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The electromagnet.
olin.anx
THE
ELECTROMAGNET
CHARLES
R.
UNDERHILL
Co,
.<^HWt.
NEW YORK:
D.
Murray and
27
Warren
Sts.
1903
COPVKIGHTED BY
CO.
Stanbope Ipresa
H.
GILSON BOSTON,
COMPANY
U.S.A.
PREFACE.
This book is a new and revised edition of " Ths Electromagnet " by Townsend Wolcott, A. E. Kennelly,- and
Richard Varley.
The
may
referring to different parts of the book, with the exception of the tables,
in the
Appendix
for
convenience.
Much
As the economy and efficiency of an electromagnet depend largely on the proper design and calculation of the winding, particular attention has been paid to that detail. Acknowledgments are due to R. Varley, W. J. Varley, A. D. Scott, J. M. Knox, and W. H. Balke for data and
assistance.
C. R.
Underbill.
Providence,
R.I.,
August
29, 1903.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Notation
ix
CHAPTER
ART.
1.
I.
2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
Magnetism Magnetic Poles Magnetic Field Forms of Permanent Magnets Magnetic Induction
Electric Circuit
3 4
6 6
6
7
11
Ohms' Law
Divided or Branched Circuits
8. g.
Magnetic Units
Electromagnetism Force about a wire Ampere-turns
Effect of Iron in Magnetic Circuit
10.
13 13
17
11.
12.
13.
14.
18
Terms Expressed
Permeability
.
15.
16.
19 19
21
17.
18.
Magnetic Testing
Practical Calculations of Magnetic Circuit
22
ig.
23 28
zo.
Magnetic Leakage
Limits of Magnetization
Hysteresis Retentiveness
29
32
21.
22.
23.
34
35
Problems
36
VI
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
II.
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
ART.
24.
25.
PAGE
39 40
41
26.
Most
Efficient
Winding
27.
28.
Circular Windings
42
47
29.
30.
Formulae for Turns, Resistance, and Ampere-tums Constant Resistance with Variable Insulation
Layers and Turns per Inch
....
...
49
51
52
36.
Windings with Wires other than Copper Small Magnets on High-voltage Circuits Resistance Wires One Coil Wound Directly Over the Other Parallel Windings Joint Resistance of Parallel Windings RelationsHoldingfor Any Size of Wire and Winding Volume The American Wire Gauge (B & S)
. .
53 53 55 56
57
59 59
60
63
Thickness of Insulation
Ratio of Weight of Copper to Weight of Insulation
.
41.
42. 43.
63 66
Weight
of Insulation to Insulate
Any Wire
. .
44.
45. 46.
....
67
68 70
72
47.
48. 49.
50.
73 7^
76
80
51.
81
8i
CONTENTS.
VU
CHAPTER
III.
HEATING OF MAGNET
ART.
52. 53. 54. 55.
COILS.
PAGE
Effect of Heating
90
. .
96
103
Work
at
End
of Circuit
104
107
Problems
CHAPTER
IV.
Forms
of Electromagnets
no
114 116
.
.
58.
117
Solenoids
119
Action of Solenoids
Polarized Magnets
120
122
Problems
126
CHAPTER
V.
ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA.
63.
64. 65. 06.
Induction
Self-induction
127
127
Alternating Currents
Eddy Currents
.,.....,,.,.
130
130
viii
CONTENTS.
APPENDIX.
PAGB
135
136
137
Bare Copper Wire (Commercial Half Sizes) Weight of Copper in 100 Pounds of Cotton Covered Wire Weight of Copper in 100 Pounds of Cotton Covered Wire
.
138 138
139
Silk Insulated
Weight of Copper
in 100
Pounds of
Wire (Com139
. .
Weight of Copper in 100 Pounds of Silk Insulated Wire Data for Insulated Wire Tables lo-Mil. Double Cotton, Insulated Wire 8-Mil. Double Cotton
5-Mil. Single 4-Mil. Single
8-Mil. 4-Mil. 4-Mil.
140 140
141 141
Cotton
Cotton
3-Mil.
Double Cotton (Commercial Half Sizes) Single Cotton (Commercial Half Sizes) Double Silk Double Silk
144
144 145
145
4-Mil.
3-Mil.
Double Double
Silk
(Commercial Half Sizes) Silk (Commercial Half Sizes) (Commercial Half Sizes)
146
146
147 147
148 149
1^0
150
.
.
151
Numbers
'S^i 153
Antilogarithms
'S4i '55
NOTATION.
= percentage of copper in cotton insulated wire. = percentage of copper in silk insulated wire. A = area in square inches. A^ = area in square centimeters. d = distance between centers of cores in inches. B = magnetic induction (English system). (B = magnetic induction in gausses. = constant = .0000027107. c CM. = circular mils. Cy, = weight of cotton in pounds. = diameter of core + sleeve. = as in Fig. 36, p. 76.
a
!
(/
= as in Fig. 41, p. 80. = as in Fig. 42, p. 82. = diameter of core. = deflection of galvanometer. Z> = true outside diameter of round windings. ^^ = as in Fig. 36, p. 76.
"4
>
/
rt'j
</,,
</*
^'1=
Z>5=
=
e
E.M.F.
2.7182818.
NOTATION.
P =
SF
= / = number of cycles per second. g = total diameter of insulated wire. = space factor. = lateral value of wire and insulation. gi g^ = vertical value of wire and insulation. H = magnetizing force (English system). X = magnetizing force in gausses. JI = as in Fig. 42, p. 82. H.P. = horse-power. / = current in amperes.
g''
/JV=
/r
ampere-turns.
= joint resistance. w" J^ = resistance factor = k = constant of galvanometer. L = length of winding. Lb. = pounds adv. = length of magnetic circuit in inches. / 4 = length of magnetic circuit in centimeters. = length of wrap of paper in inches. = length of wire or strand in inches. 4, L = inductance in henries. M = mean or average diameter of winding in inches. J/i = as in Fig. 42, p. 82. m = turns of wire per inch. iV = number of turns of wire in winding. n = number of layers. c = a constant (see p. 35). n,u = number of wires. P = paper allowance for duplex windings.
tt
.
/p
NOTATION.
XI
P =
=
(R
magnetic attraction or
pull.
jR
r
s
= magnetic reluctance in oersteds. = magnetic reluctance (English system). = radius of circle. = gauge number of wire (B. & S.).
= silk allowance for duplex windings. = radiating surface in square inches. S = weight of silk in pounds. T = thickness or depth of winding. = time constant. f i = rise in temperature. V = volume of winding in cubic inches. Fi = leakage coefficient. y^ = volumeof paper in duplex windings (cubic inches). y^ = volume of silk space in cubic inches. w = combined weight and space factor = W = watts. IVg = watts per square inch.
S
S,.
Wc=
X
IT
= as in Fig. 15, p. 16. X = intermediate diameter in inches. Z = impedance. A = diameter of wire in inches. = ohms per pound for insulated wires. X = weight of bare wire in pounds. = permeability. =3.1416 = ratio between diameter and
fi
circum-
ference of circle.
p
p,
= =
electrical resistance.
series resistance.
NO TA TION.
S ^
<^i
</)2
= =
webers
lines of force.
= = ii = us' = =
lit
useful flux.
leakage in webers.
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
CHAPTER
I.
Magnetism.
"
Magnetism
is
sessed by certain bodies (more especially iron and steel) whereby under certain circumstances they naturally attract or repel one another according to determinate laws." Magnetism is supposed to have first been discovered by the ancients in Magnesia, Thessaly, where they found an ore which possessed a remarkable tractive power for iron. A piece of the ore having this power they termed
a Magnet.
It was also discovered that when a piece of this ore was suspended so that it could move freely, one of its ends always pointed to the north, and the other end, of
and hence the name Lode(meaning Leading Stone) was given to the natural
were made by rubbing a bar of
a piece of lodestone.
Artificial magnets
hardened
steel with
Artificial
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
2.
Magnetic Poles.
magnet which has a tendency to point its North Pole, although this arrangement really makes the pole situated near the geographical North Pole of the earth the magnetic South Pole of the earth, since like magnetic poles repel one anof a
The end
is
north
naturally termed
liable to
become
The
is
equal in strength
ing until
at
all.
midway between
is
is
no attraction
This place
Every magnet has two poles, and if the Par Magnet I should be broken into any number of pieces, each piece would be a perfect magnet, with a north-seeking and south-seeking pole of equal strength.
in Fig.
Magnetic Field.
If
filings sprinkled
a piece of paper be laid over a bar magnet and iron over the paper, and then if the paper be
they will take positions as shown in Fig.
2.
From mathematical and experimental research it has been fomid that tlie magnetism passes through the inside of a magnet from pole to pole, issuing from its north-seeking pole, and returning through the air or surrounding
media
aU of the mag-
netism does not pass from the ends of the magnet (as
may
be seen by reference to Fig. 2), which fact shows that all of the magnet on one side of the center, or neutral line, is north-seeking, while all on tlie other side is south-seeking,
the poles being stronger near the ends.
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
These streams of magnetism are called Lines of Force, and the media about the poles of the magnet, through which they pass, is called the Field of Force. The lines are always closed curves hence the path through which
;
they flow
is
4.
Forms
of
Permanent Magnets.
is
The
as
substantially
shown in Fig. 3. This form is called a Horseshoe permanent magnet, and is a bar bent into the shape of a horseshoe. This is done to bring the two poles of the magnet near each other, and thus
shorten the magnetic circuit.
piece of iron which
is
The
attracted
its
by the magnet
ture.
is
called
Armaout
The
through
ture,
lines
of
force flow
the
north-seeking pole
and
pole,
through the
substance
of
To
3
Fig. 3-
number mag-
be as short, and have as few Air Gaps, as possible. Another form is shown in- Fig. 4, and in effect is merely
two horseshoe magnets placed with similar poles together, thus tending to repel one another. A magnet thus
arranged
results
is
said to have
Consequent Poles.
if
The same
would
be obtained
N.
s.
s.
Fig.
nets,
Magnets of the latter form are called Compound Magand are commonly used on magneto generators.
s.)
(See Fig.
Fig.
5-
it is very important that each magnets should have the same strength otherwise, the weaker magnets would act as a return cir-
of the separate
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
and the
effective field
would
thus be weakened.
5.
Magnetic Induction.
When a magnet attracts a piece of iron, this iron itself becomes a magnet while it is being attracted, and will attract other pieces of iron, which in turn also become
magnets.
pieces
is
This
successive
magnetization of the
iron
said to be produced
by Magnetic
Induction.
6.
Electric Circuit.
The
through a conductor
viated E.M.F.),
and the
the
Volt.
some
Resistance to the
practical unit of
The
Ohm.
is
The
is
the
Ampere and
The
7.
Ohm's Law.
is
The strength of
the current
equal
to
the electromotive
'-V
Transposing,
E = Ip
(2)
'^
7'
(3)
/=
E=
p
The
unit of electric
to the
power
is
The
or
=^ I^p,
(4)
whence, by substitution,
W=
(5), also,
W = EJ.
fF.
(6)
746
(7)
fF=
8.
.00134 H.P.
(8)
one conductor divided by the number of conductors. The joint resistance of two equal or unequal resistances
equal
to their product
contiected in multiple is
divided by their
sum, or
P
Pi
Example. The resistance of two electromagnets is ohms and 92 ohms respectively. What will be the joint 74
resistance
when they
'
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
Solution.
X
92 92
74 74
6,808
166
= 41+
ohms.
Ans.
The joint
is
resistance
equal
to the reciprocal
of their joint
conductivity.
is
the reciprocal
if
=9
Therefore,
we
branches, as in Fig.
ft Pi
and
respectively.
/>s
is
Px
JL
_,_
^ _ P-iP% +
Pz
PlPs
PlP2^
Pi
PiPiPs
_
P2PS
P1P.P3
+ PiPs + P1P2
(9).
^y^^
(^^)
which
is
the same as
riAAMAAMAAAH
VWVWWVVW^
MWVWWWV^M
Fig.
6.
By formula
PiPiPa
(lo),
Jr
=
kPa
4X6x8
X
8)
(4
6)
104
The
circuit is
= Ip,
to
find
from a
,
(i),
/=
P
the
>VWWWW\/\r
Example.
4 ohms,
pj
In
5 ohms,
pi=
ohms.
lO
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
amperes of current
will flow
How many
branch
?
through each
Solution.
formula
By
1.28
ohms
nearly.
By Ohm's
law,
the current
^=
branched
nearly.
f=
,..8
(2)
+ 1+2 =
the
^=
=
.935
^
73
-935 -'"P--^-
By formula
electromotive
force
across
the
circuit
from a to b
(i)
1.28
1.2 volts
Then by formula
.4,
/i
=
1.2
^ /j
=
1.2
.3,
1.2 = - =
.24.
Ans.
SO.
so.
Fig.
8.
From
the foregoing
it is
r-mNmmMAAAAAMAAAA^
Fig. 9.
of
be used in
series,
having a
total resistance of
II
in
\ of
would be ^-= 2<, ohms, or only what the resistance would be were they connected in
series.
9.
Magnetic Units.
In the following discussion it is assumed that there is no magnetic material in the circuit, except when the contrary
is
stated.
is
so defined
when placed
if
at
it
Now,
a sphere of one centimeter radius (two centimeters in diameter), there will radiate
one
equal to 4
irr''
square centimeters,
3.1416
X i^=
One
Density
<^)
called
Intensity
or unit
magnetization,
and
termed
the
Gauss
(symbol
square centimeter.
it is the number of Per Unit Area in square centimeters. The number of gausses are found by dividing the total number of lines of force by the total cross-sectional area of the magnet in square centimeters. The force producing the flow of magnetism is called Magnetomotive Force, and the unit is the Gilbert (symbol JF).
12
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
of gilberts per centimeter length of
The number
netic circuit
is
mag-
The law
potential
equal to the
(See
Ohm's
law,
page
6.)
circuit,
posed of iron or
Reluctance
steel,
the
The
ation
is
Permeability.
is
The
equal
to the
its
area
and permeability.
(5^
Thus,
(ii)
where
= length of magnetic circuit in centimeters, = reluctance in oersteds, A^ = cross-sectional area in square centimeters, = permeability.
/
(R
/A
is
The magnetomotive force (abbreviated M.M.F.) in gilberts equal to the number of lines of force, multiplied by the
reluctance.
Thus,
g^
^(R,
(12)
where
'
Also,
"^
m:
*^'^^
a=
|.
(.4)
l^cW
When
the magnetic circuit consists of several
is
parts,
equal to the
sum
of
all
of the
thus,
-'Self*!
-'^cara
-^csrs
10.
Electromagnetism.
if
a compass needle be
it
tends
up a
the wire.
The relation which exists between direction of current and deflection of compass needle is as follows If the
:
from
left to right,
is
and
the
deflected
toward
pole
the observer.
is deflected
from
11.
The
surrounded by concentric
14
force,
set
exactly in the
The
relation
between
the current in the wire and the intensity of magnetization, or density of lines of force,
is illustrated
in Fig. 12.
Fig.
II.
When
from the center of the wire there are two lines of force (webers) per square centimeter for each centimeter length that is, two gausses and at two centimeters from of wire
square centimeter
that
is
is,
there
15
following law
The
tlie
intensity in gausses in
equal
to
two-tenths times
i6
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
meters,
At two centimeters, the circumference is 12.5664 centiand the M.M.F. is i x 12.5664 = 12.5664 gilberts. Therefore, the total M.M.F.
is
always
12.5664
is
gilberts
when 10 amperes
through the wire.
flowing
When
through
are
the wire
is
bent into
no longer simple
shown in
Fig. 14,
by
means
3C
(20)
where r
Fig- IS-
is
Fig. 15.
of loop,
on the axis
3C
=
it
.2 irlr^
-.,
(21)
but at points
algebra, but
ofl
is
the axis,
it is
much
greater, especially
if
the diameter
The magnetomotive
straight wire
force,
however,
is still
SF
.\-irI
shown
in Fig. 13.
is
From
the above
If a
centi-
meter radius,
and a
the wire, at the center of the arc there will be one line of
i.e.,
the intensity
will be
one
Ampere-Turns.
is
wound
of wire with
is
called
the
same
any number of turns and any number of One ampere flowing through one hundred turns amperes. gives exactly the same results as one hundred amperes
relation holds for
The ampere-turns, then, are found by multiplying the number of turns by the current in amperes flowing through
the turns.
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
The symbol
for ampere-turns
is
IN.
Where
N= number of turns.
It
/=
current in amperes,
of these lines, or
Now,
it
may be shown
is
13.
Effect of Iron in
is
Magnetic
Circuit.
cir-
When
cuit,
iron or steel
meahility is greatly
is
The
all
permeability of air
substances excepting
air,
iron
and
steel
only the
two
latter will
is
be considered.
Lines of force
There
no insulator of magnetism.
known
substance.
from
or
steel,
the symbol (B
given to the
latter,
Lines of Induction.
Thus,
(B
= /*3C,
(23) (24)
10
or steel,
14.
Terms Expressed
in English Measure.
In Metric measure
JF
1.25664 IN.
(26)
F= 3-192/^
Unless otherwise specified in what follows,
will represent units in
all
(27)
symbols
English measure
and
in order to
English characters.
Thus,
F= 3-192 -^^
/i\^=.3i32F,
(27)
(28)
also
B=
15.
i^H.
(23)
From
F in (28)
ZV=.3i32.^
That
is,
(29)
<j)
are equal to the product of .3132 times the fiux and the
reluctance,
20
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
also
^^3:193^.
is,
(30)
That
is
The number
netic field, or
by the
mag-
(3.)
(31) in (29),
(33)
IN=-^1^
Bl
3-193/*
(33)
whence,
B=^-^^^.
is,
(34)
is
That
the
number
of
equal
to the product
3.193 times the ampere-turns and permeability, divided by the total length of the magnetic
circuit.
Fig.
16..
21
i6.
Permeability.
The
permeability
ju.
increases,
and
found for various grades of iron or steel and then curves plotted on charts, or tables
is
p. 149.)
Example.
ring
in
Assume the
16
to
.6
mean diameter
inches,
of
the
iron
cross-
Fig.
be three
and the
it is
sectional area to
be
required
How
many
Solution.
inches
diameter
is
is
three inches,
3-1416
9.4248
/.
square inch
is
equivalent to
Assuming the ring to be made of annealed wrought iron, and referring to formula (32) and substituting the values of B, /, and
100,000 lines per square inch
3-
//,,
_ =
.3132
100,000
X 9.4248
Ans.
289,000
360
805 ampere-turns.
is
360
Since there
made
22
THE ELECTROMAGiYET.
Vj.
M^netic
Testing.
in Fig. 17.
is
One method
of doing this
is illustrated
is
wound with a
re-
magnetizing
which
is
and double-throw
coil, is
connected to a
able rheostat R.
Fig. 17.
The magnetizing
force
H
where /
ringis
3.192
-J
zy
,
(35)
the
mean
When
flection is
is
produced
in the ballistic
galvanometer propor-
Then
where
(36)
constant of galvanometer.
23
18.
It
equal to the
magnetizing
multiplied
by the permeability, or
B = jiH, and the magnetizing force is equal to the M.M.F. per inch. Now, since the M.M..F. is proportional
for any specific case depends upon the ampere-turns per inch of magnetic circuit, and nothing else.
to the ampere-turns, the induction
On
inch.
of
for
In Figs. 18 and 19 there are several curves comuse the curves, find the point on the curve horizonper square inch, and then
vertically
this point
To
from
downwards
The product
number
B in
of
the iron.
As an example, assume a
form of a Swedish iron
the magnetic circuit
is
ring,
24
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
Induction per Square
CM.
-rr~
i;
i
25
CM.
(.OoMsses.)
26
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
is
10
X 20
=
.5
the cross-sectional
area of the
iron
ring was
87,000
If
-S
the
43.50area was 2
inches, the
total
flux
would be
87,000
174,000 webers.
When
same
quality
circuit,
induction per square inch for one of the parts of the and then the induction per square inch for
the other parts will depend simply on the ratio of their cross-sections to the cross-section of the first part
2/
An induction
in
required
the
shown
Swedish
iron.
How many
Solution.
The
is
.7854 =
.H05 square
inches
each.
is
The \ X \
cross-
.125
100,000
.1105
and
20.
is
for
are
The
cores
4 inches, and through the yoke and armaTherefore, the ampere-turns required
4=
-|-
136.4,
and
for the
yoke and
armature 20
3.25
65,
and the
65
201.4.
Ans.
The
and
was
form of
armature.
made
for
28
If the
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
armature was removed even .001" from both
since the
permeability
of
air
the
ampere-turns
IN = Bl =
3-193
100,000
.002
62.6,
3-193
19.
Efiect of Joint in
Magnetic Circuit.
circuit,
an
air
The
is
not
the exact length of the gap, as the lines bulge somewhat, as in Fig. 2
1
Fig. 21.
general effect as
demagnetization.
air
an
air
gap
for
Ewing and Low found the equivalent two wrought-iron bars to be about .0012 of
an inch.
29
for low
of
the joint
is
more noticeable
as
the
increased
From
the
the above
is
all
20.
It
Magnetic Leakage.
was
sulator of
taken as unity.
some reluctgap of the magnetic circuit, some of the lines of force must pass between the cores or other parts of the magnetic circuit, where there is a difference
It is therefore evident that since there is in the iron
ance
and
air
of potential.
may be applied by finding the relative reluctances of the magnetic circuit proper and of the path of the leakage lines.
The law
of the divided electric circuits
The ratio between the total number of lines generated and the number of useful lines is called the leakage coThus, efficient, and is denoted by the symbol Vi.
"'
= %
to)
30
where
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
<^
<j!)i
= =
total flux,
useful flux.
flat sur'
The
faces
is (R
A,u
logic
(ii),
it is
737
(R
=
d^
-^
(38),
where
-=
where
= = 4=
is
constant for
all
dimensions
constant.
The
per inch between unit lengths of two equal parallel cylinders surrounded by air and having various values of the
.
ratio -T
parallel
and opposite
table
is
Therefore, the
total reluctance
between them
is
it
is
approximately
or
maximum, the average difference of magnetic potential M.M.F. is equal to the total M.M.F. divided by 2,
Average M.M.F.
or
3-i93
^N ^
is
^^^^^
^^
_ 92 =
1.5965
IN
>
(39)
From this the leakage coejfficient Vi is found. The leakage may be included in the total reluctance by multiplying the sum of the reluctances by the leakage coefficient.
Thus,
i?=^(ii + :4 + :4).etc.
(40)
Example.
What
is
including
3"
long,
?
and 2"
Solution.
=-
==
is
From
table,
when
=
3"
4,
is
.258,
for
:^ = .086.
3
32
If
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
there
total
useful lines
would
80,000,
is,
(*?)
.086
therefore the useful lines are
23>2S;
80,000
23,250
56,750,
coefficient
^=^/37)=^6:^ =
Therefore, the total reluctance
1. 41
<^
80,000
x.4i.
Ans.
said to be .05
may be
and armature
of the magnet.
A high
as the
M.M.F. between the poles can not be considered as the total M.M.F. In general, the leakage may be reduced by the uniform
distribution of
the
circuit,
and the.
Limits of Magnetization.
When
is
33
it is
The
iron
is
in-
maximum
is
called the
saturation
The
B for
and
Values of
Wrought
Cast
steel
iron
130,000
...
. .
Mitis iron
....
...
127,500
122,500
77i500
The
practical
The
relation
H and B can be
34
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
22. Hysteresis.
If
the
now the magnetizing force is gradually reduced from maximum value to zero, the magnetization will be
35
This diagram
is
known
The
(B in
The
which in
alter-
nating-current apparatus
is
very serious.
(41)
= maximum induction per square centimeter, = a constant varying from .002 for soft irons
to .0045 for transformer irons.
f= number of
23. Retentiveness.
That property which tends to retain magnetization is as Retentiveness, and that portion of magnetization which remains is called Residual Magnetization, and the force which maintains the magnetization is called the
known
Coercive Force.
have openings
magnetic circuit
is
because
the iron
ness.
makes the
it
action sluggish
due
to the retentive-
If the
36
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
Problems.
1.
The E.M.F.
is
of an electric circuit
is
no
volts
and
the resistance
will flow
2.
5 ohms.
How many
?
amperes of current
22 amperes.
is
The
?
20 amperes and
the E.M.F.
circuit
3.
220
volts.
What
is
ohms.
A coil
What
will
.5
be the E.M.F. across its terminals when a current of ampere is flowing through the winding? 50 volts. 4. In Problem 3, how many watts would be expended
on the winding? 25 watts. 5. What would be the expenditure in watts in Problem I ? 2,420 watts. 6. How many watts would be expended in Problem 2 ?
4,400 watts.
7.
How many
to
produce
S horse-power in a circuit at
8.
no
volts?
33-91 amperes.
What would be
7
?
Problem
9.
3.24 ohms.
How many
Two
coils of
lem
1 ?
10.
respectively
How many
?
circuit
1.33 watts.
11.
In Problem 10,
if
how many
sumed
6 watts.
37
Three
coils
of 5
What
is
the joint
resistance?
13.
2.92 ohms.
7,
In Fig.
terminals of
p^, if p^
14.
The M.M.F.
of a magnetic circuit
is
is
1,200 gilberts
.001 oersted.
?
How many
webers
1,200,000 webers.
is
15.
10,000 webers
gilberts.
16.
to force 20,000
500
17.
gilberts.
What
if
is
the permeability
gilberts
air
is
How many
in cross-section
5 gilberts.
What What
is
the
M.M.F.
in
2
?
centimeters of length
2 gilberts.
line of force
the induction
H= 4?
21.
/*=
intensity will
i>SS-
What
of 5,000 gausses
22.
How
2
H= 3-33required to force
long and
meability
2,100
11-93 ampere-turns.
38
23.
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
What would be
the total flux produced by 200
1.5
/a
119,738 webers.
In Problem
23,
intensity of
induction
25.
B?
5=79,825.
ampere-turns would be required to pro-
How many
B
?
81.06 ampere-turns.
26.
What would be
when
27.
IN =
What
200,
is
/=
11,
and
/x
1,300
5=
/=
7
75,471.
when
and
IN
3)o?
28.
ii=
?
1,368.
What
is
and the
total flux is
180,000 lines
7i
1.5.
30.
lines
What
is
when
is
90,000
64,290.
coefficient 1.4
<^i
the air reluctance between the cores of a magnet each i" diameter, 3" long, and 2" apart, center
31.
is
'
What
to center?
Jl
.055.
ampere-turns would be required in Fig. 20 to force 50,000 lines per square inch through the cores
32.
How many
when
the armature
is
?
removed
^"
considering leakage
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
39
CHAPTER
II.
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
24.
The
may be wound
of
in
any
the
available volume
the bobbin,
and the
Let
cross-sectional constant.
= cross-sectional constant.
(42),
Then,
4=-^
^^==-^(43),
V=g'l^{^^).
must not be confused with To make the meaning clear, assume that a strand of roimd insulated wire is wound in two layers on a tube, as in Fig. 24, shown in
cross-sectional constant
cross-section.
The
Fig. 24.
It will
be seen
at
is
40
consumed
Wliile this
is
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
equal to g^, which
is
is
illustrates the
general prininsulated
wire, not-
As a matter
it is
of fact,
wire,
best to
fill
V = j-
any required
calculated
may be
which
will just
a given bobbin.
As
length,
it is
evident
in
Copper Constants.
Now,
it
commercial
drawn copper
ohms per
and a
circular mil
mils) in
CM.
(40 ^^'
CM.
Now
may be
suppose
it is
required to
know what
resistance p
in-
WnVDIXG CALCULATIONS.
sulated copper
4I
that
wire of diameter A.
Assume
in.,
it is
the
V=
1.68 cu.
total
= g,
since
=A+
(42),
2.
(46)
V =^= g''
1.68
-2
1.68
.014
.000196
8>S7o
715
feet.
(45),
^V- = ^^^ =
10.^^41
10=
io.^c4i
100
i3S4i^^^
The
resistance p
ohms
per foot
=
is
.103541
X 71S
74 ohms.
the reader thor-
The
foregoing
given merely to
make
The meth-
Most
Efficient
Winding.
The most
efficient
is
magnetic energy
one
is
low and
is
is
is
required,
if
the
42
number
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
of turns
may be
number
of turns.
For this reason, the wire with lowest resistance should be used and as copper fulfills the practical requirements,
;
all
wise specified.
things only,
viz.,
To
assume the resistance of the or average turn to be one ohm, and the voltage loo According to Ohm's law, the current in amperes
clear,
,
meaning
would be
/
E ==
pi
loo
ICO amperes.
100 amperes and i turn= loo ampere-turns =^IN. assume lo turns of wire instead of i turn. The ance
will
Now
resist-
increase
directly with
the
ampere-turns as before.
27.
Circular Windings.
round core
is
turns of wire
may be wound
same
cross-section of core.
mean
distances apart,
WIA'D/NG CALCULATIONS.
has a decided advantage, as
for equal sectional areas,
it
43
core
and
its
volume
is
equal to ttMLT.
Where
M=
Z=
TT
T=
=
(See Fig. 25.)
the average diameter of the winding, length of winding, thickness of winding, ratio between diameter and 3. 1 41 6
circumference of
circle.
Fig. 25.
M==
Where
J?
+d
(47)
T = D-d
+
sleeve.
(48)
diameter of core
(49)
r=7rZ
XP.
-).
(5)
44
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
also
M=D-T=T+d, T=D-M=M-d,
= 2T+d = M+T,
(S5) (56)
(si)
(S2)
(S3)
(54)
d=D-2T=M-T.
(57)
(58)
be the inch, the resistance of conductors must be inch, and circular mils to circular
one circular inch being 1,000,000 circular mils. Thus, the cross-sectional area of a wire .001" in diameter
is
to
ohms
.86284
per inch,
10.3541
12
CM.
CM.
(59)
<u
.00000086284
(60)
V in
(42),
^-=
Since the resistance p
is
^^
d")
(60
.00000086284 ttZCZ)^
.0000027107 Z(Z'''
(/")
4FAr
Assigning ^ to .0000027107, and
(62)
^to
iroj",
^=2'
(63)
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
formula (62) reduces to
'
45
-^7
i?
(64)
Let
then
p
= ^,
(66)
(6s)
= -^-^(^-^)
4
is
= rmLT.
(67)
Hence
^
I,
is
when
MLT ^
factor,
and
resistance.
Therefore,
K
is
it
is
g"^
is
the space
and
From
(67)
tables on pp. 137147 are calculated on this prinand the proper wire to be used for the required resistance is found opposite the value of R.
ciple,
The
As
foimd for
between two and a new value by the formula deduced from (6g).
R usually falls
RL
is
when a standard
insulated wire
\.
used.
Example.
(a)
Given D =
d=
.43.
Z=
2.
What
What
must be used
?
will
Dl
46
Solution.
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
From
(69),
R-
4P LiEP-d'^
2,000
2(1 -.185)
2,00
1.63
228
R value
Ans. {a). 1,480 opposite No. 35 wire. The actual diameter of the winding will be
D
2,000
.185
2,960
V.676-1-.18S
(B).
=
To
V.861
.928.
Ans.
''=V^^^As
previously stated, the factor
<')
of
fill
its
of
diameter also.
factor,
-^,
resistance
R
is
inversely as A^
A^
A*.
Hence,
R=
When
insulation
always should be
in practice,
^^A^(A+77'
The
following
is
*^^^^
MT,
as
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
4/
Thus,
T= ^~ ^ (48), 00 = D
1.
and
M=T+d
X
.6&
(52).
^IAA
.32
=T .^ = d :68 = ^
.:
MT=. 32
=.2ij6.
The
is
L = -^r28.
(73)
be exercised
In calculating magnet windings, the utmost care must in measuring the exact dimensions of the
will
vary greatly.
varies
When
insulation,
it
is
considered
that
the
resistance
is
most
important.
The
be wound
taken,
a variation of 23 per cent in the amount of wire that in a given winding volume.
Also, the diameter of the core
i.e.,
may
to
wind on must be
core,
slight,
makes a great
difference in the
The
must
is
be accurately meas-
ured for the same reason as with the core, but with the
outside diameter the variation
48
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
was calculated
In the case of the bobbin in Fig. 26, if the winding to contain 950 ohms of No. 36 single silkcovered wire, using the actual dimensions of the bobbin
-:=_")
00
^"
Fig. 26.
wound
without considering the insulating sleeve, and then it was apparently full of wire but really to but .95 inch
diameter, the resistance would be but 795
difference of 19.5 per cent.
ohms, or a
Again,
if
operation so that
was stretched during the winding the diameter was reduced from .005 " to
.0049
",
per cent.
insulation on the wire is 3 mil another error of 4.6 per cent in the increase, there will be
Assuming
that
the
Thus
it
is
much
precaution
cannot be
observed.
to
which
will just
to measure the outside diameter of a measure the length of a piece of paper go around it, and then dividing it by ir.
Ij,
Thus,
D = (74), where =
WINDING CALCULATION^.
If
40
be found
to
will
be
impossible to measure
29.
The number
in
any
by
thus,
(75)
The resistance may be easily found when the turns are known, by multiplying the number of turns by the resist-
= TTis/'MN = KMN.
number
of turns
(76) (77)
To
proceed as follows
(75).
^^=#;
(78)
then from the table select the next smaller size for g''' and calculate the new diameter for this value of ^^ by the formula
(79)
is
calculated
RL{iy-cF)
:
50
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
/^=^.
KM representing the resistance of the average
this
it is
(80)
turn.
In
differ-
ratio,
constant voltage.
With constant
current,
and
resistance.
The
is
winding.
This
is
from (80):
p
produce a certain winding space with given
To
number of ampere-turns
and
(80).
^=i,.
(63)
IN = /i\^=-^.(8o)
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
^I
T=\.
(83)
D^l^^d.
(52)
J/ =
r+ ^
=^ +
+ dj,
d.
MLT = L
f(f..)]
Ng' (^'
(86)
Therefore, the MLT'vs, found directly by Formula (87) of the winding is then found
;
by
R and w,
MLT and
(89).
multiplying
Lb
where Lb
= "^^^
(^^^
J-i
'"^
(89)
weight in pounds.
resistance
w
ance.
is
the combined
and space
factor,
and
bears to
resist-
Thus, Lb
= wMLT.
(90)
'=y
when
Q =
(91)
=^2
(92)
30.
When
will
a bobbin
is
constant with a
number
5^
THE ELECTROMAdNMT.
In this case
excepting D.
is
all
The number
will
be
"=^1
As an
illustration,
V-
tg+^-.
;?
()
^J-
d=
.43
and
L=
2,
If the insu-
lation
diameter
.009,
g up to .008",
resistance, but
6%
for the
same
in the value of ^.
To find the number of layers of wire that may be wound in thickness of winding T, use formula
T =
I
(94)
The number
m=
Thus,
N= mnL,
_
gi
N mL N
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
53
^=
^,
^'
T
n
(99)
= ^,
(100)
(lOl)
Where ^=
gi
and
insulation,
= lateral
The above
practice.
formulae
convenient
in
32.
To
by the
Thus,
8 15^
German
10.3541
194
The
and
simplest
method
is
to find
if
be obtained
in the given
bobbin
tlien multiplying
by the
33.
In practice
magnet or solenoid
that the winding
is
and hence
may
not be overheated.
This resistance
given winding volume with the finest insulated copper wire on the market. It would be impracticable to use a wire of greater
often too high to be obtained in the
54
resistivity
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
than copper, as the turns, and consequently the
fall
ampere-turns, would
short of requirements
therefore,
is
to
and
still
leave enough
wire winding to be
room for the high-resistance wound over the copper wire winding.
If
and the
i?i,
wire winding by
^=
^=
X'
R{X^-d-^-\- R^ip'
RX''
X^.
Rd""
+ R^cP - R^X\
R^jy.
RX^ - R^X^ =
^ + Rd^-
^ + Rd^- R^D" ^
R
.:
X=
Changing
signs.
.1
Ri-R
\:ff
f.
(102)
^
^
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
Example.
.43,
55
A bobbin
i,
</
L=
1.5, is to
and
just
enough No. 40
30% German
limiting
Solution.
X
^
R for No. 40 S.S.C. coppier wire = 12,690. R for Xo. 4030% S.S.C. German silver wire =
12,690
/
28.1
=
(
356,590.
'356.590
740,000
+ 2,348
7\
~ =
and there
'
343,900
V.9525 ^^
^
.976. ^'
Am.
be
just
enough room
left for
the
German
34.
Resistance Wires.
The
may be used on a circuit of high voltage, are German silver and Climax. The commercial German silver wdres are of two grades The 18% wire has about viz., 18'^ and 30% nickel.
so that they
18.8 times the resistance of copper, 28.1 times the resistance of copper.
and the
30%
wire
The temperature
.00017
P^'"
coefBcient for
German
silver wire is
56
F. for
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
30%.
Specific gravity approximately 8.5.
of
Climax
Its
its
copper.
temperature coefficient
specific gravity 8.137.
is
Under
two
tests
The German silver wire table on p. 148 is based on made by a well-known manufacturer the ohms per
;
pound are based on an average specific gravity of 8.5 for both 18% and 30%. As the resistance of German silver varies in the same specimen, the table is to be considered as commercially
correct, but not absolutely correct.
35.
One
Coil
Wound
total
number
of turns,
using
D = 2Ng' L
'
The
(66).
total resistance
"
=
i
is
This
is
usually
re-
Therefore, the
may be
is
of
the
first coil
d of
the outer
coil.
The
latter
method
necessary
when
different sizes of
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
36.
Parallel Windings.
5/
coils thus
wound
are used on
and
thus,
when
it
magnet
Again,
the
coils simultaneously,
there will
effect of
The
latter
of noncur-
same
one
coil.
The
work
The telephone
it
repeating coil
is
really
an induction
coil,
To
insulated wire,
58
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
2,
and divide by
since
it
is
really but
one complete
coil
A good method of finding the respective resistances of two or more wires wound simultaneously and in parallel is to calculate the number of turns, and then apply formula = KMN, to each wire separately. Another form of winding which may be classed under Parallel Windings is where two or more insulated wires are wound in parallel and the respective ends electrically
(77) p
This
is sometimes necessary where a wire of large cross-section is to be wound upon a very small core, as several finer ones will have the same cross-section and still be
flexible.
9,
p.
4 times their resistance when connected in multiple, or the resistance of any number of wires connected in series is equal to the square of the
two wires
in series is just
number
= n^Jr.
number
(103)
of wires in mul-
by the square
number
Jr
of wires, or
= ^.used
is
(104)
of course equal
series.
The
connected in
is
equal to the
by the number
of wires.
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
37. Joint Resistance of Parallel Windings.
Sg
To
equal resistance in a
Thus,
(105)
Jr=^.
To
resistance
by the number of
wires,
p=/rn.
The
total resistance is
(106)
multiplied
by the square
of the
number
of wires,
Ps= n^Jr.
38.
(103)
Size of
Any
Wire
would hold
for a
For any
and conse-
quently the
the wire.
2.
number
The
number
The
number
is
of
6o
5.
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
The magnetic
efiEect
of the resistance, or as
the square of
is
and small insulated wires, as may be seen by consizes of insulated wire the resistance is
it is
much
again
or, in
in-
same
insulation,
and increases
approximately
25%
for half-sizes.
39.
(B.
& S.)
form of a geometrical
The sizes are determined by the diameter of the circles, which may be placed between two lines at a given angle, in such a manner that the circles will just touch one another and the bounding lines, as in Fig. 27.
33
J*
! Ij?ImY3j1W)
Fig. 27.
is
The
*
W.
J. Varley.
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
As
there are just 39 sizes between No. 0000
6
and No.
is
.005
= V Q2 =
1.
1220^2.
^=
i.i22932('^3)
'
(i7)
where
This
is
= the
logarithms.
Log Log
.-.
.46
1.
= =
122932
log
A=
1.6627578. .0503535.
log .46
[(j-
3) log 1.122932]
(108)
(109)
1.6627578
is
lis
+ 3)
.0503535].
.-.
Log A Log A
= = A=
.6627578 1.6627578
.0100252.
(33
1.
.0503535).
6616655
2.0010923.
Ans.
The
may be
To
find the
to
any diam-
Since log
="1.6627578
J
[(j
+ 3) 0503535]3.
(109)
1.6627578
-log
0503535
(no) '
^
62
Example.
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
What
size in the
?
is
Solution.
^
1.6627578
3.9294189
S3S35
Ans.
is
nearly
2,
+;
;
No. 18
The
This
is
important to remember, as
a certain resistance when the resistance and length of another size of wire are known.
The
will
two sizes of wire, since there heavy wire in a given volume than there would be of finer wire in the same volume. Thus, a bobbin containing 500 ohms of No. 34 wire would contain approximately 1,000 ohms of No. 36 wire.
in the ratio of 2 for every
be
less length of
From
= =
3.0269 A^
(i
1)
292,400
A*.
i}^'^)
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
63
(113)
(114)
(i is)
,
^, Ohms
per foot
.000010^1:41
tt^
"
("^)
,.
40.
Thickness of Insulation.
To
wire
on a
when
From
(63),
(46),
K=
^
i5,
/.
and from
Now
^=
J(65)
=A+ = ^.(^(73).
v/;
-.--
("7)
t=
in
^_^_^_A,
(119)
R from (69)
41.
copper
is
8.89.
64
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
values for cotton and silk being taken
The
tightly
when wound
specific
proportional
to their
8.89 A^-
is
1.377
wire,
the insulated
of the cotton.
S=^'8.89
A""
A2.
(120)
The percentage
^"'^
_
Therefore, to find the
8.89 A"
"'~8.89A2-h 1.035'
ohms per pound
for
(IZ2)
any insulated
Example.
What
..
is
the
for
No. 36
?
Solution.
g''
A^
8.89 A^
= = S=
.000049 .000025
8.89A^-H.03S
From
the table
^
fi
= "T^H^Iif = 9%
36 bare wire
.90
is
.000024 .0002223
copper.
for No.
5,473.
S>473
4,926.
Am.
= ohms per pound for bare wires. ohms per pound for insulated wires.
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
The weight
of
6$
may be
by subtracting the
we
or, since
the percentage
copper,
it
may be found
after the
same manner
as finding
The
tables
this
principle.
The above
relative weights of
that the
show a great discrepancy in the latter method of assuming the weight of copper
is
also,
to
be
very
a cotton-
1.377
G.S.
(123)
^^^^-^^'^^
8.5A'+t.o3S
==^^-^-
(''^)
The ohms per pound for any grade of cotton or silk may then be found after the manner of solving for copper wire, by consulting the German silver
insulated wire
The weight
therefore, the
of insulated wire in a
winding
is
obviously
Thus,
66
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
(91)
'^=^J-
when
MLT of
the winding
space factor w.
Thus,
in
Weight
pounds
= wMLT.
(90)
42.
Weight
of Insulation to Insulate
Any
Wire.
The weight
pound
of
equal to
1.377s
8.89 A^
^
_ "
.1549 S
A^
.1159
'
and
for silk,
1-03
8.89 A^
A"
For
For
cotton,
C^='^-~
i'^
in
(125)
(126)
silk,
= lLl^^,
pounds.
where
Example.
Given the
A=
A.
to
.002" increase.
Let
.005 500.
No. 36 B.
&
S.,
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
Solution.
67
From From
TFrom
(46),
(120)
/
(126)
^
/-s
S^ =
c^
<"
.1159 SA. 2Z
^^
.0013908
.000025
iH_ =
43.
The
Fig. 28.
usual form of
electromagnet
is
that
shown
in
Fig. 28.
The
steel,
cores, yoke,
of
iron or
and cast
Cast
wrought
steel is
namo
ally
field
used extensively in the construction of dymagnets. A magnet of cast steel is often actufirst
cheaper as to
Besides the
of space
first
cost
is
to
is
forms of apparatus
68
THB ELECTROMAGNET.
good quaUty
of iron or steel
is
wire windings.
The washers
ber, fiber, or
made
of
hard rub-
wood.
Where
lating material,
and against
silk
the washers.
The
about
wire
it
is
usually insulated
by winding cotton or
spirally, so that
may
wound on
The
wire
is
then
wound on evenly
in layers
by
revolv-
layers
that
it
is
uniformly throughout the winding, thus avoiding shortcircuits. If the wire is wound on carelessly, or " hap-
hazard," as
it is
sometimes
called,
some
may lie
wound on much
High Voltage.
When
bobbins are
made
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
69
must be taken.
first
Company's insulating
linen,
also
be
90 degrees
can be no leak-
washers before the brass washers, as then the linen washers do not have to be
cut.
with the fringe between the metal washer and the linen
washer.
If the inside terminal is to
be brought out
at the top
more insulating washers between the terminal and the end of the winding.
of the winding, there should be several
The
The
coil
the Sterling Varnish Company's "Extra Insulating Varnish " until it is thoroughly permeated by it, and then
baked
linen
The winding
should also be covered with insulating and treated with Sterling varnish.
Large windings consisting of fine wire are usually covered with heavy cotton cord for mechanical protection.
Press board and Fuller board are also used for low
voltages as insulating washers and covers for the winding.
70
TtlE
45.
ELECTROMAGNET.
The winding
left
that
is
on one
layer, instead of
Fig. 29.
Fig. 30.
it,
as in
Fig. 31.
Where
the imbedding
occurs
72
THE ELECTR0MAGNE7\
of loss
The percentage
due
per cent
=
m
The
lateral value of
is
When
tension
the wire
is
wound on
is
much
and the
makes
it
spread out
but more layers than calculated, were this fact not taken
into consideration.
will
be approximately
is
with a ratchet-stop
to 147 are
based on
46.
In winding a
is
and especially
to
if
it
ally
little
While
paper
it
is
in the winding,
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
winding volume
paper inserted.
This
is
73
reduced
volume of
may be
and
if
appreciated
if
the paper be
removed from
new
this
d,
the volume.
paper should
be used, and then as sparingly as possible. Paper inserted in the winding thus decreases the ampere-turns by increasing the outside diameter, and consequently the resistance of the average turn.
By
ever, the
same
winding
may
offset this in
most cases.
47.
Duplex "Windings.
its
name from
which insulates adjacent turns from each other latThe layers are insulated from each other by As these windings are made by autosuitable paper. matic machinery, they are also called Machine-wound
erally.
Magnets.
Many more
wire, in this
same length
of
form of winding, than with the common form, as the insulating materials occupy less space.
In the covered wire windings, the insulation
ratio of insulation to wire varies.
is
constant
74
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
may be
constant or
mMzmmmMMMm,
Fig. 3a.
The
the
if
silk lies
in Fig.
32
may be much closer than if the silk lay on common center line AB, and very much closer than
= C^ + S, ^=A + /',
gi
where
P= paper allowance.
obvious that there
is
It is
in
this case,
but
all
wire windings.
the paper
is
(130)
silk
space
is
V,= irMLSmn.
The windings
their
(131)
are
wound
in multiple
on a tube of paper
to 12
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
sections are
wound
of the winding.
The
on
to cores
common method.
high
The
principal
efficiency
48.
the most
common,
in the
terms are
made
same terms
as those applied
in
round winding.
The
as follows
Fig. 33.
Fig. 34.
Fig. 35-
windings on
Windings on square or rectangular cores (Fig. 33), elliptical cores (Fig. 34), and windings on
which
is
square or rectangular
with rounded ends, as in Fig. 35. It is evident that since the wire constants are fixed,
that
is
all
necessary
is
to express the
case, in terms of
It is to
MLT,
76
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
M, which
is
the diameter
circle.
in the
form of a
This
ter,
be referred
mean diame-
49.
When wire
is
or rectangular core,
the corners of the winding are not sharp like the corners
which are equal to 36 shows this principle. The four sections formed by the corners would therefore form a circle.
of the core, but
Fig.
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
77
(132) (133)
and
MT=IT
_ (A A :.
'iid^
- -8584^
(134)
M: (A A
-'d^d^
.8584^
(135) (136)
r=
2
^_
From
(67),
.
A4
(137)
p ^
i?
(^^8^
jrp
Z[(AA-'^4)--8s84^
^[(AA-'^i4)--8s84:7^]'
(^39) (140)
z=
78
Therefore
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
-kM = J/ =
>i=
2 {d^
and
also
.637
(4
d^ + ttT, + 4) + 7;
then
2T+di
(136),
d,)
and
Since
^' r = B,-d,
M=.63j{d,+
or
+ (^^^^y,
use
(i4S)
(146)
etc.,
same formulse
as
Fig. 39-
Radiating surface
Sr=2Z [{d, +
Substituting value of
M from
4)
1.5708
(A -
'^i)]-
(147)
(135) in (80),
^^^^^
^^" X[(AA-44)--8584nOr by
substituting value of
J/ from
(141) in (80),
^^=X[.637(^f+4) +
In practice, nearly
all
^]-
^'''^
79
in Fig.
more or
is
less
rounded edges, as
39
make a
noticeable in-
mean
perimeter, irM.
By
in-
specting Fig. 39
it
will
2 r)
be seen that
-I-
j^_
cr
Clearing,
i.e.,
2 (a^
(r/i
(4
IT
2 r)
+it{T+
2 r)
M= .637
in
M=
2r)
(<ii
.637
-F 4) + ^ -547
.637
(4
2r)
''
+ T+
2 r.
(^5)
r from
the value of
J/ in formula
M.
Fig. 40.
To
40 and assigning the values for d^, follows: Let 4. = Ij ^4 = 'i ''= -Sj ^^^d
and Tzs
.5.
M 1.274 .274
Now
by formula
di=^
d^,
T=
Then
-h -S
(52),
I-5-
M= T-\- d =
1.5 also.
When
formula (141)
8o
(150) becomes
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
M~ 1.274^1+ T .574^.
(52),
The
latter
formula, (150), is a general formula, applicable to both square and round cross-sections, formula (141) being correct
correct
(M =
T+ d), being
Formula (150) may be considered as the modulus for converting a square or rectangular winding into a round
winding with the same number of turns and resistance, but with different values for d, d^, d^, etc., M&nd 7" re-
maining constant.
50.
Windings with
Elliptical Cross-Sections.
Fig. 41.
is
simply
then
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
also
(A J/=^?l^
2
,
^^D^n^^ _ AA
^i^i
"37 4)
-
(iS6)
(iS7) (158)
A+
Since
'^'s
0S9)
M=
(67),
m
;
either case.
(160)
^
'
From
P=
Radiating surface
= RMLT. RL {D,B, -
d,d,)
(161)
^ = R{D,Dl-d,d,)Sr
(^^3)
= ^L y/^ZA!
j^ from
(164)
Substituting values of
(156) in (80),
IN= ^/J'f,^
51.
,,.
(165)
Parallel Sides
From
winding
Fig. 42
it is
may be
rectangles
The sum
as follows
-f 2
A = irMT^
T{H -
d^),
(166)
S2
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
and
.-.
(133)
d,)}.
(167)
prrq
Fig. 42.
Dividing by 7]
now
J/i
=A+
(168)
'^s
(169)
Fig. 43.
J/ =^^^^^
.637
(^-4).
(170)
Winding calculations.
From
(170),
Z>5=
(I
M+
Jf +
.274 d^
1.274
.
H.
71) 72)
^=
Since
1.274
173) 174)
^r = r r(^^^') + .637 (^ P
'^'5)]
175)
176) 177)
R=
p
= ^zr[(^^^) +
.637
iH-
'
4)]
78) 79)
Z=
r=
z'5=
180)
.2744
1.274 75r+
RLT
181)
182) .274
H-.
1.274
183)
Radiating surface
^/=Z[2(^-rt'5)+,rA].
184)
84
f^E ELECTROMAGNET.
Substituting value of
M from
(170) in (80),
K]^Y.,,,iH-,.^
Problems.
33.
How many
is
feet of wire
1.5
may be
if
contained
in
winding volume of
factor
34.
cubic inches
the cross-sectional
1,852 feet.
availis
.000081
367 feet of wire will just fill a bobbin whose able winding volume is .42 cubic inches. What
cross-sectional factor of the wire?
g'^
the
.0001143.
35.
What must be
is
.000197
V=
<>'
.197.
cir-
How
What
many ohms
is
.0842.
the
2,
mean
ing whose ZJ
38.
and </=
M=
1.5.
What would be
7^= .5. Problem 37? what would be the volume of the 39. In Problem 37, F= 7.069. winding if the length of the winding L = ^l = 2, {a) what is the value of J/? When .6, 40.
T=
{b)
= s..^, {a) What is the value of </? would be obtained in 41. What resistance
{b)
d=
.8.
a winding
space of 3.1416 cubic inches with a wire .0142" diameter insulated with cotton which increases its total diameter
.004"
42.
?
When
{b)
Z)
3 and
M=
2.5, {a)
what
is
p 40-Sthe value
of
r?
Of dl
(a)
T=
.5, (b)
2.
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
43.
85
is
When
(J))
T=
//?
.5
and d = and
.43, {a)
what
the value of
D
of
Of M->
2.5
(a)
D=
.5,
1.43, (b)
M=
.93.
44.
When J/=
?
T=
(a)
what
is
the value
D
45.
(J>)
Of
(a) Z>
3, (5)
^= 2.
diameter?
46.
.001498.
.55",
and
which increases
diameter .002"
47.
What
If the
silk,
is
the value of
diameter?
48.
K = .6777.
1.5
mil in-
crease of
Rt
R=
49.
55.322.
in
What
?
ohms
a bobbin where
insulation
MLT =
No. 36 wire.
50. What would be the true outside diameter of the above winding ii d = .43 and Z = 2 ? > = .641. 51. In Problem 50, how many turns of wire would
there be
52.
in
iV =
?
4,306.
What would be
What
is
Problem 50
53.
0581 ohm.
the resistance of a winding containing
.9
?
p
54.
if i/
= =
12.08.
Z?
1.31.
S6
55.
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
What would be
the ampere-turns in a winding of
if
iy
Z'
average diameter
22 wire and
IN =
10,427.
4?
d
if
1.
57.
What
produce 3,000 ampere-turns with 220 volts diameter of the winding is 4"?
58.
.01216.
What
is
7^=
is
M=
.58.
1.7, {a)
what
is
the outside
{F)
What
eter of the
winding
will
(a)
D=
2.28, (F)
d=
1.12.
60.
What
be the number
2, if
?
of turns in a
bobbin
where
d=
.43,
Z=
wound
(6)
(a)
N= 8,570,
.43,
N= 7,490.
500
61.
winding where
d=
Z=
contains
ohms
What
silk insulation?
62.
How many
where
T=
.5
and
^=. 00833?
63.
=6.
turns per inch where gi
How many
= .00958 m = 104.4.
?
64.
how many
turns would
be contained
65.
bobbin
ifZ=2?
iV=i,253.
30%
and
would be obtained with No. 39 = 1.43, d= .68, G.S.S.S.C. wire in a bobbin where
resistance
What
2.5
Z=
238,740
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
66.
8/
What
is
consisting of No. 40 S.S.C. copper wire and No. 39 G.S.S.S.C. wire, in a bobbin where d .43,
D=
30%
%,
Z=
wire?
67.
I, it
ohms and
have the
maximum number
of
turns of
jr=.593.
What
if
180.
What
D = .648,
have two parallel windings of 19 ohms each? No. 32 S.C.C. 69. What weight of No. 24 S.C.C. wire would be required in a winding consisting of four parallel wires whose
joint resistance is
70.
40 ohms?
32-57
lbs.
What would be
What
?
A=
number
.01897.
the gauge
No. 50 (49.88). be the permissible insulation on a wire .0074" diameter in order to wind to a resistance of 100
72.
ameter
What
will
ohms
73.
in a bobbin
where d,=
.55,
D = f^, and Z = i^
i
.00252.
What
will
1,878.
74.
What
will
be the
total
.192
lb.
88
75.
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
What
is
the
of No.
30
30%
B
G.S.
How many
crease?
77.
lbs. of silk.
How many
pounds of No. 24
18%
to a s-mil increase?
264.2
78. {a)
lbs.
What
is
is
the
mean diameter
Z'j
of a rectangular
2,
winding where
Z>i
4,
5,
d^=
and
d^
2>^-
r? (a) Jlf = 4.185, (,5) r= i. (p) In the above, how many ohms of No. 24 S.C.C. 79. wire would the winding contain when Z = 1.5 ?
What
the value of
P
80.
5,
72-S7-
What must be
5.5,
D^ =
D^ =
81.
(^=3, and
2)-h
L=
.724.
In the above,
?
at
10 volts
(B)
IN
2,010,
ij))
N= 1,824.
Sr
82.
face
I3-9S-
83.
In a bobbin where
//j
2.5,
//j
radius at cor-
D^
in
3.822, Z'2
=
to
5.322.
be reand the winding on the square core is to contain the same number of turns and resistance as the round winding. What is the value of d^ and D^, L
2,
A round winding
where
d =
Z>
=5
is
wound on to a square
core,
being constant
in
both cases
<^
1.57, D-^
4.57.
WINDING CALCULATIONS.
85.
id)
89
How many
I,
contained in a
2.5,
//j
elliptical
1,
winding where D^
1.5,
-Z?4
d^ =
and
L = 2,1
?
{V)
What
will be the
86.
face
(a) 53.156. 2,259, {b) p In Problem 85, (a) what wUl be the radiating sur(6) What will be the amp>ere-tums at 50 volts ?
N=
(a)
Sr=
19.43, (3)
d^
IN^=
2,124.
87.
In a winding where
D^
= 2,
= .75, ir= 3,
A=
Sr
L=
2.5,
what
26.958.
89.
no
In Problem 87, what would be the ampere-tums at =^ i)4S3volts with Xo. 30 wire?
IN
go
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
CHAPTER
III.
HEATING OF MAGNET
52.
Effect of Heating.
COILS.
When
and
may
friction.
The amount
flowing through
of heat
produced
is
proportional to the
of the current
or, in
the winding.
is
radiated rapidly,
but the heat from the inner layers has to pass through to
the outer layer, core, or washers before
sipated, thus heating the entire winding.
it
can be
dis-
The
at
coil,
first,
conducted
is
heat
radiated
and equilibrium established. Thererequires considerably more time for a " thick "
to
winding
one,
it
and a thick winding will therefore get hotter inside than a thin one for the same reasons, when under similar
electrical conditions.
From
this
it
is
maximum
is
propor-
HEATING OF MAGNET
COILS.
current,
and the
resistance,
and
is
inversely proportional
assumed
add the other 35%, and thus shorten the calculation. In practice this method has been found to give as satisfactory results as any, and hence is commonly used.
layer, so
it is
safe to
The
certain
for
each degree of
rise
in
temperature.
This ratio
and varies
of
The temperature
i.e.,
coefficient for
copper wire
is
.0022,
.22%
Therefore,
(186)
(i
4-.oo2 2^)p,
where
f=
rise in
temperature in degrees F.
coil of
Example.
What
will
be
its
resistance at
100
75
=
'^
25 rise ;=
t.
92
(P)
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
75
32
43 drop.
Pi
I
+ .0022 t
100
(.0022
;
(187)
"
~ + =
\
43)
Q1.36 ohms.
Ans.
1.0946
so
The radiation of heat from a winding depends upon many things that in practice it is assumed that the
the winding
is
when
radiating a certain
number
of watts
approximately
.9
be approximately
while a winding 4J" in diameter, 7" long, and lyV' thick will rise in temperature 100 F. when the winding is radiating .33 watts per square inch con-
100
F.,
tinuously.
The
rise in
temperature in a winding
is
directly pro-
Thus, a
winding that
ing
I
.5
temperature 100 F. when radiatwatts continuously will rise 200 F. when radiating
will rise in
The permissible rise in temperature depends entirely on the temperature of the place where the winding is to be used. In any case, the temperature of the surrounding air must be deducted from the limiting temperature. When several coils of the same dimensions, but for use with different voltages, are to be made, it is best
HEATING OF MAGNET
to test
COILS.
93
one
the
coil
rise in
temperature and
From
easily
may be
different
calculated
the
other windings
at
maximum
ampere-turns without
overheating.
100
30
so
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
the
of
test,
test.
By Ohm's law
E
rise in
tem-
voir f^ereK.
AHL-AMMBreti.
n w| Q
HEATING OF MAGNET
which
for a
COILS.
95
round magnet
is
r^==-^;^-
EI
nBL
(190)
The
is
on any voltage
then
Pi-
? W,itDL
(192)
If the current is to
be kept constant
in
in the
winding the
period of time
plained above.
The
also,
ratio of heating
inside, middle,
outside layers
may be determined by
the above
and method
96
53.
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
Relation between Magnetomotive Force and
Heating.
Where
and
constant voltage
is
Ampere-turns
X X
turns,
volts,
therefore, the
ratio
constant,
Hence the watts and ampere-turns will fall off in the same ratio until the heat is radiated as fast as generated, when they will become constant. For this reason magnets which are to work continuously should be calculated to do the work at the limiting temperature.
First determine,
how many
surface for
Then
the resistance at
^
and the resistance
at the air
temperature
Pi
^
I
+
Pi
.0022
(194)
=
for 100 rise.
1.22
would be,
Pi
i
.0022
1.33
HEATING OP MAGNET
With constant
COILS.
97
current, ampere-turns
resistance.
it
is
From
ture,
permissible
watts
per
_
I
Pi
-I-.0022 t
(194)
A winding
number
same
no matter what the resistance or voltage may be. The above is of course on the assumption that the relation between diameter of wire and thickness of insulation
is
constant.
is
only approximate.
Therefore,
if
same number
of ampere-turns
if
the voltage
varies in the
of the wire.
same
From
which
is
(8.)
^^
ber of ampere-turns.
98
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
This, however, does not take into consideration the
coil.
surface,
of
the
insulation
must be
known.
Example.
greatest
Given bobbin,
of
insulation
that
will
give the
number
that
ampere-turns
without
overheating
the coil.
Assume
inch for
as follows
:
coil
will radiate
F.,
a rise of
ioo
= .43,
is
>
irDL
of
The
resistance
perature will be
Pi
^
095)
inch.
?Q7.Q ^^' ^ ohms,
'
where
'
"=
Pi
6.2832
4!z^-Z.
T-^
=
=
-TT
6.2832
326.5
=
^
'"
and
ohms
air,
Now
MZT
=
'"
From
(68), if
-^ =
8,022.
HEATING OF MAGNET
Assume
Since
that
i?
/
COILS.
99
.002.
(6s),
and
c
K = ^,
(63),
i?
(197)
(See (72).)
AV'
Since
Ri (46),
andA^=y/^.
A'
g=^+
A/
\J^
^ + ^' + 'j-V^S + 7
and
(198)
..
00000271
.00004
002
To
MLT for
i
.ff,
then
A= A=
Now,
since
p^
cMLT
p
i^.
V
V
4J
(199)
40
(192)
(200)
2
W.'kDL
P
for
fr,7rZ)Z(l+-oo22/)
(201)
any
rise in temperature.
too
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
written
-\
=[V^
4^
4J
2
'(202)
which gives the exact diameter of bare copper wire, which will give the maximmn number of ampere-turns
within the limiting heating conditions.
Now,
same example
as above
then
.00000271
3.1416 X
X4X
.815
=[v^
=
0000^^86 ''
1,000
.00001
V.000058I9 + .00001 .001. /.A = .00826 .001 = .00726, Ans., which is the same result as obtained before. Substituting value of ^7" from (134) in (199),
A=
r,
Az[(AA-'^4)--8584y'] ^ qi_
MTlxom.
_l_
i_
(^^3)
Substituting value of
'cL{D,B, - d,d^
= [V^
qi_ I
4J
2
4P
Substituting value of
A=
/.Zr[(^^j +
(205)
for windings with parallel sides
HEATING OF MAGNET
To
find the
COILS.
lOI
number
or
IN^-^.
Therefore, the
(206)
of ampere-turns that
maximum number
in
may be
obtained continuously,
IN=
Here
^SV
(i
i^ "
cM
(207)
= radiating
[(^1
surface,
and
is
round windings,
,
+ 4) +
1.5708
(A -
^0] (147)
.L^Wl
for elliptical windings,
(.64)
and
(184)
Z[2(^-4) + xA]
for windings with parallel sides
The
general
relations
and radiating surface are expressed by the following formulae, the values being taken at the normal
ance, current,
Let
W=
inch,
I02
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
sn
(S)=
EI
(6),
'
HEATIKG OF ^rAGXET
COILS.
IO3
very
is
much
This principle
stats.
is
employed
in
If
E represents
E^ the
sus-
taining voltage,
F W = SrTLE
TlV>r-
"
-1-
(I
.0022
/)
('222^ ^ '
*^"^^
equal,
orxZ(i
-{-.0022/
54.
If a
maximum when
the watts
In
this, of course,
the ampere-
meant to be the number of turns in the coil by the current which would pass through the bare wire when suspended in air. In practice the wire is insulated, which increases the total volume considerably, and therefore, in order to obtain
I04
the
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
same
resistance with the insulated wire, in a given
When
this is done,
is
however, the
increased,
maximum when
wire.
maximum,
The ampere-turns will therefore reach a maximum when the voltage divided by the resistance of the average turn produces a maximum.
It is therefore
For
much more
cost
is
efficient
greater.
Whatever
is
saved in
is
first
fixed insulation,
at exactly the
same
is
con-
stant voltage
used.
55.
Work
at
End
is
of Circuit.
When an
electromagnet
to
magnet should have slightly less resistance than the line, in order to do the most work, providing, of course, that the winding volume is great enough to prevent the winding from becoming overheated.
The reason
resistance,
it
for this
is,
that
if
will
with
Again,
if
line,
HEAThVG OF MAGXET
the
resistance
of
COILS.
will
I05
the
average turn
have been so
The
winding
E = -^^
P
+ Pi
(226)
coil,
where
= voltage
_E^
across
As an example, assume
to
the resistance of
the line being 250 ohms, and the dimensions of the magnet winding as follows
:
MZT=
.2.
M=i.
and
Watts per
single silk-
This
is
shown calculated
insulated wire.
The
the bare and insulated wire will be noted, also the fact
that the ampere-turns are at a
maximum
Bare Wire.
No.
32
.0429
.0682
33
.0541
34
for
679
1,080
1,715
44.2 48.1
47
Here the maximum falls between No. 33 and No. 34 both ampere-turns and watts.
Io6
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
Single Silk-Covered Wire.
i
.0025.
W;H
JiT
33
54i
34
35
.0682
.086
maximum
with No. 35 wire. Therefore, calculate the size of wire to use assuming
maximum
the resistance of the coil to be equal to the resistance of the line and battery, or source of energy, and then try the
next larger size of wire, selecting the wire which gives the
greatest
number
of ampere-tums.
Now,
and
(See 62.)
E=
p
i^, +
ft
(226)
cMLT = _^___.
(327)
^ = MA-(A+\7N
1^
(^^)
cMLT ) ^
maximum when
are
cM
z-^
is
maxi-
^^=
is
/ fx / ft (A
^ +
,-vx iy \
TAir cM
(229)
\
If the
TL
j^
t^
magnet
HEATING OF MAGNET
COILS.
I07
it
will
dead resistance
is
nearly
coil,
same total energy the magnet will when designed to have the full voltage without
ing.
Consequently
this practice is
wrong.
it
Furthermore,
is
The resistance of a winding is 87.5 ohms at 70 F. What will be its resistance at 1 60 F. ? {b) At - 1 0 F.
{a) pi
104.815, {b) p
74.4.
91. What would be the temperature coefficient of a wire which changed from 320 ohms at 130 F. to 310 ohms
at 70 F. 92.
is
.000538.
resistance of a copper wire winding at 80 F.
(a)
The
25 ohms, At 100 F. ?
What
will
be
its
resistance at 0 F.
(6)
{d) p
21.26, (b) pi
26.1.
^=
E
93.
What would be
no, /"=
W,= .$. .3, and 6'r= 66? What would be the permissible resistance in a 94. windingwhere D^ = 4, Z>2 = 4.5, d^ = 2.5, (^ = 3, Z = 2, = 500, and fF^ = .6 ? p = 13,260. In the above, (a) what would be the proper size of 95.
wire to use
?
(6)
What would be
(a)
the ampere-turns
I08
96.
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
What must be
.5
to radiate
volts,
inches?
97.
What would be
MZT= ^?
What would be
winding where
4.5, voltage
A
the
^1
.01036.
^8.
F. in a
maximum
ampere-turns at 150
=
.5,
and
to
Z=
no,
be 68 F?
99.
/iV^= 2,410.
watts per square inch at the limiting
How many
/=
.5,
=
=
100,
(c)
Where
=
=
110, p
=
JV,
220,
Sr
60}
.Sy=5o? Where =
(<r)
(H)
50,
/=
.5, ^/-
40
W
100. 100,
.5, (S)
W.
.917,
W,=
.5
.625.
What would be
watt
Sr
19
(ff)
Where
1=
(a)
.2,
Sr
15
E = 30.82,
(b)
(6)
E=
37.5.
loi.
What would be
F., allow-
ing
(a)
.8
where p 90?
102.
200, 6'r
25
Where
(a)
7=
.316, (^)
E = 500, Sr 7= .144.
attract
its
An
electromagnet
is
designed
to
circuit,
and then to
The
required ampere-turns
HEATING OF MAGNET
are found to be 5,100.
COILS.
I09
are
as
follows
space factor g^
The dimensions of the winding d = i^, D = 2^, L = 4^, and the What will be the watts per .000323.
?
W,=
.872.
In Problem 102,
2 2 o volts
be obtained at
1
factor
^=
.00041?
An
electromagnet with
1.03,
Z=
3, is to
be placed
in a 24-volt circuit
What
maximum
?
tion to
be 4-mil cotton
No. 24.
no
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
CHAPTER
IV.
Forms
of Electromagnets.
is
The
as
it
has the
minimum
if
magnetic leakage
the wire
wound evenly
ring.
in layers
be considerable space
Fig- 47-
Again, if the turns are wound evenly and close together on the outside of the ring, the turns will be crowded or bunched on the inner side, thus increasing the length of
the
mean turn, and decreasing the ampere-turns. The Bar Electromagnet, Fig. 48, has the same
permanent bar magnet
is
gen-
core
of soft iron
and
is
surrounded by a
Fig. 49.
II
not
efficient,
however, unless
so as to complete
Even
be much leak-
Fig. 48.
i.e., is
near and
weak on
Fig. 49-
The Horseshoe
efficient
Electromagnet,
Fig.
50,
is
the
most
112
is
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
make and
therefore expensive,
is
rather inconvenient to
made
of
three
Fig.
513.
is
wound
directly
on to
the cores, and they are then fastened to the yoke, or " back
it is
often called.
Fig. 51.
While
this
form
is
very
efficient,
there
is
a loss due to
113
really a
form
is
one of
its
poles in the
form of a
shell
This type
usually round,
and
The
external
iron-clad
electromagnet
has
but
the
is
it
advantage of
free
also
from
has
the
decided
disadvantage of having
or no ventilation, depending
Fig. 52.
upon the heat being conducted through the shell before it can be radiated by the iron.
great deal of the heat
is
Of course a
come by
cutting
away a portion
by decreas-
is
also great
when
the armature
This type
is
of short duration
and the
114
range of action
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
is
influences.
Another form
53,
is
of
electromagnet
When
seeking.
excited,
north-seeking
used.
Direction of Flux in Core.
57.
In Fig. 10 was shown the relation of direction of current in a wire to direction of lines of force about a wire.
Fig. 54-
Fig. 55.
is
coiled about
rules to aid in
remembering
but probably the simplest one is the analogue of the corkscrew or ordinary right-hand screw.
IlJ
As a corkscrew is turned to the right it enters the cork. Simply consider the cork as the north-seeking pole, and
the
direction
of
ours/oe.
Intwo-polemagnets of the
type
shown
it is
in Fig. 51,
convenient
the windFig. 56.
to
make
ouTsioe.
bins in the
same
direction.
When
would be acting
in opposition to
one another.
Fig.
56
shows
this
principle.
In electromagnets and solenoids having but one bobbin, the direction of the winding
is
immaterial.
When
connected
Fig. 57-
multiple
(to
stant,
designed to work in
other for the
each
Fig. 57
two windings of an
electromagnet in multiple.
1 1
Action of an Electromagnet.
is
When
is called
the armature
it is
electromagnet,
attracted
by the
poles,
an Attractive Electromagnet.
If the
from the
As
and the
attraction
becomes
and there
is
until finally,
is
when
comparatively
little
The magnet
is
tromagnet.
The
since
is
i?
=A -5
>
/i
=
is
in air.
Therefore, as
increases,
de-
gap
we may
by assuming that the leakage ratio is constant, concentrate our attention on the effect in the air gap alone. Since the flux density is constant for any
also,
and
WA.
nearly correct
While not
strictly correct,
liy
is
which
will
give a
approximately 250,000 lines per square inch over an extent of several square millimeters. The radius of
form of a parabola.
Calculation of Traction.
59..
When
it
is
The formula
P=
72,134,000
(230)
The table on p. 150 is calculated from this formula upon the assumption that there is a uniform distribution of lines of force over the area considered, and that there is no magnetic leakage.
practical working densities for different grades of and steel, providing the permeability does not fall below 200300, are approximately as follows
The
iron
Wrought
Cast
steel
iron
Mitis iron
...,,... ......
50,000
85,000
80,000 50,000
the table the pull in pounds per square inch opposite the
working density, and dividing the required pull by the pounds per square inch gives the area of the pole. Likewise, to find the pull
when
the value of
B and
the area of
Il8
the pole are
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
known, find the pull in pounds per square inch from the table and divide by the area of the core.
Example.
tain
steel.
A magnet is to be designed that will susa weight of lo pounds, the core material being cast
What
Solution.
steel is
1 1 2.3,
The
A=
B=
90,000.
In
table,
when
B = 90,000, P =
=
112.3
In order to obtain fair results, the armature and pole must be accurately faced, as a non-uniform distribution of the lines and increased reluctance may diminish the traction.
On
so-called
the
same
intensity of
utilized twice
and there
The
will
armature and yoke vary in the same ratio as the crosssection of the cores, the outside diameter of the winding,
the resistance,
of
the
magnetic circuit
will fall
the core
and
&
decrease.
II9
The
acts
This
is
and as the
Fig.
58.
air,
of the winding.
drawn or pulled into the center The solenoid is commonly used where a
is
required.
is
The
although
commonly
used.
Its efficiency
may be
rated
electromagnet
only one pole
to
attract
when
is
used
the arma-
ture, as
force
air.
is
the
surrounding
form, but
The magnetic
is
field of
a solenoid
is
120
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
feathered
The
arrows
lines of force
produced by the solenoid, and the plain arrows the direction of the lines of force due to the reaction
of the poles.
When
an iron core
is is
demagnetizing action
decreases
6i.
Action of Solenoids.
In the case of the simple solenoid, the pole induced at the lower end of the plunger as it approaches and
enters the solenoid
is
attracted
in,
thus
Fig. 60.
maximum when
The most efficient and generally useful form dad Solenoid, or " Plunger Electromagnet,^'' Fig.
of sufficient cross-section
low.
to
the Iron-
60.
make
the reluctance
very
121
steel
air
where the
is
is
gap
so great
very low by
comparison.
The
spool
or bobbin
is
usually
made
of
this
much
<
FiE. 6l.
but the
is
is
no
As a portative magnet, the one with the stop will hold many times the weight held by the other form, and as a tractive magnet it is also much stronger, especially if
the stop and plunger are V-shaped, as in Fig. 62.*
*
W.
XXXVI.,
122
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
is
Fig. 62.
attraction reaching a
pletely closes the
maximum when
circuit.
magnetic
Fig. 63.
62.
Polarized
Magnets.
is
the
its
mon form
a per-
manent magnet, or else the entire electromagnet is influenced by a permanent magnet. Fig. 64 and Fig. 65 show two forms where the armatures are permanent magnets made from hardened steel.
W.
E. Goldsborough,
Electrical
World, Vol.
XXXVI.,
123
is
One
that the
Fig. 64.
direction of the
movement
of
Thus,
if
the current flows through the winding in the direction of the arrows in Fig. 65 the armature will be attracted to
the
left.
Fig. 65.
If
now
the current
in
The same
magnet
in Fig. 64.
124
^-^^
ELECTROMAGNET.
one
The
armature
repelled
Fig. 66.
upon the
Still
which
Polarized
magnets
may be may be
rapidity.
Where
just
12$
much more
magnets
is
because there
in the latter.
Consider
receiver,
a polarized electromagnet
flux density to
in
a telephone
lines per
assuming the
be 5,000
Fig. 67.
to 5,005.
The
on the diaphragm before the current flowed would be proportional to B^ = 5,000^= 25,000,000, and after the
current flowed,
pull
B^
25,000,000 =50,025 due to the current of 5,005 5,000 = 5 lines per square inch; whereas, if the magnet had not been polarized the increase in pull would only
proportional to
25,050,025
for a
change
in flux density
126
have been
ity,
i.e.,
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
5^
o=
2,001 times
is
very
much
less
is
not so
is
not polarized.
Problems.
105. How many pounds will a two-pole magnet lift whose pole areas are 1.5 square inches each, and the
total useful flux is
140,000 lines
P= 362.3.
be the same
106.
What would be
?
of each pole,
assuming the
continually
107.
it
If the magnet in Problem 105 was polarized, i.e., had a continuous flux through its magnetic circuit, and the total useful flux due to the polarization was 100,000 lines, what would be the per cent increase in traction if the total useful flux was increased to 160,000 lines by means of the magnetizing coil ? 156%.
if
ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA.
12/
CHAPTER
V.
ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA.
63.
Induction.
When
or, in
Now,
an angle
if
field at
This
is
the principle of
all
dynamo
electric
machines.
if it
be placed
magnetic
field,
and
maximum.
field
and
is
utilized in induction
called
trans-
formers.
The
called
Mutual
Induction.
The principle
as induction
same
between a wire conducting a current and a wire placed near it, with the exception that the wire conducting the current
is
by that
changes
current.
in intensity, the
changes, and
128
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
induced E.M.F,
will
be
This
efEect only
lasts,
is is
changing
in intensity, so that as
maximum.
Thus, when the current
is
it is
instantly.
in-
in the
same
The
creased
when
there
is
and an enormous
amount
This principle
is
lighting apparatus
purposely
made high in order to produce a strong, hot spark. The E.M.F. induced in a coil of wire is one volt
each turn of wire when the
crease at the rate of 100,000,000 per second.
for
The henry
is
is
An
of one volt
when the
is
The inductance
the current,
number
and
;
also
by
10* to bring
it
all
by under the
practical system
thus.
ELECTROMACNETlC I'HENOMENA.
12$
Z. is
is
not a con-
when
magnetic
circuit,
grees of magnetization.
it is
necessary to
the circuit
When
mum,
law,
/=
P
However,
t,
it
may be
by
Helmholtz's law.
E /= Vi
.
_f\
I?
i</
(232)
where
2.7182818, which
is
logarithms.
The
By
ratio
is
substituting
for / in (232),
= 634-
p
(234)
From
the above
it is
The time
inductance,
constant
or
may be decreased by
decreasing the
resistance.
by
increasing the
electrical
130
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
unchanged
;
therefore
it is
value sooner.
65.
Alternating Currents.
With
The
ef-
and
is
equal to
(23s)
Z=Vp='-|-(2.rZ/7,
where
is
/ is
the
num-
of the current strength can not be easily due to the variable inductance, but if a curve be plotted showing the magnetic flux for each current strength, an accurate value of the current strength may be
calculated,
obtained.
On
An
alternating-current-electro-
magnet should also be worked with lower densities duction on account of the hysteresis losses.
66.
of in-
Eddy
Currents.
Another loss is due to the currents set up in the iron by induction. These currents are called Eddy Currents, and are largely overcome by subdividing the core in the
direction of the lines of force.
may
consist of fine
ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA.
wires, but for
131
magnets
are usually
In the design of these cores, great care must be exercised in the selection of the proper size of wire or laminse,
for
if
loss
be too great
on the other
will
hand,
sulation
be too
thick, the
magnetic reluctance
be so
great as to
currents.
more than
eddy
APPENDIX
&
A.W.G.
136
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
EXPLANATION OF TABLE,
this table
fol-
Matthiessen's
% 0 C.
standard
resistivity,
Matthiessen's temper-
Resistance in
0.1469 B.A.U.
Matthiessen's standard
metre-gramme of
soft
drawn copper =
0.9866 international ohms. 0.14365 B.A.U. @ 0 C. One B.A.U. Matthiessen's standard i metre-gramme soft drawn copper=
0.141729 international
ohm
o'^
C.
resistance for 20
i
Temperature
metre,
coefficients of
C.,.
50
C, and
foot
= 0.3048028
Although the entries in the table are carried to the fourth significant digit, the computations have been carried to at least five figures.
The
unit, repre-
two
inch
thousand.
The diameters
of the B.
&
S.
or A.
W.
= 0.4600
digit
and No. 36 = 0.005 inch, the neaiest fourth significant retained in the areas and diameters so deduced.
It is to
tivity
its
being
maybe permanently
and which
is
here used,
may
in
Crocker,
G. A. Hamilton,
W.
E. Geyer,
and Standards
A. E. Kennelly, Chairman,
Pounds per foot varies directly as the area. Pounds per ohm varies directly as the area squared. Feet per pound varies inversely as the area.
Feet per ohm varies directly as the area. Ohms per pound varies inversely as the area Ohms per foot varies inversely as the area.
squared.
APPENDIX.
137
138
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
SIZES.
&
S.
APPENDIX.
139
SIZES.
&
S.
140
POUNDS OF
&
S.
APPENDIX.
10 MIL.
141
B.
&
S.
142
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
5-MIL.
SINGLE COTTON.
B.
&
S.
No.
APPENDIX.
143
8-MIL.
DOUBLE COTTON.
SIZES.
COMMERCIAL HALF
No.
144
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
4-MIL.
No.
DOUBLE
SILK.
APPENDIX.
145
2-MIL.
SINGLE SILK.
No.
146
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
4-MIL.
DOUBLE
SILK.
SIZES.
COMMERCIAL HALF
No.
APPENDIX.
147
2-Mn,.
SINGLE SILK.
SIZES.
COMMERCIAL HALF
No.
148
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
TABLE OF RESISTANCES OF GERMAN SILVER WIRE.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
8.5
(APPROXO-
APPENDIX.
149
PERMEABILITY TABLE.
Density of
I50
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
TRACTION TABLE.
APPENDIX.
ISt
8ths.
152
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.
APPENDIX.
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.
153
!S4
THE ELECTROMAGNET.
ANTILOGAHITHMS.
Proportional Fartt.
.01
m
.03 /)i
.05 .OS
.07
1002 1005 1007 1009 1026 1028 1030 1033 1050 1052 1054 1057 1074 1076 1079 1081 1099 1102 1104 1107 1125
1151
1021
1127 1130 1132 1153 use 1159 1180 1183 1186 1208 1211 1213 1239 1242 1265 1294 1324 1355 1387
1135 1138 1161 1164 1189 1191 1216 1219 1245 1247 1274 1303 1334 1365 1396 1276 1306 1337 1368 1400
1259 1262 1288 1291 1318 1321 1349 1352 1380 1384 1413 1445 1479 1514 1549
1585 1622 1660
1271
1285 1315 1346 1377 1409 1442 1476 1510 1545 1581
16
.17
.18 .19
1416 1449 1483 1517 1552 1589 1626 1663 1702 1742
1419 1422 1426 1452 1455 1459 1466 1489 1493 1521 1524 1538 1556 1560 1563
1592 1629 1667 1706 1746 1596 1600 1633 1637 1671 1675 1710 1714
1429 1432 1435 1439 1462 1466 1469 1472 1496 1500 1503 1507 1531 1535 1538 1542 1567 1570 1574 1578
1603 1641 1679 1718 1758 1607 1644 1683 1722 1762
1611
.21
.22
23
.24 .25
1750 1754
1791 1832 1875 1919 1963
26
.27
1778 1782 1820 1824 1862 1866 1905 1910 1950 1954
1995 2042 2089 2138 2188
1807 1816 1845 1849 1854 1858 1888 1897 1901 1932 1941 1945 1977 1986 1991
.30
.31
32 33
.34
.35 JJ6
.37
2004
2028 2037 2075 2080 2084 2123 2128 2133. 2173 2178 2183 2234
.38
2259 23E5 2270 2275 2286 2339 2312 2317 2323 2328 2393 2366 2371 2377 2382 2421 2427 2432 2438 2443 2449 2477 2495 2500 2506
2547 2606 2667 2729 2793
2858 2924 2992 3062 3133
2523 S535 2541 2582 2594 2600 2642 2649 2655 2661 2704 2710 2716 2723 2767 2773 2780 2786
2553 2612 2673 2735 2799 2864 2931 2999 3069 3141
2559 2564 2624 261 2679 2665 2742 2748 2805 2812
2871 2877 2938 2944 3006 3013 3076 3083 81481 31S5
2818 2825 2838 2844 2851 2884 2891 2904 2911 2917 2951 2958 2965 2972 2979 2985 3027 3034 3041 304813055 8097 3105 3112 81191 3126
APPENDIX.
ISS
_...
INDEX
158
INDEX,
FAGS
Silver
Silver
53>55
.
148
Induction
6
29
Leakage
Poles
.
Units
.
Magnetism
Magnetization
...
. .
90
11
.128
4
Magnetomotive Force.
Mean
Perimeter
76 4^
.
....
Loop
.
Hysteresis
....
...
Hysteresis Loss
34 -35 -35
130
127
N.
Neutral Line
Notation
. .
Impedence
Inductance
Induction
Insulating Linen
.127
127
....
.
.
6g, 15a
.
Oersted
150
Ohm
.69 ... 68
.
Ohm's Law
P.
Wire
63, 66
.
Intensity of Magnetization
11
113
.
...
120
J-
Paper in Winding -72 Parallel Sides and Rounded Ends, Windings 82 Parallel Windings 57, 59 Permanent Magnets i
. .
Permeability
...
.
.
.12
149
.
....
. .
Permeability Table
Plunger Electromagnet
120
122
L.
Polarized Electromagnets
.
Leakage
Coefficient
124
124
.
Limits of Magnetization
Linen, Insulating
Lines of Force
.
116
117
Practical
Working Densities
Lines of Induction
Press Board
....
69
117
Lodestone Logarithms
... ...
M.
. . .
Problems
Pull
...
R.
Magnet
4,
23
3
90
.
63, 66
.
76
INDEX.
between M.M.F. and Heating Relation between Wire and WindRelation
ing
IS9
FAGB
Time Constant
96
129
117
Traction
Traction Table
150
Volume
3g, 45, 59
12
Reluctance
U. Units, Electric
Units, Magnetic
Repeating Coils
Residual Magnetization
Resistance
...
.
...
. .
57 35 6 55 45
35
....
V.
6, 7
11
Useful Flux
30
Resistance Factor
Resistance Wires
...
Retentiveness
...
...
Varnish, Sterling
Volt
"W.
Rise in Temperature
91
69 6
S.
Watt
33
.
....
of
Saturation Point
Self Induction
....
.
.
...
94
11
...
. .
127
Weber
Weight
Copper
lie
Silk Insulated
Wire Tables
.
144-147
in
Solenoids
...
....
...
T.
.119
.
.
ered Vv
45
76
69
Weight of Copper in Silk Covered Wire 63, 139, 140 Winding Calculations 39 Winding Space 39
...
Work
.
at
End
of Circuit
104
T
Yoke
27, 112
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