You are on page 1of 52

i

Table of Contents
Sn Contents
Foreword List of Abbreviation Suggested Steps for Preparing VAP for Water Security under NRDWP (I to vi)

Page

1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2. 1.4.3 2. 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.8 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Guidelines for Developing Village Water Security Plan Why Community Participation in Village Action Plan? Relevance of Community Participation by Using PRA Exercise The Purpose Operational Instructions on Interactions Before Interaction During Interaction After interaction Preparation and Tools Required with Methodology Tools Required During the Development of VAP in Village Methodology of the Social Survey Listing and Mapping Sample Procedure and Sample Size Tools and Techniques of Data Collection Desk Study Technical Study Training and Orientation Team Composition Activities Carried out During Piloting of VAP for Water Security Institutional Survey (Physical features of the village) Detail of Existing Water Sources Data Entry, Analysis and Interpretation Water Demand Assessment Analysis of Water Requirement Day Three: Community Meeting to Review and Select Options Report writing

1 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 18

ii

10. 11

Constraints Faced During Piloting Suggested Future Course of Action Annexure (Different formats)

19 19

iii

Suggested Steps for Preparing the Village Action Plans for Water Security under NRDWP
Ref : The methodology adopted in the recent PHED-UNICEF-IIHMR pilot VAPs for Tonk and Rajsamand districts.
S. N
1

Activity

Brief Particulars

Methodology

Remarks

Advance Preparation
Collect available secondary information/data /documents on similar type of study about the village Demographic data like population, number of households, Social composition of population and other details from latest census. GT sheets, Patwari Khasra map, village revenue data sheet, name and contact numbers of panchayat members, VWSC members (if existing), teacher(s) and other prominent persons from PanchayatSamiti/Panchayat,/Patw ari office. Existing water supply system, water quality reports, rainfall data, tanker supply details if any from PHED. Watershed management and other development details from the concern department. The agency having experience in water sector/village action plan, understand the social dynamics of the village and community participation concept with good analytical ability supported by a technical team. The workshop can be divided into two phase. In first phase that is morning sessions, Presentation on the NRDWP guidelines, steps to be followed in preparing the VAP, how to collect the water sample and to do water quality test and discussion on the questionnaire and check list on FGD. In the afternoon sessions (second phase) the participants can be divided into several groups for groups work in which they can be asked to collect preliminary information about the target villages, finalize social and technical survey formats, finalize Discussion with the Sarpanch of the village for general details, available maps with PHED/GSI/Patwari, village details available in the revenue record data base, village details as per other development programmes like SSA, TSC, Pulse Polio, Anganwadi,, RIFMP, NRDWQMS etc., preparation of indicative village map with above details, source/water body details from GWD/WRD/PHED/local inquiries. During the initial contact with Sarpanch and other PRIs members, one must try to develop good rapport with them. It will help in developing VAP in a smooth manner involving the community.

Core Activities
1

Identify and appoint an agency (Good NGOs) who can carry out the above work with required sociotechnical input. Organize one day orientation workshop at district level on the concept of VAP as per NRDWP guidelines for the official of PHED, WRD, and PRIs of the district in the presence of ACE and District Collector if possible..

Follow the TORs for selection of NGOs.

Workshop covering presentations by resource persons, group work with special reference to the target villages, in-depth interaction with the sarpanch concerned.

PHED-UNICEFIIHMR template and social formats in annexure of Step by Step methodology

iv

the date of study, Each group will then present the finding. In the concluding sessions the participants is free to ask any questions/doubts related to VAP so that they can support the study team in a better way and be a part of the team.

I & II Day Activities at the village


Activities team by social House to house survey and numbering, as per the sample size drawn Complete the social survey format by doing house to house survey. Human and cattle population Measurement of roof top area Water storage capacity in each household Institutional survey Focus group discussions Socially excluded groups Existing water management Difficulties and desires of villagers on water issues Collect a historical account of the village wrt water Preparation of social map of the village Visit to the local schools for propagating RWH and involving students and teachers in rain water harvesting Assessment of private tankers procured by the villagers, if applicable Assessment of illness due to water from the village ANM, Agwanbadi center or survey. Hold village level meeting wherein facilitate villagers to come out with there aspirations as to the desired water systems Facilitate them to come out with what they can contribute towards the execution, O & M Form the VWSC, if not already existing having at least 30% women, and representation of all segments of the village, with consensus of all present. Explain the role and responsibilities of VWSC. Also explain the future course of events in implementation of - Sarpanch / patwari / gram sachiv / teacher /important persons of village to be preferably accompany during the survey - IEC material on water and sanitation can be displayed at strategic locations. - The villages of the district can be divided into four category as per the latest cenus. Ist up to nd 250 hh, 2 will be in rd between 250 to 500, 3 in between 500 to 750 th and 4 will be from 750 and above. In the second stage, the stratified random sampling of 25 percent or 100 whichever is higher is proposed with a maximum limit of 200 hh to be surveyed. In case of village less then 100 hh, 100 percent hh to be surveyed It is necessary that the concerned JE/AE and hydrogeologist, chemist should present Along with the NGOs team and participate. In VAP. For details please refer page 9 to 16 of Step to Step methodology VAP documents

Also refer the questionnaire and checklist from Step to Step methodology VAP documents attached in the annexure

Activities by technical team (water supply engineer, chemist and surveyor)

NRDWP. Note down names, cell numbers of VWSC members, and other important people. Draw minutes of the meeting, write down initial options suggested by community, and get it signed by VWSC members and important persons. Promise them and give a tentative rd date for the next visit (i.e., 3 day) scheduled after 1-2 weeks. Request VWSC and community to continue the dialogue within the village and come out with their definite version on water options and village contribution. Take photographs of important locations, meetings, groups Locating all water sources like HPs, TWs, Baoris, anicut, nadi, river, RWH (if any) etc in the near vicinity which are in drinking water usage or can be used. Assessment of yield, seasonal variation, water quality Measurement of roof top of pacca houses in the village Village map survey of streets, levels, buildings, landmarks, water source location and level and GPS coordinates Correlate the house numbers and with the locations/landmarks social survey Testing of the samples at the site only Certain percentage of samples to be sent to PHED lab for confirmation Checking water quality of private tankers Support the social team in village level meeting disseminating information on NRDWP facilitates the community to express their options. Explain the role of community as envisaged in NRDWP as to selection of option, execution, O and M and augmentation. Take photographs of water sources and other locations Analyze the social survey data

- Setting up a temporary field water quality lab in the village (using field test kits) - Using theodolite / plane table or total station survey. - Using GPS equipment for recording the coordinates.

Desk work (2-weeks)


Social Team - Suitable statistical For details please

vi

Technical Team

and information Bring out inferences which may describe the village further wrt water and its use General indicators health, economic, education, social factors, water collection, role of men/women in water management etc Work out demand, gap, and different options for water security. Related health hazards from the data collected Summarize options expressed by community and communicate the VWSC. Intimate the VWSC members about the time and place for the rd 3 day meeting. The time should be such that most of the villagers are available for the meeting. Prepare village map in AutoCAD, get a copy ready for display on the third day Mark levels, locations, house numbers, GPS coordinates, water sources, natural streams, institutions and other landmarks Also print the water quality results with up-date on the map Printing some of the characteristic village photographs on the map shall make it more meaningful Work out tentative estimates and O & M cost with labour and material components for the options suggested by the nd community on the 2 day meeting. Also prepare a standard chart of sizes, designs, costs for various suitable capacities of RWH structures / GLRs / pipelines, pumping etc. Prepare a display water quality chart for the village with excessive parameters duly marked, get an enlarged copy ready for display rd on the 3 day village meeting

software preferably Statistical Package of Social Survey (SPSS) may be used for data analysis - Cross inferences may be drawn so that the community may understand their own village in a new perspective of water management (e.g., water collection Vs Caste )

refer page 13 to 16 of Step by Step methodology VAP documents

3rd day activities at the village


Social team Fill in gap of data/information if needed Collect additional information, if required It is necessary that the concerned JE/AE and hydrogeologist, chemist

vii

Technical Team

Before the village level meeting begins, have a consultation with the VWSC members Send a message across the village again for the meeting st In the meeting review the 1 and nd 2 day outcome, share the water quality report, consequences with community through the technical team, display the report and the village map, explain the map, review the earlier options suggested by the villagers, discuss their cost/feasibility and sustainability options. Motivate people to opt for community RWH, wherein socially coherent group of people can connect their rooftops to a common tanka. This will suit better than individual tanka as far as funding is concerned. When groups formed pin point locations for the tankas. Add more people to VWSC if community demands. Assign designation/duties to the VWSC members in their consultation. Explain what next, like bank account, role of VWSC and community Let everyone speak out, Especially women and try to reach a consensus on the acceptable, sustainable and affordable water option with help of the technical team. Inform them the tentative cost of the option agreed by them and cost/labour share per household agreed by the community. Explain the O&M cost after the execution of the work and share per household per month. Draw minutes and get the same signed. Collect remaining (left over) details, if any. Support the social team in the village level meeting as regards technical information, costing etc on the options discussed in the meeting. Support social team in explaining the water quality reports and the village map to the community.

are present and participate along with NGOs team

For details please refer the Step by Step methodology of VAP at page 16 to 18

viii

Desk work after the 3rd day meeting


Both the teams Prepare social report and executive summary. Prepare population projection (preferably 15 years or less), designs, estimates and drawings for the final option selected by the community. Prepare O & M cost estimates Add a chapter on how to ensure sustainability of source in future and suggest actions, which though, are not part of the present VAP. Suggest methods and actions so as to prepare and strengthen the community to construct, own and O&M the water system. Prepare execution plan and bar chart of the activities. Clubbed and combine all the above documents to make the VAP in order of the chapters e.g., Title page, index, executive summary, report, final options, justification of options selected, minutes of the final day meeting, important photographs, population forecast, design, estimates, O & M details and costing, Execution Plan and bar chart, Suggested future course, drawings and village map. List of materials, rates and source need to be mentioned too. In order to reduce the bulk, a separate volume of common documents and drawings, minutes of the meetings, formats etc can be made. and It will be a submission from the VWSC, by way of willingness in the signed minutes. As per the procedure discussed so far, the VAP shall be submitted through the AE/EE concerned to the CE-SP for its approval by the competent authority. - The final options have to be agreeable by the community, simple and affordable, suitable to local conditions, local construction materials etc. - The VWSC is the key agency in the whole exercise and is to be strengthened in its capacity. So special provision for its capacity building needs to be made. PHED will play a key role in providing technical guidance at each step. Long term measures for source sustainability need to be incorporated as a future course of action. For details please refer the Step by Step methodology VAP

Submission approval of VAP

ix

1 Guidelines for Developing Village Water Security Plan


As per NRDWP Guidelines 2008-2012 issued by Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, Department of Drinking Water, following are the major concern for preparing the Village Action Plan (VAP)-water security to all. a) To provide every rural person with adequate water for drinking, cooking and other domestic basic needs on a sustainable basis. This basic requirement should meet certain minimum water quality standards and be available at all times, in all situations, in which it is readily and conveniently accessible. b) Water is a public good and demand for basic drinking water needs is the fundamental right. Involvement of the community at the individual household level in the decision making process about its usage is therefore a necessity for ensuring sustainability of the system at the village level. c) Shifting of the role of Government from service provider to the role of facilitator d) To move from over-dependence on one source of drinking water to the conjunctive use from several sources, viz. ground, surface water and rainwater harvesting including recharge/ roof water collection and bulk transfer through pipelines. e) Level of service should be linked to the issue of demand, commonly expressed through users basic need for a particular level of service and satisfaction at every household level on sustainable basis. f) Community should develop its own village water security plan taking into consideration the present water availability, reliability and its different usage and equity. g) Women generally manage domestic water, and an essential ingredient of community participation is to improve womens involvement in the democratic decision-making process. Since women are the principal beneficiaries of this programme and are pivot around which sustainability is evolved, it is of critical importance that women are involved at all the stages of planning, implementation and management of rural water supply schemes. Womens

associations could provide a strong framework for community participation. Prominent women from the habitation should be represented in the Village Water & Sanitation Committees. h) While planning for drinking water security by the community it is important that the National Rural Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Programme is integrated into this plan to ensure drinking water quality standards. i) To understand the water and sanitation disease burden, its remedial measures of National Rural Health Mission should be under taken. j) For the community to function as an organization it is important to make Village Water and Sanitation Committee (whose members should be s/elected in Gram Sabha) fully functional and effective VWSC should be made a standing committee of the Gram Panchayat. k) Village Water and Sanitation Committee (VWSC) can out-source the development of water supply scheme to the agency of its own choice after consultation with the community preferably at Gram Sabha. This would enable the community to obtain a higher quality of service and minimize capital and maintenance cost, through competitive selection of service providers among existing public and private agencies and other organizations. l) Gram Panchayats or its Sub-committee i.e. Village Water & Sanitation Committee (VWSC) is fully responsible for planning, implementation, management, operation and maintenance of the rural water supply systems. m) Village level planning including water budgeting is the key factor in ensuring optimum utilization of water. n) Appropriate institutional support is required to facilitate the process of preparation of Village Action Plan (VAP), which is to be prepared with the full involvement of village community with the help of NGOs. o) Village Action Plan will be prepared, which inter alia will include the demographic, physical features, water sources, and other details of the village; available drinking water infrastructure and gaps; proposed work to augment the existing infrastructure and water sources; funding by dovetailing various funds available at village level and requirement of funds from rural water supply programmes. p) The VAP will also have details of management, operation and maintenance of the systems and sources. q) Based on all the VAPs of the districts, the District Water Security Plan will be prepared.

xi

r) Under the District Water Security Plan, all in-village work will be carried out by the Gram Panchayat or its sub-committee i.e. VWSC whereas bulk water transfer, treatment of water, inter-village distribution, water grid, etc. will be handled by the State Government and or its agencies/ public utilities. s) The District Water Security Plan will be implemented and funds from different sources/ rural water supply programmes will be dovetailed and NRWSP funds will also be utilized. t) The funds available under NRWSP (Sustainability) Swajaldhara component will be used for funding of Village Action Plans for in-village infrastructure. u) Other NRWSP funds viz. coverage, water quality, DDP Areas, etc. can be used for bulk water transfer, treatment plants, distribution network in addition to in-village water supply infrastructure and augmentation of drinking water source

1.1.

Why Community Participation in Village Action Plan?

Community Participation is a process in which poor and marginalized are motivated to come together as a collective and form a common unit or organization (Village Water and sanitation committee VWSC) to mainstream the society and prepare Village Action Plan-Water security for all.

1.2.

Relevance of Community Participation by Using PRA Exercise

The importance of community participation by using PRA exercise challenges the prevalent notion amongst development administrators and professionals that the rural poor are ignorant. Secondly, it encourages participation in the analysis of water problems and the formulation of possible solutions by rural communities themselves. This is an essential requirement for successful planning, particularly in the context of Village Action Plan-Water security for all.

1.3.

The Purpose
To create space for the deprived communities and to assert themselves through joint action and initiatives in preparing the VAP

Enhance confidence level of the community Bringing attitudinal change Increasing self awareness as well as the awareness of the community

xii

Active partners in processes of planning, implementation and management of the water supply system.

Be empowered enough to come out of dependency syndrome on PHED Increasing efficiency and enhanced effectiveness Better capacity to manage and negotiate (operation and maintenances) Better targeting of benefits to the poorest, SC/ST and the socially marginalized groups. Help to secure sustainability Improving the status of women Cost effectiveness Sustained the change and the need for accurate and timely information It advocates that the people themselves are "Solution Agents" for their problems Reduces down the normal time {consuming long methods of survey which consumes the much needed resources and that gives results after a long time.- The method is cost effective, accurate and timely

1.4.

Operational Instructions on Interactions

The following suggestions would be helpful to ensure a conducive environment for participatory learning. The suggestions contain actions required before, during and after the interaction with village community.

1.4.1

Before Interaction
Meet the people with an open and frank mind. Tell them who you are and why you have come here. Build up personal rapport with people. Identify persons who are willing to share their experiences Show full interest and enthusiasm. Always begin the interview by relaxing the tension of the respondents by asking general questions and setting the climate for discussion. . Select a suitable place for the interview. Sit down with the people on the same floor.

1.4.2

During Interaction
Listen carefully Show empathy

xiii

Be patient Intense and careful observation is most important Do not interpret, suggest or prescribe Be polite, gentle and accommodative Try to adjust with people's convenience Head nodding during interview either in approval or in disapproval should be avoided as much as possible. Try to follow existing social customs of the village, e.g. remove shoes at the doorstep before entering the house, avoid smoking in front of the elders, and wish the elderly persons with Namaskar (Folded Hands). Do not insist too much upon the women members of the family who are reluctant to talk directly or sit in middle of a gathering. They generally participate in discussions through male members sitting in the foreground.

Participate whole heartedly. Accept villagers offer of hospitality. There is no point in getting impatient or becoming too much inquisitive when the villagers discuss amongst themselves in their own local language which we may not understand easily. Other villagers who know our language would love to translate it for us. Lead towards sensitive and important issues using open ended questions.

Allow time for reflection and organisation of the answers to the group Take detail note of the answers and on the process of discussion and information generation. Quick sketch of subject under study or innovation of the villagers may be drawn. Individuals try to dominate the discussion should be prevented carefully. Intervene politely, comeback to the original discussion and provide opportunities to everyone. Do not prolong the focus group discussion unnecessarily. Revolve the discussions around the main issue without blocking spontaneity. Change of topic should be smooth Use Kiplings seven servants: What, When, Where, Which, Who, Why, How to rephrase questions. During the course of interview the interviewer should not move out without intimating the group formally.

1.4.3

After Interaction

At the end of the interview/discussion all the persons must be thanked individually by the members of interviewing group for giving time and sharing their experiences. Sit down with all the members and record all the informations collected and the process of information generations.

xiv

2 Preparation and Tools Required with Methodology


To develop the Village Water Security Action Plan (VAP) following preparatory steps were required before initiating the development of plan in the village.

2.1

Tools Required During the Development of VAP in Village


a) VAP Template with required quantity of survey formats for village profile and household survey b) Checklist for Focus Group discussion c) Topographical maps of the area d) Revenue map of the villages e) Information on demographic and geological parameters of the area f) Information with regard to annual rain fall of the area

g) Local surface and ground water sources, usages, yield and reliability. h) Field Testing Kit (FTK) for testing water quality parameters of various water sources i) Guidance note for how to develop the village action plan with all the required information on process, technological design and estimates. j) Chart papers, pen ,pencils, erasers, scale, staplers, calculator etc

2.2

Methodology of the Social Survey

Methodology of the study plays a major role in designing any social survey which can be used for planning in a scientific manner. Following strategy was followed while doing the village action planwater security for all as per the new guidelines.

2.2.1 Listing and Mapping


Each and every household of the village were listed with a unique identification code number like WS1,2,3etc. During this house listing operation the team was followed the left thumb rule from the entry point of the village. It implies that the team was started moving from left hand household first and only followed the left hand rule, always went to left and left till they finished the listing of every household. Later on with the help of the villagers by the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises, the village map, earmarking each and every households and main land mark and water source points have been marked. It was commonly known as social mapping. In the mapping, technical survey as well as during households survey the same identification numbers were adopted.

xv

2.2.2 Sample Procedure and Sample Size


The villages of the district can be divided into four categories. Ist up to 250 hh, 2nd will be in between 250 to 500, 3rd in between 500 to 750 and 4th will be from 750 and above. In the second stage, the stratified random sampling of 25 percent or 100 whichever is higher is proposed with a maximum limit of 200 hh to be surveyed. In case of village less then 100 hh, 100 percent hh to be surveyed Measurements of roof top in 100% pucca houses in the village have been taken to calculate the potential of future rain water harvesting. Three Focus Group discussions (two with women and one with men and socially exclusive groups) involving the community has also been done. Historical trends (last 20 years) by the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) of water were the part of FGD.

2.2.3 Tools and Techniques of Data Collection


In the above exercise one need a combination of quantitative and qualitative data. For quantitative study, semi structured questionnaires (please refer annexure 1 and 2) was constructed on the basis of the objectives of the study. Pre-testing of the questionnaire before applying in the actual field had been done in one of the similar nature of villages having similar socio-economic condition and water status during the training of investigators. During pre-testing of the questionnaire, some modifications were suggested and the same were incorporated in the final questionnaire. Individual interviews from households were carried out with the help of these questionnaires. Quality testing of the existing water sources with the help of potable water quality Filed Test Kit (FTK) has also been done from each and every functional water sources. All water sources were marked by unique code and the water samples were collected in proper manner. Three FGDs has been done to reflect the opinion of the community for comprehensive water security plan after knowing the historical trends and the problems of water from quality and quantity points of view. Methods Technique information Tools of Quantitative and qualitative collecting Desk study

Listening and interrogating informants


Village Assessment Questionnaire for identification and quality check of all water sources (functional and non functional)

Household Questionnaire to know the people perception on the quantity, quality and access to

xvi

water to find out the gap between availability and requirements as per the norms of RGDWM.

Technique for analysis

FGD with women and Males Computer based data processing in Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)

Transforming quantitative data

qualitative

information

into

2.2.4 Desk Study


The core team has also carried out the following besides the above survey. Review of analysis of secondary data relating to quality and quantity water of the blocks, districts and state.

Review of state water policy and operational guidelines (NRDWSP)

2.2.5 Technical Study


The technical study comprises of total station survey, topographical survey, GPS co-ordinates of water sources present status of the water sources including source sanitation survey, water quality test and the operational situation of the water sources.

2.2.6 Training and Orientation


To carry out the above study, an intensive training of the investigators for three days including the pretesting of questionnaire have been done. Besides the core team of IIHMR, resource persons from UNICEF and PHED have also contributed with their rich experiences. The detailed discussion on field procedures, data collection and recording was the part of the training. Besides, one day orientation was also been organized in the District head quarters where all the Sarpanch and gram sevak concerned of respective Panchayat, Additional Chief Engineer of the concern region, all the SE, Executive engineers, local NGOs and UNICEF officials have also participated. The main objective of the district level workshop was to orient all the partners and to have a common understanding on how to prepare the Village Action Plan water security for all.

2.2.7 Team Composition


The following members were found facilitated community in developing the village action plan for water security during piloting at Tonk and Rajsamand

xvii

Social Team

Five or more numbers of trained field investigator (both males and females) depending upon the numbers of households in the village for two days in a village.

One Supervisor and one PRA expert for doing FGD and community meeting.

Technical Team

One surveyor One technical resource person One chemist Village/Panchayat facilitator working for NRDWQM&SP (If found). However the person was not found during piloting.

The above team worked in the supervision of the water expert of NGOs at the village level.

2.2.8 Activities Carried out During Piloting of VAP for Water Security
Total duration for the village led activities was of three days.

Day One and Day Two: On the first two days following information were collected with complete
participation of the community: Physical features of the village including listing and mapping involving villagers Demographic profile of the village which includes: Population and number of households Population characteristics (education, caste, religion etc) of the villagers Village segmentation Existing status of the water sources/usages/quality Assessment of PHED supplied water tankers and private tankers procured by the villagers, if applicable Key informant interview Household survey (Including 100 percent roof top measurement) Focus group discussion Community meeting

xviii

Institutional Survey (Physical features of the village)


The village level institutions like Panchayat Bhawan, Anganwadi center, Schools, Community center were also visited to assess the water status of the different institutions and the potential for future augmentation. Special focus was given on the possibilities of roof top rain water harvesting.This was to list out the various facilities available in the village i.e. educational institutions, hospitals, banks etc and there status. The facilitator also record the present status of Village Water and Sanitation Committee (VWSC) in the village. If the VWSC was not formed or ineffective, then facilitator, facilitate the process of formation of VWSC on second day.

How This information has been collected by an investigator along with supervisor by visiting various institutions available in the village and by interacting with head of the institution. The investigator informed all institutional heads about his/her purpose of visit and also extended invitation for village level community meeting on the second day. The venue and time was also informed. The facilitator also revisited PRI members and enquire about the VWSC, if VWSC was found functional, then s/he recorded the names of the members with designations and visited few members to ascertain the effectiveness of the VWSC (though in none of the surveyed village VWSC was exist). If VWSC was not formed then, s/he requested PRIs to form it in village meeting. The facilitator informed the importance and roles and responsibility of the VWSC in water supply schemes. Who The information was collected by one investigator along with supervisor and was recorded in the relevant format of the village action plan. When As stated earlier the above mentioned were carried out during first and second day of the survey.

Detail of the household survey

In household survey following major points have been covered. For details please refer questionnaire in annexure. Household size Cattle population Caste and religion and economic status Main source of water (drinking and other) Accessibility to water source

xix

Person responsible for water collection Measurement of roof top area Water storage capacity in each household Water collection points Water availability, water demand and water gap assessment for individual household and probable solutions as per the perception of the individuals Details of existing water sources Willingness to participate and financial contribution for the capital cost as well for operation and maintenance

Technical Survey
Locating all water sources like hand pumps, tube wells, open wells, Baoris, anicut, nadi, river, RWH (if any) etc in the near vicinity (within or close to the village) which were found in drinking water usage or can be used in future. Assessment of yield, seasonal variation and water quality Village map survey covering streets, levels, buildings, landmarks, water source location, level and GPS coordinates Correlate the house numbers and locations/landmarks with the social survey Testing of the water samples at the site only and finding the chemical like PH, Hardness, Chloride, Turbidity, TDS and bacteriological factors Certain percentage samples were sent to PHED lab for cross check and re-confirmation of the test results. Checking water quality of private tankers (water import from outside source of the village)

How This village level information has been collected from Panchayat Secretary and Sarpanch as per the record available and from the key informants as well. The team of NGO facilitator used this opportunity for introducing themselves to PRIs and informing them about there purpose of visit with schedule and requested PRIs for extending their support for conducting the various activities in next three days. The facilitator discussed the process with PRIs and fixed a suitable time and venue for the community meeting on second and third day.

xx

The household survey as per the stratified random sampling has been done by the investigators. (details of which is mentioned above) Who The information have been collected and recorded in the relevant format of the village action plan by the investigators. The quality of the information was cross checked by the supervisor and water expert of NGOs.

Detail of Existing Water Sources

What This was carried out to list the various water sources available in the village to ascertain their present status with respect to functionalities, water quality and quantity. The information was collected by the NGO facilitator and technical agency/resource person jointly. They were taking help from the

village/Panchayat facilitator working for NRDWQM&S, hand pump mechanic of Panchayat and technical resource person if exists. The information from each source was marked on the Topo sheets. A sanitary survey of each source was also carried out. How The facilitator prepared a list of all the existing water sources (functional, non functional, traditional sources used previously, agricultural sources etc). Along with technical expert/ surveyor team, he visited each water source and performed following tasks. Who This information was collected by NGO facilitator with the help of the sarpanch / village mistry/ patwari / key informant etc. The purpose of NRDWP was explained in the village level meeting. Photographs were taken. Contributions agreed was noted and the minutes of the village level meeting were drawn When Interacted with the community available near by the water source to ascertain the effectiveness and use of water source, mostly in case of traditional sources. With the help of Village facilitator and field test kit (FTK), water testing was done and parameters were recorded. Water availability per day was calculated by taking help of technical expert and community perception. The facilitator allotted a unique identification number to each water source and informed these identification numbers to other facilitators who have done the household survey.

xxi

The above mentioned activities were carried out during first and second day. Community and VWSC was requested to continue the dialogue till the teams come again for the third day meeting after about 2-3 weeks.

Data Entry, Analysis and Interpretation

Between second and third day of the survey all the collected data (quantitative as well as qualitative) was processed. Following steps were taken, (i) Editing of the collected data Collected social data was edited and scrutinized by the supervisor of the team to ensure the quality of the raw data. (ii) Data entry The edited data was entered in special designed CSPro software by the data entry operators (iii) Data Cleaning Entered data was again cleaned by the team members of the IIHMR to maintain the quality of the data (iv) Data analysis Data was transferred to SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) and analysed to achieve the desired results. Frequency tables and bi-variate analysis were carried out and the results of the same were presented in contingency tables. To observe significant statistical association between two variables Chi-square test was applied. (v) Data interpretation As stated earlier the results of the analysed data were presented in the contingency tables. Besides, pie diagram and bar chart were also used to present the results. (vi) Population projection In addition to the above mentioned a population projection for each and every village considered for this piloting was also carried out. The same was done for the next fifteen years, which will help the policy makers to assess the maximum demand of water for the entire village including human and cattle. The formula used in this projection was exponential rate of growth and denoted by, P t2 = P tl ert (i) where, P t2 is the size of population at time t 2

xxii

P tl is the size of population at time t l r is the exponential rate of growth at which the population is increasing between the time periods t and t 2 ; and t = t 2 - t l = the time interval between P t1 and P t2 From (i) we get, P t2 / P t1 = ert So, log e P t2 / P t1 = rt log e e = rt So, rt = (log e * P t2 / P t1 ) => r = (log e * P t2 / P t1 ) / t Therefore, P 2024 = P 2009 * er * 15 P 2024 = (Projected population)
l

Water Demand Assessment

What The water demand of each and every household of a particular village was collected by the trained investigator of the social team during first and second day of the survey. In addition the list of the individual preferences for a sustainable solution to achieve water security at household level was also collected during the survey. How This information was collected by the team members of IIHMR. The members were found visited each and every household and collected information pertaining to water demand and its plausible solution. The facilitators was also informed each house hold about the community meeting and its time and venue. Who The information was collected by NGO team members. When Information with regard to water demand, gap and individual preferences were collected during first and second day of the survey. The facilitator was updated the community about the various technological options, their

feasibility and O&M, to facilitate the community in developing their preferences.

Analysis of Water Requirement

At the end of day two, all the facilitators were sitting together and compile the information. The village action plan template was completed, and the following analysis was conducted between second and third day meeting.

xxiii

The purpose of this analysis was to identify the present situation, water demand and gap, with probable solutions as offered by the community. This information was put on a large chart by the facilitators and was shared with the community during the village meeting on day three. a) Total number of households in the village as per survey b) Total number of households which did not have water security for drinking water in a year. What is the gap (For how much days the water security was not available)? And if the house was found pucca, the area of roof in square meter. c) Total number of households which did not have water security for other purposes in a year. What was the gap (For how much days the water security was not available)? d) Total number of water sources available in the village as per survey e) Number of functional water sources available in the village as per survey f) Number of non functional water sources available in the village as per survey

g) How many of the non functional sources can be repaired/rejuvenated h) Number of water sources failed in water quality parameter and can not be used for drinking. Individual water source was analysed. i) Number of traditional water sources available in the village , how many out of them were presently being used , for which purpose, how many out of them were not being used but can be revived, what was the quality of water? j) Total number of institutions and their individual pucca area

k) Water availability for complete village combined (Drinking and other purposes) as well as separate (Drinking and other purposes) and gap as per the survey l) Probable solutions as offered by the community in percentage and as per priority.

m) Topography sheet showing habitations, streets, position of existing water sources and slopes was also prepared. This will help community in selecting options. Geological and ground water level data should be available with facilitators for informing communities regarding feasibility of option with regard to source sustainability.

xxiv

Day Three: Community Meeting to Review and Select Options

On third day, a village meeting was organized and participatory technique was used for facilitating communities in developing the village action plan. The sequence or steps are being provided below; Respective VWSC members, PRI members and the PHED personnel were contacted well in advance and informed about the meeting Venue and timing of the meeting was also decided earlier If VWSC was not functional or did not exist, or not formed in 2nd day of meeting then facilitator as per the guidelines facilitated community in formation of VWSC and informed the roles and responsibility of VWSC to the community. Identified problems with the help of analysed data was mentioned to the villagers in the meeting Detail discussion with regard to the water problem was carried out during the meeting The facilitator shared the information regarding analysis of water requirement (availability of water, its quality, gaps and future requirements for next 15 years). With the help of trend analysis matrix, the facilitator entered into the dialogue with community so that community could understand the reasons of present situation. The facilitator (PRA expert) selected the discussion points as per the condition of village. The facilitator listed out the probable solutions as offered by community with total estimate and their contributions (during piloting villagers agreed to contribute 10 to 30 percent on the water supply schemes and also agreed for operation and maintenances of the same) with detail plan and sketch in village plan as per the priority. Facilitator explained the technical and financial details for all the options selected by community (Source sustainability, feasibility of the option, geological conditions, capital cost, O&M cost per year, rain water harvesting capital cost and management cost at institutional and individual level, differential use of water etc) to the community and VWSC. Based on the discussions the VWSC finalised the options at village and individual level. The finalised options were listed out by the facilitator with details of capital, management and O&M cost and their mechanism. The rules for equitable distribution of water to every individual in the village was framed and discussed.

The community and VWSC finalised the mechanism of management and O&M of the source and schemes and equitable distribution of water and was found agreed to share the

xxv

responsibility. The rules formed/mechanism developed was a part of village level action
part.

Facilitator then informed the following in the third day village meeting
He informed about the salient features of NRDWP and informed community that Government is committed for providing water security to each house hold for entire year. Government is committed for good quality water for drinking and inferior quality of water for other uses and ready for installing schemes as per community aspiration. All village level work will be carried out by the Gram Panchayat or its sub-committee i.e. VWSC. VWSC have to open a joint account of three persons in which one should be female. The mechanism of management, operation and maintenance of the schemes and sources by VWSC and community and mechanisms for equitable water distribution should be prepared and followed

Minutes of the meeting was drawn there itself and the agreement on Village Action Plan was approved by VWSC.

Report writing

As stated earlier, the data was analyzed in Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). Further, the results were mainly described through contingency tables. Besides, bar chart and pie diagram were also given as per the need. Univariate and bi-variate analysis were carried out to obtain the desired results. Chi-square tests were applied to observe the association between two variables. Besides, the report of the particular village, a separate common report covering all the villages was prepared. The common report comprises, different technical designs and cost estimates. During report writing following chapters have been written to provide important findings of the village.

Executive Summary Background Objectives Methodology of the social survey Listing and mapping Sample procedure and sample size Tools and techniques of data collection Desk study Technical study Training and orientation

xxvi

Background of the village and its profile Major findings of the village survey, household survey and FGDs Findings from village level survey Findings from household level survey Demographic profile Social characteristics of the villagers Sources of drinking water Sex wise distribution with regard to collection of water Type of houses Distribution of households according to cattle population Total daily demand of water for drinking and cooking Total daily shortage (gap) of water for drinking and cooking in peak period Total daily demand of water for other uses of human and cattle Total daily shortage (gap) of water for other uses of human and cattle in peak period Total daily shortage (gap) of water in peak period Population projection Existing water source, water availability and water demand Existing water supply and assessment of sources Sanitation status of the water sources Present and projected water demand sources Present water demand and supply Projected water demand Suggested option and combinations Proposed water supply for water security Operation and Maintenance Cost Operation and Maintenance Schedule Outcome of the community meeting Formation of village water and sanitation committee Village water and sanitation committee Role of village water and sanitation committee Role of women Drawing and village map

10 Constraints Faced During Piloting


During the piloting of village action plan, following constraints were faced by the team members; In all the 20 villages, VWSC was not existed. The team had to form the VWSC in all the villages. In some villages PRI members were not active and also not actively involved in VAP The majority of the villages of the Rajsamand were found having five to 15 hamlets (Dhani) and therefore, it was a challenge before the team to complete the survey within stipulated time.

xxvii

In addition it was also a hard task to mobilize all them to attend the meeting for the preparation of VAP People of Hathungarh were not ready to contribute any share for the implementation of VAP, as they were found really poor and most of the males were found migrated for their livelihoods. More involvement of PHED local officials was found required during piloting. More time was required to change the behaviour of the people pertaining to source of water (ground to rain water harvesting)

11 Suggested Future Course of Action


Approval of the Village Action Plan by the competent authority within time. Opening of the bank account and collection of the village share by the VWSC. Timely release of the government share as first instalment. Orientation and training workshop for the concerned PHED engineers. Orientation and training of the VWSC members regarding record keeping, accounting, contract management, roles and responsibilities, construction and operation and maintenance, assessment and collection of O & M funds. Awareness campaign and IEC for the village in general including the school. Formation of users group and self help groups for managing water systems. Promoting community and individual household RWH systems. Strengthening and empowering of the VWSC to take up management of water supply and sanitation. Ground water recharge measures for sustainability of sources. Promotion of recycling and reuse of water/waste water. IIHMR and CCDU can be deployed as State Nodal Agency (SDA) for preparing, implementing, training and capacity building as well as monitoring of VAP for the entire state.

xxviii

ANNEXURE
Village Questionnaire Sanitary Inspection Forms Household Questionnaire Format for Village Action Plan

xxix

xxx

xxxi

xxxii

xxxiii

xxxiv

xxxv

xxxvi

xxxvii

xxxviii

xxxix

xl

xli

xlii

xliii

xliv

xlv

xlvi

xlvii

xlviii

xlix

li

lii

You might also like