Activity 1.1.

1Aerospace Evolution (Moon Modified)

Purpose
The history of aerospace technology is abundant with major engineering achievements. Since the days of Leonardo da Vinci, people have been inventing vehicles to satisfy their desire to fly. In a short span of less than 100 years, history has seen the Wright Brothers first powered flight to voyages into space with the Apollo and the Space Shuttle programs. You will select, research, and present an invention that was important to the advancement of aerospace technology. Teams of two will be allowed, but if you work in a team, the work must reflect double the man hours. You will teach your classmates about your invention. Your presentation should last 3-5 minutes unless teacher permission is granted beforehand for additional time. Think about your lesson as an interactive museum display. Remember to engage your audience, hold their attention while teaching them the details, and then leave them with a sense of what might be next. If something isnt of any interest to you, it wont be to your audience either. Project Constraints Daily logs and all research recorded in engineering journal All least 4 sources (of at least 2 different types) cited in APA format A presentation (format of your choice - slideshow, video, etc.) and Wow factor (e.g. - physical model / props / physical poster / professional interview / hands on experience / brochure / demo) used 3-5 minutes for presentation

Your presentation must include the required information:

Explanation of the invention A timeline showing the history of the product Description of national / world events at the time of advancement or achievement (driving factors behind achievement) Description of major advancements that made the achievement possible When and where invented Who contributed to the original invention Materials used Video or image of advancement or achievement Media coverage of advancement or achievement Explanation of innovations (reasons behind improvements) *Use photos / sketches. Advantages and disadvantages of the invention compared to other forms of flight How this invention affects your world Most surprising aspect of invention

Project Criteria - Information is through, factual, and accompanied with visuals - Presentation is interesting and effectively delivered - Wow factor is creative and unique
Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2007 AE Unit 1 Lesson 1 Activity 1.1.1 Aerospace History Page 1

Aerospace Inventions and Innovations: The following websites will be useful in your research: Howstuffworks-How Hot Air Balloons Work: URL:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/helium3.htm Allstar Network -History of Flight Level 3: URL: http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/history31.htm American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)- History of Flight: URL: http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=260 Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum- Milestones of Flight - Exhibition Home Page: URL: http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/gal100.html Gary Bradshaw- To Fly is Everything: URL: http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/air_main.shtml NASA History Division: URL: http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/humansp.html

TOTAL OF 105 POINTS (Bonus built in :-D)

Topics Presentation required components X2

15 points
Presentation included all required items: - Introduction - Title Slide - Required information listed in design brief - A reference page of at least four sources (Citations properly cited) - Conclusion All information documented thoroughly, clearly, and accurately AND Content is accurate, complete, and in students own words Presentation flows well; Format is professional; Proper spelling and grammar is used Presentation delivered within required timeframe; Good eye contact with audience; Appropriate posture and dress; No hands in pockets; No gum chewing; No filler words; Appropriate volume and tone; No direct reading; Presentation was enjoyable; Appropriate length Presentation is interesting, creative, visually appealing, and includes a unique Wow factor AND Team worked well together

13 points
Presentation missing some minor information item(s) OR Citations not properly cited Information acceptable

11 points
Presentation has gaps because of missing required item(s) OR Only two or three sources cited Some information is inaccurate / confusing / not summarized well

9 points
Information in presentation is incomplete OR Only one source cited Information is not based on research / incomplete / confusing Format needs improvement OR Many grammar / spelling errors Presentation significantly shorter / longer than required and / or delivery needs much improvement Presentation includes all required material but needs more creativity

Quality of Answers X2

Format

Some spelling / grammar errors exist OR Flow needs improvement Presentation slightly shorter / longer than required timeframe and / or delivery was acceptable Presentation includes a unique Wow factor but needs improvement with creativity, visuals, etc.

More professionalism needed

Presentation Delivery (your live performance)

Delivery needs some improvement

WOW Factor

Presentation is interesting and creative and contains visuals BUT a unique Wow factor not included

* If the minimum level is not achieved for a specific criteria, no points will be accumulated for that row. Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2007 AE Unit 1 Lesson 1 Activity 1.1.1 Aerospace History Page 2

 Aerospace History Research Topics: Activity 1.1.1 Aerospace Inventions, Innovations, and Innovators: a. Lighter-than-Air: Balloons b. Lighter-than-Air: Airships c. Non-Powered Aircraft: Gliders d. Engines: Internal Combustion e. Powered Aircraft : Pre-World War II f. Engines: Jet Engine g. Engines: Rockets h. Powered Aircraft : Fighters, World War II to present i. j. Powered Aircraft : Bombers, World War II to present Powered Aircraft: Commercial Aviation

k. Helicopters and Autogyros l. Stealth Technology

m. Unstaffed Aerial Vehicles: Remote and Automated Flight (Predator, etc) n. Manned Space Flight: Race for the Moon (Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo) o. Manned Space Flight: Research in Space (Space Shuttle, ISS, etc) p. Manned Space Flight: The Colonization of Space (Moon, Mars, beyond) q. Unmanned Space Probes r. History of NACA and NASA s. Other ideas?

Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2007 AE Unit 1 Lesson 1 Activity 1.1.1 Aerospace History Page 3

Bomber Craft
Carlos Ochoa and Jane Almond Aerospace Engineering Period A2 January 2013

Catapults

First described by the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus as a mechanical flying arrow catapult in 399 BC Widespread use occurred within one (1) century Possibly Greek in origin Used for thousands of years with little change Types: Ballista, Springald, Mangonel, Onager, Trebuchet, Coulliard Used as late as World War I in trench warfare

Cannons

Not a true explosive bomber, but did contribute to the development of later sea-to-land bombers First used in China in early 1200s One of the earliest forms of gunpowder artillery Very powerful and destructive Used in World War I & II attached to ships

Bomb Vessels
First true bomber Warships First used in 1600s Mounted heavy mortars firing explosive shells Not accurate Used in naval sea-to-land battle British Royal Navy made improvements by putting mortars on turntable; made aiming easier Sometimes replaced mortars with rocket launchers Continued use through 1800s

Birth of Aircraft
1900s started pilot controlled heavier-than-air craft 1903 Wright Flyer I produced sustained flight for 12 seconds and travelled 120 feet Set the stage for aircraft and later bombers

World War I Planes

Open cockpit Bi- or Tri-wing Doubled as fighters Very little carrying capacity Fixed wing Steel tubing or hardwood frames Covered with fabric Unstable and easily broke Limited engine power made bombers slower and made take-off harder with the extra weight of bomb(s) Covered with various fabrics (usually canvas or linen) dipped in flammable material that stiffened when dry Unstable and broke in mid-flight (especially during aerial maneuvers) or upon landing

World War I Zeppelins

Overshadowed the aeroplane for years Used for bombers and scouts Rigid airships with alloy framing and within the outer envelope were separate balloons filled with hydrogen (which allowed it to float) Originally designed for civillian transport, but they were later outfitted for wartime use

World War II

Higher carrying capacity Fly higher, longer, faster Gunner slots Mono-winged Categories of light, medium, heavy Famous bombers: B-29 Superfortress (top left) and B-17 Flying Fortress (bottom right)

WWII Light Bomber

Dive and torpedo bombers Jack of all trades Single and twin engine models Served as night fighters Some specialized ground attack aircraft Instrumental in securing key victories

WWII Medium Bomber

All major countries developed them 2 engines Most widely produced Much wider use Strategic and tactical

WWII Heavy Bomber

Long range Strategic 4 engines Britain and US excelled in these Used to bomb Germany and Japan repeatedly Dropped atom bomb

Atom Bomb

Codenamed The Manhattan Project Between 1939 and 1945, $2 billion spent on development Chief scientist: Robert Oppenheimer Developing scientists were divided on uses Bomb only tested once in New Mexico before being put to use Force of 20,000 tons of TNT Radiation continued to poison people, water, food, animals and the environment Dropped on Hiroshima on August 7, 1945 Dropped by the Enola Gay B-29 Superfortress Scientists did not understand the full extent of devastation, destructive force or aftereffects of radiation Hiroshima was an experiment Dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 by Enola Gay Due to clouds, bomb missed directly hitting Unknown exactly how many were killed by Hiroshima Two bombings combined makes for over 100,000 casualties immediately with more later from radiation poisoning Still argued if it should be added to the list of war crimes

Cold War

Lasted 1945-1991 Natural consequence of Russian Revolution and WWII Bombers were only way to carry nuclear weapons at start Low altitude to avoid radar Flew at high altitudes to avoid detection by air-to-air missiles When surface to air missile became capable of hitting high altitude targets, bombers flew at low altitudes and high speeds to avoid radar Standoff weapons designs allowed nuclear weapons to be fired from a distance and pilots could turn tail to escape blasts Bombers painted anti-flash white or left unpainted metal to reduce thermal nuclear absorption from blasts The need to drop non-nuclear weapons continued with non0nuclear powers such as Vietnam War and Malayan Emergency Slowed production of strategic bomber High cost of developed aircraft caused falling back on using modified or retrofitted older aircraft Nearly complete stop of brand new designs

Modern Bomber

Difference between Bomber, fighter-bomber and attack aircraft blurred More low level aircraft Ineffective fighters Many fighters used as bomb trucks Equipped with stealth tech Designed for long distance travel Able to do aerial refueling Sleeker design Many attack aircraft, even ones that look like fighters, optimized to drop bombs and not engage in aerial combat Now equipped with stealth technology Many attack aircraft, even ones that look like fighters, optimized to drop bombs and not engage in aerial combat

Sources

" The first bombers." Airminded. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://airminded.org/2009/07/27/the-first-bombers/>. "B-1B Lancer Long-Range Strategic Bomber - Airforce Technology." Airforce Technology. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/b-1b/>. "B-2 Spirit Bomber." Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://www.as.northropgrumman.com/products/b2spirit/index.html>. "B-58." B-58. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://www.b-58hustler.com/>. "Bomber Aircraft." Bomber Aircraft. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. <www.combataircraft.com/en/Military-Aircraft/Bomber/>. DECADE:. "Cold War Bombers." Military Factory - Military Weapons: Cataloging aircraft, tanks, vehicles, artillery, ships and guns through history.. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/cold-war-bombers.asp>. "Factsheets : Convair B-58A Hustler." National Museum of the USAF - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=382>. "List of all modern bombers aircraft.." All in fight in the world.. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://www.allinflight.com/aerei/aer_INGL/modern/aer_mobombers.htm>. "What started the Cold War? - History Discussion." Study Guides, Lesson Plans, Homework Help, Answers & More - enotes.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/what-started-cold-war-74725>.

Sources

Covington, William. Interview by Carlos Ochoa. Personal interview. 12 Dec. 2012. " WW I Bomb Sight Mark 1 A Mint condition and Boxed." Aircraft of World War II - Warbird Forums. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. <http://www.ww2aircraft.net/forum/world-war-i/ww-i-bomb-sight-mark-1mint-condition-boxed-31018.html>. 1947, and citing Stalin's efforts (amid post-war confusion. "Cold War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War>. "Airco DH.4 Biplane Day Bomber / Multi-Role Platform - History, Specs and Pictures - Military Aircraft." Military Factory - Military Weapons: Cataloging aircraft, tanks, vehicles, artillery, ships and guns through history.. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. <http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=448>. Bellis, Mary. "History of the Atomic Bomb and The Manhattan Project ." Inventors. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. <http://inventors.about.com/od/astartinventions/a/atomic_bomb.htm>. "Bomber - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber#1911.E2.80.931939>.