c pF.

+
14.5 215 270. 19.7 225 190

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of C. Crowley, G. Ibarguengoitia and M. Mariscurrena from Luz y Fuerza de1 Centro (Mexico City) for their technical support during these studies. IX. REFERENCES [II 121
Ragaler K. ed Surges in hiah voltage networks, Plenum Press N.Y., 1980 Hileman, AR., lnsultation coordination for Power Svstems, (New York: Marcel Dekker), 1999 Electromagnetic Transients Program Reference Manual (EMTP Theory Power Power), prepared by H.W. Dommel for Bonneville Administration, P.O.Box 3621, Portland, OR, 97208, U.S.A., August 1986. Marti, L., Simulation of Electromagnetic Transients in Underground Cables using EMTP, IEE ZND International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management, Dec. 1993, Hong Kong, p. 147. Jun Ozawa, et al ., Lightning surge analysis in a multiconductor system for substation insutation design, IEEE Trans. , PAS-104 1985, p. 2244-2254. Bul-Van, Q., GBeaulie, HHuyn, R.Rosenqvist, Overvoltage Studies for the StLawrence Rtver 500 kV DC Cable Crossing, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.6., No.3, July de 1991, p.1205. Wedepohl, L.M., C.S. Indulkar, Switching Overvoltages in Long Cross bonded Cable Systems using the Fourier Transform, IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol.PAS -98, No.4, July/August 1974. Simms, J.R., Overvoltage Protection of Gas-insulated Substations, GEC Review, Vol.4, No.2, 1988, p.100 Thue, William A. ed., Electrical Power Cable Engineering, (New York: Marcel Dekker) 1999. X.BIOGRAPHIES Hector G. Sarmiento (M1975, SM90) was born in Mexico City. He has a M. of E. from Rensselaer Polytechnique Institute (Troy N. Y.) and a Ph.D degree fron Concordia University (Montreal Can.). He works for the lnstrtuto de lnvestigaciones Electricas since 1978 in the areas of analysis of transmission & dtstrtbution systems. Carlos Tovar G. was born in Mexico City. He has a M.S. from Instituto Politecnico National (Mexico City) .). He works for the Instituto de lnvestigaciones Electricas since 1987 in the areas of analysis of transmission & distribution systems.

400

1600

1 !

ICpF.

_--

216

]31

d). SF6 Substation Data For the studies concerning switching within the GIS, the following substation layout was used. This layout corresponds to the 400 kV bay of the Lago substation
(41

]51

bl
]71

PI
191

Figure No. 8 Layout of SF6 Lago substation at 400 kV.

The GIS has a breaker and a half layout. Voltage transformation consists of three single-phase 330 MVA units. For the purpose of electromagnetic transient analysis, each unit is modeled by a 6,000 pf capacitance.

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