A RESEARCH PAPER

IN FULFILLMENT OF THE SUBJECT NSll

SUBMITTED TO: PROF. JOSEPH CHAGAS

SUBMITTED BY: KENNETH VON B. VILLA BLESSIE D. ESPANA

1.Identify the deepest hole. Where can we find it? How deep is it? What is the contribution of this project to our knowledge about rocks at different depths? Why was dripping stop.

KOLA SUPERDEEP BOREHOLE Kola Superdeep Borehole is the result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union on the Kola Peninsula. The project attempted to drill as deep as possible into the Earth's crust. Drilling began on 24 May 1970 using the Uralmash-4E, and later the Uralmash-15000 series drilling rig. A number of boreholes were drilled by branching from a central hole. The deepest, SG-3, reached 12,262 metres (40,230 ft) (2.21 leagues) in 1989, and is the deepest hole ever drilled, and the deepest artificial point on Earth.[1]For two decades it was also the world's longest borehole, in terms of measured depth along the well bore, until surpassed in 2008 by 12,289 m (40,318 ft) long Al Shaheen oil well in Qatar, and in 2011 by 12,345 metres long Sakhalin-I Odoptu OP-11 Well (offshore the Russian island Sakhalin).[2] ROCKS RESEARCH: The Kola borehole penetrated about a third of the way through the Baltic continental crust, estimated to be around 35 kilometers(22 mi) deep, reaching rocks of Archaean age (greater than 2.5 billion years old) at the bottom.[7] The project has been a site of extensive geophysical studies. To scientists, one of the more fascinating findings to emerge from this well is that no transition from granite to basalt was found at the depth of about 7 km, where the velocity of seismic waves has a discontinuity. Instead the change in the seismic wave velocity is caused by a metamorphic transition in the granite rock. In addition, the rock at that depth had been thoroughly fractured and was saturated with water, which was surprising. This water, unlike surface water, must have come from deep-crust minerals and had been unable to reach the surface because of a layer of impermeable rock.[8] WHY WAS DRILLING STOP: The project was closed down in late 2005 due to lack of funding. All the drilling and research equipment was scrapped and the site has been abandoned since 2008.[10] REFERENCES: Author: Roger Smith Title of article: Kola Superdeep Borehole Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Superdeep_Borehole http://englishrussia.com/2009/07/22/the-kola-superdeep-hole/ Date retrieved: ICDP retrieved April 8 2009

1.Is there another planetary system that contains a planet that can support life? What is the name Why are astronomers interested in finding this planet? Describe the characteristics of this planet?

GLIESE 581 g (zarmina)

REFERENCES: Author: NASA Title of article Potential Habitable Worlds Website: http://www.citizensinspace.org/2012/07/habitable-planetsstarships-and-space-settlement/ ttp://www.citizensinspace.org/2012/07/habitable-planets-starshipsand-space-settlement/ Date retrieved:

3.Why is a black hole being formed? Is a black hole a threat to our solar system

Formation and evolution: Primordial black holes are thought to have formed in the early universe, soon after the big bang. Stellar black holes form when the center of a very massive star collapses in upon itself. This collapse also causes a supernova, or an exploding star, that blasts part of the star into space. Scientists think super massive black holes formed at the same time as the galaxy they are in. The size of the super massive black hole is related to the size and mass of the galaxy it is in. A black hole can not be seen because of the strong gravity that is pulling all of the light into the black hole's center. However, scientists can see the effects of its strong gravity on the stars and gases around it. If a star is orbiting a certain point in space, scientists can study the star's motion to find out if it is orbiting a black hole. IS BLACK HOLE THREAT TO OUR SOLAR SYSTEM? Most black holes form when a star which is ten times more massive than our Sun runs out of fuel for fusion. This causes the star to collapse, explode as a supernova, and, if enough material is left over after the explosion, becomes what is called a stellar black hole. A black hole is an object with such a high density that even light doesnt travel fast enough to escape its gravity. Something that falls into a black hole can never escape, because nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. What would happen if one of these stellar black holes wandered into our solar system? Very Bad Things. The first indication we might get that something unusual was happening would be subtle changes in the orbits of the outer planets. These changes would be detectable at least by the time the black hole was a few hundred thousand times the distance between the Earth and the Sun.

REFERENCES: Author: Heather R. Smith/NASA Educational Technology Services Title of article: The Black Hole

Website: http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/blackhole http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole Date Retrieved: March 2 2006