Tensile Testing Two Week Project Laboratory Experiment #4

MET231 Laboratory

Using the MTS Machine Before coming to class go to http://www.hpcnet.org/virtual-lab, read all the material and view all the movies. Then take the lab quiz, which is located on the WebCT class homepage. If you wish to run the MTS machine during the lab period you must have a passing grade on this quiz. Report Requirement TEAM industrial style report is due after the completion of this two-week laboratory. Include in the report a discussion as to how these data would be used in engineering design. In the result section: (1) provide the 0.2% offset yield, the tensile strength and the strain to fracture for the alloy specimens tested by all three sections of the MET 231 laboratory. Also provide the mean and standard deviation for the experimental data. (2) Plot a graph of a typical stress-strain curve with significant areas of the graph identified. (3) Use the extensometer data in the elastic part of the stress-strain curve to compute the modulus of elasticity. (4) Provide a calculation of the work hardening constant n using data from one of the tensile tests. (5) Calculate the work done from the start of the test to the UTS for one of the tensile tests. Recall from PHYS 211 that work is defined as: w = F(t)dl
lo lf

Equation 1.

where, w is the work done in Joules, F is the applied force in Newtons lo is the initial sample length, and lf is the final sample length in meters. Because the force, F (t), and length, l (t), are both tabulated as a function of time, this area can be computed using simple numerical methods presented in MATH 123. If you graph the data using a

modified form of Equation 5, the approximate area under the load-elongation curve can be computed using geometry. If you choose to use (t) and (t) in Equation 5 or 6, the resulting units are energy per unit volume. In the discussion section compare these data with data found in the literature. Discuss the significance of the suggested computations and engineering applications. Draw any conclusions possible based on these results and other information found in the literature. Week 1: Collect raw tensile data for aluminum and steel alloys. Each student will pull to failure, in the MTS machine, 2 to 4 tensile samples. Each team member will email his or her tensile test data in an Excel document. The Excel file must have the tabulated computation of stress-strain, true stress-true strain; contain a table summarizing the 0.2% offset yield stress, tensile strength (TS), fracture stress and total strain at fracture within three days. These data will be tabulated for all specimens tested, by the team members and published for class use before the second weeks laboratory session. Week 2: The second week of the laboratory project is provided for organization of a very large data set. The instructor will be available to help organize the data in a professional format. Objectives The primary goal is to prepare the data for publication in the scientific literature. Know which ASTM standards are used for the tensile test. Know how the tensile test is used to establish mechanical properties. Know the use of the tensile test in quality control. Know how the tensile test is used to measure engineering and scientific data such as strain hardening rates, modulus of elasticity, 0.2% yield stress, tensile strength, fracture stress and energy to fracture a tensile specimen. Know how to compute engineering stress and strain and true stress and strain. Provide representative graphs for aluminum and steel tensile data. In the table summarizing the tests for steel and aluminum (about 45 sample each will be tested), provide the mode, mean, range and the standard deviation for the modulus, 0.2 offset yield stress, tensile strength, and engineering strain to fracture. For the above data provide a table and cite equivalent data found in the literature.

Published mechanical property data can be found in Metals Handbook.1,2 Published data on aluminum alloys and temper designations can be found in your textbook. Read pages 360-363 and 372. Numerous physical and mechanical property data can be found in several publications, including the Internet.3 Data found in material published by The Aluminum Association, Inc.,4 follows in Table I. Table I. Example of mechanical property data found for aluminum alloy 7075-T64. Alloy and Temper 7075-T6 Tension Strength UTS 0.2% Yield ksi ksi 74 63 Elongation Modulus percent in 2 in. of 1/16 in. thick Elasticity, ksi x 103 5 10.6

Introduction The tensile test is widely used for the measurement of basic mechanical properties of metals, plastics, and composite materials. The textbook5 presents the tensile test in section 5.3. The majority of test standards used by industry are found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.01. The most current publications are found in the reference section of the library. Older publication can be found in the library stacks. It is suggested each student review standards ASTM E 8 and ASTM E 646. Some the terminology and equations follow. l i l o l = Engineering Strain: = lo lo

Equation 2.

where, is the engineering strain lo is initial gauge length, and li is the instantaneous gauge length. F Applied Force Engineering Stress: = A = Initial Cross - Sectional Area . Equation 3. o

ASM Metals Handbooks, 8th edition, vol. 1-10 are located in the stacks, 9th edition, vol. 1-17 and 10th edition vol. 1,2,17,and 20 are located in the reference section of the library, TA 459.M43.
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ASM Metals Handbook On Line from campus computers only: http://www.asmmaterials.info Free materials property database: http://www.matweb.com/. 4 Aluminum Standards and Data, The Aluminum Association, Inc., 900 19th Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20006. 5 William F. Smith: Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, second edition, McGraw-Hill, 1993.
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li True Strain: t = ln = ln(1+ ) . Equation 4. lo F Applied Force True Stress: t = A = Instantaneous Cross - Sectional Area = (1+ ) . i Equation 5. Strain Hardening Coefficient: The letter n in the equation t = K n or log( t ) = log( k) + n log( t ). t Equation 6.

This equation uses data in the plastic part of the true stress-strain curve.6 If the data for the metal or alloy responds in a normal way, the graph of log (t) versus log ( t) is a straight line with slope n.

The Laboratory Experiment Each laboratory team must transfer the tensile test files onto each team members H-drive. Experimental load-elongation data will be collected using a 20 kip MTS machine.7 The data is collected using a file format readable using Microsoft Excel. Recording of data begins when the MTS machine operator pushes the run button. The test data found on the diskette has four columns. They are, time in seconds, hydraulic ram position in mm units, load in kN units, and extensometer output in mm units. The 25.4 mm gauge length extensometer can record a maximum change of length of 4 mm. After 4 mms the extensometer slips on the tensile sample surface. It is then necessary to use ram motion (column 2 of the data) to complete the load-elongation table. The loadelongation data can now be converted to engineering stress-strain and true stress-strain. These data can also be presented graphically using Excels graphic capability. A list of possible alloys, with an identified of thermal mechanical processing condition, available for this laboratory experiment are as follows. Steel Alloy - Condition 1018 - Hot rolled and Annealed 1050 - Hot rolled and Annealed

This function should be a straight line. It may be necessary to selected data in the middle range of the true stress-strain curve where uniform plastic deformation was observed. 7 MTS Systems Corporation manufactures mechanical testing equipment. Their web site is: www.mts.com
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4130 - Hot rolled, Annealed, Quenched from 840oC or Q & then Tempered at 400oC for one-hour Aluminum - Temper 7075 O and -T651 6061 O and -T651 2024 O and -T351