A Brief Review of Arts and Culture Policy in Korea:

Organizations, Policy Instruments, and Globalization

Supporting the Arts at Home and Abroad: Korea, China, and the United States KORUS Forum Washington DC November 30, 2012

Kwangho Jung Seoul National University

1

Three Main Questions

1. What are the major national arts organizations in Korea? How do they accomplish their goals? 2. What policy instruments are used for promoting arts in Korea?

3. How are arts in Korea promoted internationally?

Historical Environments of Korean Arts Policy

Key Features of Arts Policies in Korea

- Strong Roles of Government, Active State Intervention - Growing Civic Society: Education First, Rapid Industrialization, Democratization - Various Historical Cultural Heritages and Assets(Hangul, Taekyundo )

Public Policy Frames in Arts in Korea

Political Economy of Cultural Policy in Korea

National Public Organizations for Arts

Presidential Council of Nation Branding

Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea

6

K y ue uO fe i e B ra f sn i c Misr o C l r, p r a dT ui MC T n t f u ue S ot n o r m( S ) iy t s s

Q a i o en na O g n ai s o At u s g v rme tl ra i t n fr r z o s

Quasi n ng v rme tl o -o en na Organizations for Arts

Art Council Korea(ARKO)

ARKO is a state funded non profit organization, supporting arts organizations and artists in and abroad through grant-giving services and programs. Established as the Korea Culture and Arts Foundation in 1973 it was later restructured as Arts Council Korea in 2005 , following the reenactment of the Korea Culture and Arts Promotion Act. * ARKO is the largest funding agency for arts in Korea
9

Key Components of Arts & Culture Policy

Top-down vs. Button-up

Professionalism vs. Civic Participation

Supply side policies -> Demand side policies

Government vs. Non-government

Direct-government vs. Market Based Tools

Source: Adjusted from IFACCA (International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies) Madden, Christopher. 2009. The Independence of Government Arts Funding: A Review. IFACCA DART REPORT NO 9. www.ifacca.org. 10

Key Characteristics Arts & Culture Policy

WFK: a unified program for volunteers dispatched overseas from 7 previous different programs across three ministries 11

Subsidies from Art Council Korea(ARKO)

Source: http://www.arko.or.kr/english

12

Supporting programs from Korea Arts & Education Services (KAES)

Bringing Arts Education in Public Schools
-More Artists in Schools ? Artistin-School Program - Toward a Success Model Creative Partnership Program -Re-training Support for School Teachers

Arts for All Arts in Everyday

-Extended Arts and Culture Education Program -Creating Regional Centers for Arts and Culture Education

Advocacy Public Awareness

-Building Support for Arts and Culture Education Policy -Arts and Culture Education Web Management -International ExchangeDialogue beyond Borders

Training for Trainers

. Development of Human Resources for Arts and Culture . Arts and Culture Educators Academy . Arts Education Project for Gifted Children

R&D projects (for textbooks, auxiliary materials and manuals for professional training and education)
. Textbooks & Subsidiary Material Development . On/off-line Educational Contents Development . Statistics on Arts and Culture Education for Beneficiaries . Arts and Culture Education Dictionary Development

13

Key Successful factors of Korean Wave(Hallyu)

Psy, Gangnam Style, a worldwide phenomenon, has topped national music charts in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom as well as You-tube. K-pop(Korean popular music), Korean dramas, and K-food have played a significant role in spreading the Korean Wave to other countries.

14

Key Components of Popular Korean Wave(Hallyu)

- Growing G-generation[Create, Collaborate, Share, Give, Engage] . Digital and Web comfortable generation . English fluent generation . Globally open minded generation - Unique development Pathways [Korean Way] . Rapid economic growth & Successful democratization . Highest education spending and performance(education fever) . Leading globalization(FTA, ODA, Global diplomacy) - Effective Arts and Culture Policies . Centralized top-down policy (Presidential Council of National Branding) . Targeting policies for reducing cultural divide(Cultural vouchers, FSSP) . Various public organizations for cultural diplomacy (KORUS)

15

New Public Diplomacy and Arts Policy

Cultural diplomacy is increasingly important to promote a positive (global) image under the globalized electronic communication and worldwide media consumers.

Arts used for economic development programs from developed countries, World Bank, IMF, etc. -> Art is regarded as a simple instrument, not as a self-empowered identity Inherent cultural conflicts (National vs. global identity) Who leads cultural diplomacy? (Government, non-governmental orgs(international orgs, academic institutions), civic sector, commercial media)

16

Appendix 1
Trends of Budget of MCST and GNI per capita in South Korea

17

Appendix 2
Overview of Key Cultural Facilities in South Korea from 2000 to 2010

18

Appendix 3 The Impact of ACE on Personality Development (Source: KACES AFSS Project Report)
Art-Flower Seed Schools (AFSS) Treatment group Before P1 Personality Development 3.76 (1,016) 3.67 (997) 3.34 (1,012) After 3.80 (1,012) 3.77 (1,002) 3.42 (1,015) t-value 1.08 Before 3.77 (276) 3.56 (266) 3.32 (276) General Elementary Schools Control Group After 3.84 (263) 3.66 (261) 3.32 (266) t-value 1.25

P2

3.12**

1.70

P3

2.82**

0.04

Note: 1) Each item is a five point Likert scale. 2) *: p-value<0.05; **: p-value<0.01; 3) ( )= Sample size. 4) P1= Self-esteem & Happiness; P2=Expression & Creativity ; P3= Cooperation & Sociability.

19