COLONIAL IMPERIALISM AGAINST ISLAMIC MAGHRIB HARVESTED EARS: A PAIR OF ARAB EARS 10 FRANCS

Ataullah Bogdan Kopanski (Prof. Dept. of History& Civilization, IIUM) newly designed by Ismail Yurdakok ismailyurdakok@gmail.com

Synopsis: The so-called 'Islamic terrorism' is one of the major international policy issues debated and manipulated in the corporate media controlled by a small but MONEYED OLIGARCHY of virulently ISLAMOPHOBIC PLUTOCRATS. The last four Washingtn administrations (1992-2004) declared that 'Islamic terrorism' was/is the most dangerous peril the United States faced in foreign affairs. THIS DANGEROUS MANIFESTO OF NEW CRUSADE led in this time by the POST DEMOCRATIC AMERCANS against the 'OLD SARACENS' led by pre-democratic petty despots or visionary radicals sets framework within which discussion of 'Islamic terrorism' have proceeded ever since. But this manifesto is neither first and, unfortunately, nor the last declaration of PAX OCCIDENTALIS OF THE QUASI-CHRISTIAN WEST. French, Spanish, Dutch, Italian, and RusianCOLONIAL EMPIRES made similar declaration of war against Islam in the GOLDEN AGE OF EUROPEAN LIBERAL IMPERIALISM. They won their own first crusades but in the end they lost own empires built on the shifting sands of COLONIAL WAR FORTUNES. My paper focus on the French and Italian COLONIAL TERRORISM against the Muslims of Maghreb. The recent American invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq as well as the ATROCIOUS ZIONIST OCCUPATION OF PALESTINE eclipsed the French and Italian COLONIAL INHUMANITIES in the FEEBLE COLLECTIVE MEMORY OF MODERN MUSLIMS. My primary task of historian is not to ponder on the manipulated news or the POLITICAL CONSPIRACIES OF THE WEST and their client regimes, but to bring the present politics into accord with the facts. Thus, my paper is a concise chronicle of previous wars of the Enlightened West against the criminalized and dehumanized Mediterranean Muslims. The Muslim mujaheden led by the legendary Abdel Qader (1808-83 CE) resisted valiantly against the invading French armies in 1830s and the

famous Dagestani emir Shamil (1798-1883) against the Russians from 1829 to 1859, but treason and a lack support from the Osmanli State controlled by the Francophile freemasons led both the Algerian and Caucasian Islamic guerrillas to halt their jihad and accept the colonial rule of kuffar over Maghreb and Northern Caucasus. Imam Shamel died in exile at Maccah on February 4, 1871. (1) Abdel Qader died in exile at Damascus in the night of May 25-26, 1883.(2) Marshal Thomas-Robert Bugeaud's conquest of Algeria was unusually brutal even according to the low standards of colonial warfare. The aim of FRENCH 'LIBERATORS' OF ALGERIA was in the words of Louis Napoleon III, 'TO CIVILIZE, PERFECT AND GALLICIZE THE ARABS' . But the French barbaric destruction of the slamic character of the Maghreb was met with a ferocious resistance of the Muslim Arabs and Berbers. Officially, the casus belli of French invasion of Algiers on July 5, 1830, was so-called le coup d'eventail on April 29, 1827. Hussein, the Bey of Algiers struck the French consul Pierre Deval with his flay whisk in an outburst of temper, and the unpopular French king Charles X made this insult a convenient pretext for the war 'against the terror in Barbary Coast'. But in the end of July 1830, after three days of bloody street battles in Paris, his regime collapsed and the last Bourbon monarch fled for his life into exile. Unofficially, the reason d'etre of the full scale colonial invasion WAS THE SICK ECONOMY OF FRANCE AND ITS DOMESTIC POLITICAL TURMOIL. Begun as a oversea military expedition in order to divert French rebellious populace from the crisis at home, the occupation of Algiers became quickly a mass transfer of seized land into the hands of the semi-literate Catholic Maltese, Italian, Corsican Spanish and French impoverished peasants. General Bugeaud was a war criminal of Scipio Africanus caliber, but he was not a liar of the modern 'liberal' western mass-media type. He openly declared the goal of his conquest of Algeria in 1849: "...We not only fight armies, we also fight endowed interests. When we have beaten the hostile troops, we seize the centers of population, of trade, of industry, the customs, the archives, and soon the endowed interests are forced to capitulate. There is only one interest one can seize in Africa, the interest endowed in agriculture. I found no other way of subjugating the land to seize that endowed interest.."(3) The French occupiers seized the lands belonging to the Islamic foundations (waqfs) and the tribal lands which belonged to beyliks, and distributed them out among the Christian European colons. These primitive European colonists established residentially strictly segregated settlements, where they -united by the fanatical hatred of the Muslim Arabs- developed a typical colonialist mentality of besieged fortress. The Muslims were expropriated and forced TO WITNESS THE CONVERTING OF THEIR MOSQUES INTO CHURCHES. And the backbone of EUROPEAN

COLONIST ECONOMY in the occupied Muslim country came to production of wine (viticulture). The acreage of the Christian vineyard cultivation doubled at the expense of the Muslim food crops and pastures. This French viticultural revolution was forced upon the Islamic society where alcohol is banned. Within the year of 1839, land taxes tripled. Muslim rich traders and urbanities were ruined. PRIOR TO THE FRENCH INVASION OF 1830, ALGERIA WAS AN EXPORTER OF WHEAT TO FRANCE. The French Revolution 1789 was in fact survived thanks to Algerian wheat for which the French regimes refused to pay, even decades after the revolutionary terror and violence. The expulsion of French arrogant consul Deval was a moderate diplomatic retaliation for the refusal of payment of debt. (4) ALGERIA FROM AN EXPORTER OF WHEAT BECAME AN IMPORTER OF BREAD. Subsequently, her dependence on France was double, secured at the economic level; Algeria exported its wine which it did not need and she imported the wheat which her population desperately needed. (5) BUTCHER OF ALFERIA. In the beginning of the aggression, French troops established a military base and 'protectorate', but in 1840, the French republican regime ordered a total conquest and colonization of the entire Islamic land. General Bugeaud advocated a total destruction of Muslim social, political, economical and military infrastructure in order to protect the seized land for the Christian colons. By the spring of 1842, French artillery destroyed interior towns of Mascara, Tlemcen, Taza, Tegdempt, Boghar and Nedroma. By autumn, Bugeaud's troops had effective control of the highlands between Moroccan frontiers and Tunis. The 'Butcher of Algeria' wrote in his letter of September 20, 1842, to the French minister of war: 'I threaten with expulsion those tribes which revolted again, or refused to resist Abd al Qadir when he appeared in their territories... All their men, women, and children belonging to tribes which had violated their "sworn loyalty" shall suffer most severe of punishment...(My troops) shall terrorize Muslims who believed France would not exterminate them' (6) In his dictum issued on March 6, 1841, he advised the French settlers to establish trade with every subjugated Muslim clan. He believed that 'IT WAS ALCOHOL WHICH DESTROYED THE INDIAN TRIBES IN AMERICA, and it will be similar trade which subdues the Arabs.. every Arab who enriches himself will become our supporter' (7) The middlemen in the colonial trade between the colonized Muslims and the Christian colonizers were the Jews. In 1838, there were 6,065 Jews and 12,322 Muslims in Algiers. Oran was predominantly Jewish city. After the French invasion and mass exodus of the Muslim urbanites, the Jewish property speculators sold the abandoned Arab houses in Algiers, Blida and other major towns of the Mitidja plateau to the Christian settlers. (8) The Algerian Jews quickly adopted the French customs and language, and closely collaborated with the military administration. The

enriched Jewish family of Busnach monopolized the grain trade with Abd al Qader. Judah and Haim ben Durand skilfully cheated the Arabs and after several shams took money from from both the Frenchmen and the conquered Muslim clans. (9) By 1845, Bugeaud won "THE BREAD WAR" against Abd al Qadir's mujahedin. BURNING OF SEIZED GRAIN, SEIZING LIVESTOCK AND CUTTING DOWN OF FRUIT AND OLIVE TREES WAS HIS TRADEMARK. His tactics of scorched earth largely destroyed Muslim agriculture and forced the starving villages to surrender. 'WHAT ONCE HAD BEEN HILLSIDES TEEMING WITH RICH CROPS WAS TRANSFORMED INTO BLACKENED WASTELAND." (10) Bugeaud openly expressed his belief that 'TERROR AND TYRANNY' IS NECESSARY IN THE CONQUEST OF ALGERIA. (11) French troops intensified the war terror during the harvest days of may, when the Algerian Muslim peasants prepared themselves to collect the wheat from their shrinking fields. One of the French veteran of Foreign Legion, reported the French way of crackdown on the Muslim resistance: "WE DID NOT, LIKE BIBLICAL SAMSON, SET FIRE TO THE WHEAT FIELDS OF THE PHILISTINES (pre-Israeli inhabitants of palestine) BY DRIVING INTO 300 FOXES WITH BURNING TORCHES TIED TO THEIR TAILS, WE HAD THE EXPERIENCES OF THE PAST, AND THE NOBLE INNOVATIONS OF MODERN TIMES OVER THE ISRAELITE HERO.' (12) In the scorching heat of summer 1841, Bugeaud's TROOPS TURNED THE TILLABLE VALLEYS OF THE MITIDJA PLAIN INTO A 'SEA OF FIRE'. Similar terror was inflicted on the Muslims in the western vilayets of the occupied 'French Algeria'. (13) Marshall Saint-Arnaud, A BURNER OF THE BANU MENASIR' CROPS AND LIVESTOCK PROUDLY ENSURED THE GOVERNOR GENERAL THAT HIS TROOPS HAD BURNED 'ONE OF THE RICHEST ARABLE FIELDS HE HAD SEEN IN AFRICA, AND DESTROYED THE HOUSES OF UNSUBDUED TRIBES, DRIVING OFF THEIR FLOCKS, EMPTYING THEIR BARNS AND SENDING TO MILIANA ALL THE BARLEY AND WHEAT THAT CAN'. He was also one of the honest chronicler of the FRENCH COLONIAL TERROR. He reported to Bugeaud in January 1843 (After 170 years, French colonial terror today (January 2013) in Mali Republic and the same news are being heard from the region I.Y), that 'I will leave them no peace until they surrender'. With typical French sincerity, Marshal Saint-Arnaud informed his boss about 'pillaging and destroying everything on our path' to the village Haimda where: 'WE DESTROYED THE PICTURESQUE VILLAGE, AND BURNED EVERYTHING..We discovered heaps of bodies of whole families huddled together, frozen to death during the night. They were members of Bani Naasir clan whose villages and huts I had burned earlier.' (15)

According to the letters of one French chef de bataillon, Lucien-Franois de Montagnac, his valiant soldiers of the Western civilization ' DEMOLISHED, SCOURGED, HAMMERED, PLUNDERED, DEVASTATED, RAVAGED AND DESTROYED THE ARABS THAT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO IMAGINE TO WHAT EXTREMITY WE REDUCED THESE MISERABLE PEOPLE...WE TOOK THEIR FLOCKS, THEIR HOMES, THEIR CARPETS, ALL THEIR HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE, BRIEFLY SPEAKING, EVERYTHING THEY OWNED. THEIR WOMEN AND CHILDREN WHO FLED TO THE MOUNTAINS DIED OF COLD AND HUNGER. DURING THE PAST MONTHS (JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1842), WE SEIZED ALL THEIR WHEAT AND BARLEY...I PERSONALLY INSTRUCTED ALL MY SOLDIERS I HAVE NO HONOR TO COMMAND THAT IF THEY RETURN BRINGING ME AN ARAB STILL ALIVE THEY WILL RECEIVE A WACKING WITH THE FLAT OF MY SABER.' (16) In 1843, this champion of French chivalry ordered his uniformed thugs "TO KILL ALL THE MUSLIM MEN OVER THE AGE OF FIFTEEN AND PUT ALL THEIR WOMEN AND CHILDREN ABOARD SHIPS BOUND FOR THE MARQUESAS ISLANDS OR ELSEWHERE. In brief, eradicate everyone who does not crawl at our feet like dogs.' (17) On June 19, 1845, the French troops led by Colonel Amable Plissier BURNED ALIVE IN A CAVE OF DAHRA IN THE CHLIFF MORE THAN 500 WOMEN, CHILDREN AND OLD MEN OF THE OULAD RIAH CLAN. His report to the Governor General concerning the agonies of the Muslim victims and the blackened cave crowded with charred bodies was very suggestive and realistic, indeed. (18) Bugeaud stated that the 'Dahra episode would inspire among the Arabs a beneficial terror which would hasten the end of resistance and acceptance of the yoke of conquest as well as it would destroy the Muslim confidence in the impregnability of mountain caves.. The Arabs seek to throw off our yoke if our repression is compassionate.' (19)

HARVESTED EARS: A PAIR OF ARAB EARS 10 FRANCS

The French soldiers collected the 'the harvested ears' of the killed Muslims in barrels. A pair of Arab male or female ears cost 10 francs in the Occidental bazaars of French colonizers. On August 8, Marshal Saint-Arnaud besieged the Banu Sbeah in the caves 'in the way of Plissier.' Next day the French troops detonated rocks over the mouth of caverns which almost sealed it, but the Muslims still refused to surrender and 'insulted, cursed and shot. SaintArnaud wrote that three days later 'I had all the outlets of the cave hermetically sealed and made of it a vast cemetery. The grotto will cover forevermore the bodies of these fanatics. No one went into the cave and nobody but I know that there are 500 bandits down there who will never

again butcher Frenchmen.' (20) In similar way, Generals Cavaignac and Canrobert exterminated the Muslim villagers who took refuge in the caves between 1845-48. Saint-Arnaud as the later minister of war of Louis Bonaparte III, demonstrated that the anti-Muslim terror in Algeria served as a practical lesson for the repression against the French proletariat. Bugeaud's school of colonial terror 'constituted the primary and critical link in the chain connecting the guerrilla war in Spain under Bonaparte with Algeria, the repression of 1848, the coup d'etat in 1851, and the crackdown on the Paris Commune in 1871.(21) Despite the unbearable terror, Bani Menasir resisted desperatily against the invaders and many other qabail (tribes) joined their guerrillas in the vilayat of Wahran. But Abd al-Qadir shocked by the magnitude of French war terror, desolation of the Muslim lands and inhuman massacres of entire qabail (tribes) decided to surrender in order to avoid further total extermination of the Algerian Muslims. Since Scipio Africanus's sack of Carthage in the end of Roman-Punic Wars, the North Africa did not suffer such terror. Bugeaud triumphantly described his results in the letter to the French Minister of War in April 10, 1843; "GRASS NO LONGER GROWS WHERE THE FRENCH ARMY HAS SET FOOT.' (22) I do not believe that this mass murderer knew the medieval Polish saying 'Gdzie Tatar przejdzie tam trawa nie wyrosnie' (Grass no longer grows where the Mongol set foot).' On February 27, 1847, the last hkalifa Ahmed bin Salim surrendered his troops, and on December 21, Abd alQadir signed the capitulation to General de Lamoricire in return for exile in the Islamic country. During his detention in France, and later in Damascus, HE BECAME AN EXAMPLE OF 'MODERATE' PRO-FRENCH SUFI DERVISH LAVISHLY PAID BY THE FRENCH EMPEROR NAPOLEON III. HIS SALARY WAS INCREASED TO 150 000 FRANCS PER MONTH, after his pro-Christian humanitarian mission during the bloody riots of Druzes and Maronites in 1860. HIS FRANCOPHILIA REACHED ZENITH WHEN HE CONDEMNED THE ANTIFRENCH UPRISING OF THE DESPERATED BERBERS in Kabylie in 1871. He lost not only his previous authority but also a touch with the real situation in his native Algeria. The French consuls in Damascus and Egypt used him as a useful tamed Morisco. This former hero of the Algerian anti-colonial resistance ended as the HIGHLY DECORATED SHEEPISH PAWN OF THE FRENCH COLONIAL EMPIRE. Every Muslim 'moderate' and 'extremist' historian should appreciate the primary sources and frank confessions of the French war criminals. At least they did not lie and called the colonial spade the spade. Franz Fanon, who described this clash of the 'white' colonial terror with the anti-colonial 'color terrorism' in almost Machiavellian categories, has portrayed the Algerian Revolution as the conflict between the racist

conqueror and the conquered 'terrorist' Muslim. In Fanonian philosophy of the anti-colonial terrorism, the Colonized Man must shake off the alien oppression by force and violence, not merely as a military tactics, but as an crucial psychological necessity to real enfranchisement. The colonialism is a result of brutal force of armed conquest which deprives the Colonized Man of his manhood. The Colonized can recover his masculinity only when he himself uses a brutal force against his Colonizer. the use of 'terrorist' violence liberates the Colonized Native 'from his inferiority complex and from his despair and inertia, it makes him heroic and restores his self-respect. (23) In Fanonian model of the liberation by revolutionary counter-terror, violent act of armed struggle is not Clausevitz's 'politics by other means' but becomes instead a global force of revenge needed to free the enslaved world of dispossessed proles in order to achieve a true salvation. According to him, the escalation of terror of war of liberation unites the fragmented and colonized societies into a global coalition against the colonialist/imperialist terror. The loyalty to the Islamic tradition played an additional role of 'anticolonial language of refusal', especially essential with reference to the Islamic face veil niqab/haiq worn by the Muslim women which was a target of the French colonial vicious anti-Islamic campaign in Algeria: "the Islamic veil is above all a defense of intimacy and a protection against intrusion. And, confusedly, the European colonialists have always perceived it as such. By wearing the veil, the Algerian woman creates a situation of nonreciprocity; like a disloyal player, she sees without being seen, without allowing herself to be seen. And it is the entire dominated society which, by means of veil, refuses reciprocity, which sees, which penetrates, without allowing itself be seen, regarded, penetrated.' (24) Jacques Berque wrote that: 'the Islamic faith, or more exactly said, Islamic devotion, is very much more alive since the advent of the Europeans than before, after thirty years of the COLONIAL DE-ISLAMIZATION...the colonial tyranny created a new Jacobin Islamism.' (25) After the savage French air bombardment of the town of Satif on May 8, 1948 (26), and the brutality of French settlers called pieds noirs ('black feet'), the Algerian nationalists of Comit Rvolutionnaire d'Unit et d'Action organized their first guerrilla units in Kabylia and Aurs mountains. (27) On November 1, 1954, the Egyptian Radio broadcasted the formation of the Front de Libration National (FLN) and its military wing Arme de Libration Nationale. In the eight-years long revolutionary war both sides used terrorist tactics. POORLY ARMED FEDAYN AND THEIR VILLAGES FACED MASSIVE AERIAL BOMBARDMENT, ARTILLERY, HELICOPTERS AND ELECTRIC GENERATOR OF FIELD TELEPHONE ATTACHED TO SEXUAL ORGANS AND EARS, if they were captured by the French special forces or the Legionnaires. The French army used their Muslim collaborators called harkis and SENEGALESE RANGERS (SENEGALAIS TIRAILLEURS) WHO

OFTEN WERE MUCH CRUEL THAN THE FRENCH TERRORISTS OF OAS. In response to the French war crimes, the Algerian nationalist rural and kazba guerrillas brutally killed of informants and French colons. 'The Kabyle smile', a gruesome wound of a slit throat became a trademark of the Algerian nationalists, who are being now the ruling pouvoir, accuse the Islamic guerrillas of GIA and Salafiyya armed jamaats for similar outrages. In Algerian Muslim society, the 'Kabyle smile' symbolizes the ritual zabiha slaughter of haiwan, 'a final symbolic act of humiliation of the killed person identified with animal and those whom he presented.' (28) During the infamous ratonnade (French term for 'eradication of rats') in the Casbah of Algiers in September 1957, the leader of FLN Yusuf Saadi hidden behind a fake wall of his apartment was captured by French paras. Ali La Pointe, a second-in-command of the urban guerrilla chose to be blown up along with his companions rather than surrender. General Massu ordered to use 'magneto' or the hand cranked field generator in tortures of the captured guerrillas. Summary execution of prisoners 'while trying to escape' were called corve de bois or 'wood-collecting party.' French colonial administration regarded 'physical pressure' (euphemism for a bestial torture) as a necessary means to preserve French rule over Algeria. (29) In July 1958, during the 'anti-terrorist' Operation Binoculars in Kabylia, OVER 1,5 MILLION MUSLIMS WERE DETAINED IN THE SO-CALLED 'RELOCATION CAMPS' and Algerian borderlands had been mined and desolated to prevent arms supplies. The pieds noirs' squads known as Organization de l'Arme Secrte unleashed terror of plastic bombs and mass assassinations against the Muslims in France and Algeria in the Autumn of 1960. (30) On one hand, the Israeli Mossad contributed weapons to the both terrorist organizations: Front de la Liberation Nationale of the Algerian leftists and to the pro-French Jewish secret cells in Algiers and Oran, and on the other hand, the Israeli secret police entered into military cooperation with the French intelligence service. (31) But two years later Charles de Gaulle negotiated the independence of Algeria and more than one million defeated colons emigrated in panic to France, Israel, Canada, Spain and Argentina. Paris had ruled directly over Algeria 132 years. But the departure of the colonial troops and settlers vacated so many governmental positions which the external Francophonic secularist post-colonial hizbe franca grabbed when the exhausted and rural mujahedin returned to their burned beled al-arsh. AntiIslamist leftists took power and Algeria remained France's client-state. Ben Bella, and after his arrest Houari Boumedienne, proclaimed 'Algerian socialism' and a RULE OF TOTALITARIAN PARTY OF THE LENINIST TYPE which enriched a small caste of cleptocrats and turned the millions of Algerians into an impoverished mass of cheap workers in France. Arslan Humbaraci, a Turkish author of book on Algeria entitled ' A REVOLUTION THAT FAILED'

predicted the spiral of events which will make sooner or later the 'Jacobin Islamism' victorious not only in Algertia. (32) 'Jacobinisation' of Islam and reduction of the Faith to the 'methodist' modernity are politically not pleasant results of POSTMODERN RE-COLONIZATION and CULTURAL RE-CONQUEST. Ironically and tragically, the grandson and great grandson of the valiant Abd al-Qadir betrayed Islam. Emir Khaled turned himself into a Francophonic Marxist volu and Abd al-Qadir Abd al-Raziq (later Dov Golan) embraced Judaism after marriage with Tsalina Kinstler and died as a broken forgotten traitor at the Israeli town of Migdal in 1999. He strongly supported Israeli and French invasion of the Suez Canal in October 1956. He was appointed by the FLN as the representative of the Algerian leftist rebels to the West Fermany and Switzerland, where he wrote a book Le conflict judeo-arabe: juifs et arabes face a l'avenir, (Paris: Maspero, 1960) in which he advocated alliance of the Algerian anti-colonial 'terrorists' with Israel rather with the Arab League. Not only the 19th century French war criminals confessed their atrocities. In 2001, the French general admitted in their published memoirs that he murdered and tortured prisoners in Algeria during the 'dirty war' of 1950s. A retired General Paul Aussaresses confessed in his book Service Spciaux Algria 1955-57, (Paris: Plon, 2001) that he and his death squad tortured and executed 24 prisoners of war. An Algerian lawyer was tortured for more than 40 days, captives were stabbed slowly until they start to talk, civilians were massacred. Those atrocities were known to many historians but the politicians silenced their voices in the name of natioanal integrity and social peace. Paul Aussaresses exposed that the terror of repressive methods of the French colonial army was condoned by F. MITTERAND, who was Justice Minister at the time (he would become president of France, later years.) Jean Brard, acted as an emissary of the private office of Justice Minister informed Mr. Franois Mitterand on the army's counter-terrorist 'measures' in Algeria. The general openly admitted in several well publicized interviews that 'TORTURE IS VERY EFFECTIVE. Afterwards, for the most part, we would finish them off. Individual human lives count little for me... Those terrorists who survived are the present-day rulers of Algeria, and they use the similar techniques of tortures against their Islamist armed opposition...But now I have to admit that's what WE WERE, A DEATH SQUAD.' (33) The 83-year-old war criminal was convicted of 'trying to justify the use of torture during 195462 Algerian War' and fined $ 6,500 (7,500 euros.) The president and a senior editor at the Plon publishing house were both fined $ 13,000 (15,000 euros) for acting as apologist for war crimes.' THE LIVES OF SAVAGED MUSLIM MARTYRS ARE CHEAPER IN THE 21TH CENTURY THAN IN THE PAST. The sentences of several French revisionist historians who dared to write critically on the sacrum of the ZIONIST HISTORIOGRAPHY were harsher, indeed. In April, 2001, a mass grave containing the corpses of 290 men and women killed by the French troops during Algerian War had been unearthed at the site of the former headquarters of the French Army. The remains bore marks

of torture and many of them had their arms tied with wire. Forensic experts dated the skeletons to the 1954-62 period. Omar al-Mukhtar and Sanussiya mujahedin resisted the Italian colonization initiated by the Young Turks' who surrendered Libya to Rome in 1912, after humiliating Treaty of Ouchy in Lausanne. This great champion and martyr of the Muslims was a 'fanatical bandit' for the colonialist Fascist regime of Italy. A national hero to the Libyans, he was a 'criminal of the interior' to Gen. Rudolfo Graziani who promised 'eliminate the terror during military parade.' Omar al-Mukhtar was 65 years old sheikh when he started the longest Muslim guerrilla war ever conducted in the history of the North Africa. Only a small number of historians know that the first military uses of aircrafts was in Libya, before its large-scale employment during the Great War. From 1923 to 1932, al-Mukhtar's poorly armed groups of mujahedin opposed the Italian air forces and large ground troops armed with heavy artillery and tanks. The Italian Fascists spared nothing in their 'parade' against 'fanatics in their desert caves.' These included scorched-earth tactics, deportations, tortures, concentration camps, sealed borders with the British-controlled Egypt and French Alferia, 'sustained bombardment' of the Saharan oases and 'pockets of armed resistance.' The Fascist regime censored all news about its own heavy casualties and extermination of the Muslim population of Cyrenaica. In 1932, badly wounded Omar al-Mukhtar was captured after the savage bombardment of the Kufra oasis and was hanged in public. But pax romana collapsed 10 years later. General Rudolfo Graziani, 'THE BUTCHER OF ABYSSINIA' executor of war against al-Mukhtar's fighters and Governor of Libya in 1940 was defeated by the anti-Axis forces. His 100,000 troops were sent the British POW camps in Kenya, Uganda and Sudan. He was captured by the Allies and sentenced to 19 years of prison for his war crimes. Graziani died in prison ten years later. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-Khatabi (1882-1963 CE/1300-1383 AH) called 'The Little Muhammad,' was a brilliant Muslim anti-colonial guerrilla leader who defeated two Spanish armies and resisted heroically against the massive French invasion. He established short lived ISLAMIC EMIRATE OF RIF REPUBLIC (1921-26.) Son of wealthy Berber family of Banu Uriaghel, Abd alKarim was educated in a traditional madrasah and in the Spanish school. In 1915, three years after colonial partition of Morocco conquered by French armies of Gen. Hubert Lyautey (34), he was appointed the qadi al-qudat (chief judge) for the Spanish-occupied Melilla, where he published an Arabic edition of El Telegrama del Rif. Arrested for his anti-colonial ideas he escaped from prison with the end of World War I and returned to his native Ajdir, where together with his brother organized Islamic anti-colonial armed resistance. His mujahedin called by French and Spanish press 'bandits' , 'fanatics', 'bands of mutineers' (35) inflicted a disastrous defeat on two

Spanish armies led by Gen. Damaso Berenguer (1921) and manuel Fernandez Silvestre(1925.) Spaniards lost 25% of their 150,000 troops and retreated to ports of Melilla and Ceuta. 'Little Muhammad' 's victorious forces reached French-occupied city of Fez. He overcame tribal and Arab-Berber ethnic rivalries and quickly established a centralized Islamic government based upon Islamic Law of Shariah and Arabo-Berber traditional shura-meclis. His astonishing political and military successes shocked the colonial powers of West. Faced with 'nest of bandits' and 'Islamic fanaticism' and 'threat to French Moroc utile' , the Franco-Spanish conference supported by the other western allies decided upon the join military operation against 'the Islamic Republic of Rif.' Spanish 200,000 troops landed at Alhucemas near Ajdir led by Gen. Francisco Franco , and 160, 000 French troops commanded by Marshal Philippe Ptain and supported corrupted tribal collaborators or 'sultan's guards called harka, magzen, megalla and guma (65,000 auxilaries) attacked Abd al-Karim's from the South. French aircrafts and heavy artillery bombed hundreds of Rif's villages. Casualties among Muslim civilians were colossal. French troops lost hundreds of death, but Abd al-Karim forces outgunned, betrayed and condemned by all pro-colonial Muslim leaders as 'fanatical rebels who violated Islamic principles of peaceful coexistence' were not able to resist longer. 'Little Muhammad' surrendered on May 27, 1926, and was exiled to the Indian Island of Runion. In 1947, he escaped and was granted political asylum in Cairo, where he presided over the Bureau of Liberation of the Arab Maghreb. After restoration of independent Morocco, the king Muhammad V invited him to return to his homeland, which he refused to do as long as one French soldier remained in the Maghreb. (36) CONCLUSION During the World War II, the French and Italian, and later Dutch and British colonial powers -mortally weakened by the clash of the Axis with the Allies- collapsed like houses of carts. Muslims liberated themselves from the yoke of colonialism, but their War of Independence was hijacked by the westernized juntas or tribal petrocrats which established a plethora of military weak client police states. Those police states ruled with iron fist of autocrats are still able to detain the grass-root Islamic opposition according to the political wishes of the western regimes but they are unable to stand against well armed and disciplined armies of the West longer than four weeks. Appallingly disunited and submissive in front of the United States of America, united Europe and re-united ex-Soviet Russian empire, this plethora of para-Muslim states of 'Third World' resembles the POST-UMAYAD 'PETTY PARTY KINGS' ( muluk al-tawaif, reyas al-taifas) of decadent al-Andalus in the 11th century (the 4th Islamic entury.) Such pitiful situation encourages the so-called 'Neo-Conservatives' of the West to the new anti-Islamic crusades and colonial adventures.

(This paper was presented in the conference of (IIUM) Conflicts and ConflictResolution in the Muslim World, 18-19 February, 2004, in Kuala Lumpur) (1) Chichagova, 1889, 14, 205 (2) Hamid 1979, p. 147, Alexandra Helena Kasznik, Abd al-Kader 1808-1883, Wroclaw-Cracow: Ossolineum, 1997, p. 204 (3) Cited by Charles-Andre Julien, 'Bugeaud', in his, (ed.), Les Techniciens de la Colonisation (XiX-XX siecles, Paris, Presses Universitaries de France, pp. 55-74 (4) Roger Garaudy, Pour un dialogue des civilisations, Paris: Denoel, 1977, p.56. (5) Ibid. p. 57 (6) Antony Thrall Sullivan, Thomas-Robert Bugeaud. France and Algeria, 1784-1849: Politics, Power, and the Good Society, Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1983, p. 104 (7) Ibid, p. 107 (8) Marc Baroli, la vie quotidienne des franaise en Algrie, 1830-1914, Paris: Hachette, 1967, p.91 (9)Sullivan, op.cit.p. 109 (10) Philip Kearney, Service with the French Troops in Africa, New York: William Abbott, 1913, p. 16-17 (11) Bugeaud's Letter to the Chamber of Deputies, November 30, 1840, cited by Sullivan, op. cit, p. 122 (12) Clemens Lamping, The Soldier of the Foreign Legion, London: J. Murray, 1845, p. 72 (13) Ibid, pp.70-71 (14) Arnauld Jacques Leroy de Saint-Armand, Lettres du marchal SaintArnaud, vol. 1, Paris: M. Levy, 1855, pp. 378-79 (15) Ibid, Letter to Leroy de Saint-Arnaud, Feb. 8, 1843, p. 474 (16) Lucien-Franois de Montagnac, Letters d'un soldat: neuf anne de campagnes en Afrique, Paris: Plon, 1885, see; Letters of March 8, and April 37, 1842, to Bernard and Elize de Montagnac, pp. 206-30 (17) Ibid, in Letter to Elise de Montagnac, Dec. 5, 1843, p. 345, and to Celestine de Montagnac, May 2, 1843, p. 308. In the letter to his wife this French war criminal confessed his sadistic, megalomaniac and racist dreams: 'Always alone, like the polar bear, I dream a lot. I have truly monstrous dreams...I cleanse Algeria from north to south, from east to west, and... I imagine that to me alone belongs the power to finish every last Arab in

Africa...The raids (razzia) provided opportunity to scourge human flesh.' Loc. cit., cf. Sullivan, pp. 124-26 (18) Sullivan, p. 127 (19) Ibid, p. 131 (20) Saint-Arnaud, op.cit., Letter to Leroy de Saint-Arnaud, August 15, 1845, p. 37 (21) See; Melvin Richter, 'Tocqueville on Algeria', in Review of Politics, vol. 25 (July 1963), p.371. (22) Quoted by A. Sullivan, p. 125 (23) Franz Fanon, The Damned, Paris: Presence Africaine, 1963, p. 73 (24) Pierre Bourdieu, 'Guerre et Mutation Sociale en Algerie', in: Etudes Mediterraneennes, No.7, (1960), pp. 26-35 (25) Jacques Braque, 'Vers une etude du comportement en Afrique du Nord', in: Revue Africaine, No. 100, (1956), p. 533 (26) According to the Algerian historians, 45,000 Muslims were killed by the French 'Douglas' dive bombers and lynching mobs of pieds noirs. According to the 'independent' sources the number of killed was 1,020. According to the French Communist l'Humanit 'only hundreds of Algerian Hitlerites lost lives after the massacre of 21 French settlers.' (27) John Talbott, The War Without a Name. France in Algeria, 1954-1962, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980, p. 22 (28) Wheatcroft, op. cit., p. 196 (29) Alistar Horne, A Savage War of Peace. Algeria 1954-1962, New York: The Viking Press, 1978, pp. 87-103 (30) Ibid, p.88 (31) Michael M. Laskier, 'Israel and Algeria amid French Colonialism and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1954-78, in: Israeli Studies, vol. 6, no.2, (2001), p. 2. In 1955, the Mossad established a special secret armed cells among the Algerian Jews known as Misgeret ('Base') which organized assassinations of both the French and Algerian 'anti-Semites.' On September 10, 1957, Misgeret received in Geneva a promise from Ferhat Abbas, a top leader of FLN, that after the independence, the Algerian Jews will be free to emigrate to Israel. But the extremist Israeli Prime Minister Ben Gurion supported the anti-Muslim terrorist Organisation de l'Arme Secrete, a fanatical militia of the French colons whom Ben Gurion compared to the Zionist settlers Yishuv and 'sabra'. With emerging of secularist Bourguiba in Tunis and the prowestern King Hassan II in Morocco as the Israeli bte noire, the Algerian leftist nationalists lost the Zionist support. Only the Berber socialist Hocine Ait and Muhammad Boudiaf, a leader of the Parti de la Revolution Socialiste

maintained good relations with the Israeli Labor Party. The Israeli military intelligence Aman closely collaborated with the French ultras against the Algerian resistance in 1962. The terrorist tactics of the Zionist Haganah against the British and the Palestinians was adopted by the OAS in Algeria. Ibid, pp. 7, 15 and 20. (32) Arslan Humbaraci, Algeria: A Revolution That Failed, New York: Praeger, 1966, passim. (33) John Lichfield, 'General accuses Mitterand of condoning torture and killings', in: The Independent, co.uk, May 9, 2001. A group of the Algerian exsoldiers who established the Algerian Movement for Free Officers (MAOL) confessed that they participated in the brutal torture and mass murder of 47 Algerian officers who refused to participate in crimes against the civilians during the last decade of the 20th century.' The victims had been murdered in cold blood on Sunday, February 25, 1997, by a special commando unit attached to the DRS (Algerian security service) at the Boughar barracks near Ksar-al-Boukhari. Algerian Army Chief of Staff General Mohamed Lamari denounced the 'frenzied media campaign was aimed at destabilizing the Algerian security forces which fight against Islamist terrorists.' But Cpt. Habib Souaidia, describes in his book published in Paris, 2001 how 'his colleagues burn alive 15-old-year child. I have seen soldiers disguising themselves as terrorists and massacring civilians. I have seen officers torture fundamentalists to death.' A group of French and Arab intellectuals denounced French government's support of the Algerian military junta, calling it 'complicity in crimes against humanity under cover of a fight against terrorism which is nothing less than the eradication, both political and physical, of any opposition whatsoever.' The state-controlled Algerian press accused Cpt. Souaidia of being a 'common thief and a soldier turned criminal.' Souaidia, an ex-paratrooper from the Algerian special forces defected to France in 2000. He described how the special forces disguised as 'bearded fundamentalists' kidnaped and slashed the throats of 6 suspected Islamist activists. ..' ' I must have seen at least 100 people murdered by my own unit.' In the torture center at Lakhdaria 'Alsatian dogs were let loose on the Islamists, who were forced to sit on broken bottles or to drink bleach.' More than 200,000 Algerians were killed since the military junta canceled the first democratic election in which the Islamic Salvation Front won in 1992. See, Jon Henley, ' I saw Algerian soldiers massacre civilians', Guardian, Wed., February 14, 2001. (34) Gen Lyautey wrote that there are 'two Moroccos, one we occupy which is ruled by our sultan Moulai Yuosef, and other, much more important, constituted by the Muslim masses, fanatical, warlike', see; Douglas Porch, The Conquest of Morocco, London: Mcmillan Papermac, 1987. (35) Michael Frunze, Dziela Wybrane (Selected Works), Warsaw: MON, 1953, pp.480-581. (36) More details on biography of Abd al-Karim, see; David S. Woolman, Rebels in the Rif: Abd al-Karim and the Rif Rebellion, London, 1968, Rupert Furneaux, Abd al-Karim: Emir of the Rif, New York, 1967.