Name : Roll No: Potential Flows Aim:

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group

The objective of the experiment is to understand and visualize the potential flows by simulating the flows using C-10 Armfield laminar flow table. Description: Potential Flow theory Steady, Irrotational, Inviscid and incompressible flow is called as potential flow. If the velocity vector satisfies the following mathematical condition then the flow field is said to be potential flow field. is the velocity vector. for potential flow, where For the potential flows the stream function and the velocity potential is formed such that the derivatives of them with respect to the spatial co-ordinates gives the velocity vector at a point in the flow field. The velocity potential and the stream function should satisfy the laplace condition . For a two dimensional potential flow field, The potential lines and the stream lines are orthogonal to each other. Solving for the potential function and stream function, the complete flow field can be established. This is advantageous instead of solving for three velocities solving for stream functions to establish the flow field. There are basically 4 elementary potential flows (i) Uniform Flow, (ii) Source Flow, (iii) Sink Flow and (iv) irrotational vortex flow. Armfield C-10 laminar flow table is capable of producing the first three elementary flows and their combinations. The vortex flow is not discussed in this report. Uniform Flow The stream and potential functions for a uniform flow are as follows, . The flow field is shown in figure -1. Grid size of 60cm X 60cm (30 to 30 in X-axis and -30 to 30 in Y-axis) is taken. The free stream velocity

Figure -1 Uniform Flow. Source & Sink Flow The source flow is defined as the flow coming out from a point and moves in the radial direction. The sink is defined as reverse of source, flow moving towards a point in radial direction. ( Constant lines are formed by ) ( ) ( ) and the constant 1 lines are formed by
( )

Name : Roll No: The flow field is shown in figure -2. Grid size of 60cm X 60cm, strength of source m = 5 cm2/sec

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group

Figure -2 Source (or) Sink Flow. Doublet The doublet is combination of source and sink flow, the source and sink is exactly placed at the origin. The stream function and potential functions are as follows ( Constant lines are formed by and the constant ) lines are formed by ( )

The flow field is shown in figure -3. Source & sink strength = m = 5 cm2/sec

Figure -3 Doublet (Source & Sink at origin) Flow. 2

Name : Roll No:

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group

Rankine Half Body The combination of source flow at the origin along with uniform flow will simulate a flow similar to flow over a parabolic body, which is called as rankine half body. The stream function for the flow will be the sum of stream function of uniform flow stream function and source flow stream function, the potential function also the sum of uniform flow potential function and source flow potential function. ( Constant ) ( )

lines are formed by

Constant

lines are formed by

The flow field is shown in figure -4. Source strength = m = 5 cm2/sec, the free stream velocity

= 0 (or) m
X -5.00 -4.98 -4.93 -4.85 -4.73 -4.58 -4.39 -4.16 -3.88 -3.57 -3.21 -2.80 -2.33 -1.80 -1.21 -0.53 0.23 1.10 2.10 3.25 4.58 6.14 8.01 10.28 13.10 16.73 21.61 28.56 39.38 58.85 105.23 372.45 Y 1e-5 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.71 15.71

Figure -4 Rankine Half Body (Uniform flow & Source at origin). Rankine Full Body A source of strength of m 5 cm2/sec is located at a 8 cm from the origin on the negative X-axis, a source of strength of m 5 cm2/sec is located at a 8 cm from the origin on the positive X-axis and a uniform flow of 1 cm/sec. The above combinations of potential flow simulate a flow over an oval body and called as rankine full body. The stream function for the flow will be the sum of stream function of uniform flow stream function, sink and source flows stream function, the potential function also the sum of uniform flow potential function, sink and source flow potential function. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3

Name : Roll No: [ Constant ] [

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group ) ]

lines are formed by

( ) ( ( ) ) (

(
)

)
( )

Constant

lines are formed by

The flow field is shown in figure -5. Source strength = m = 5 cm2/sec, Sink strength = m = -5 cm2/sec, the free stream velocity . The minor diameter of the oval is found by trial and error method.
=0
-12.00 -11.98 -11.91 -11.80 -11.65 -11.44 -11.19 -10.87 -10.50 -10.04 -9.51 -8.86 -8.08 -7.11 -5.86 -4.03 0.00 4.03 5.86 7.11 8.08 9.24 9.51 10.04 10.50 11.12 11.19 11.44 11.65 11.80 11.91 11.98 12.00 1e-5 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 7.910337 7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.22 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.11 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 1e-5

Figure -5 Rankine Full Body (Uniform flow, Source & Sink at a distance from origin) Flow over Circular Cylinder When a doublet flow is added with a uniform flow, the flow field represents the flow over circular cylinder of radius R = source Strength / Free Stream Velocity = m/ . The stream function for the flow will be the sum of stream function of uniform flow stream function and doublet stream function, the potential function also the sum of uniform flow potential function and doublet potential function.

( Constant lines are formed by

Name : Roll No:

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group

Constant

lines are formed by

The flow field is shown in figure -5. Source strength = m = 5 cm2/sec, Sink strength = m = -5 cm2/sec, the free stream velocity .

Figure -5.Potential Flow over circular Cylinder (Uniform flow & Doublet) C-10 Armfield laminar flow table The laminar flow table is shown in figure 6 (from Ref-1). The dimension of the flow field is (60cm X 80cm). It is used to simulate the ideal fluid flows (Potential flows) of combination sources, sinks and uniform flow. Water is the working liquid. The water table has 8 tapings in the flow field which can act as source (or) sink by controller. The flow table is also used to visualize the laminar flow over 2-dim bodies (circle, airfoil, square, channels,etc..) by placing the object in the uniform flow. The uniform flow stream lines are simulated by injecting the color die through needle injectors (hypodermic needles). The die will flow like a line (represent a stream line) and the stream lines get disturbed due to the presence of either 2-dim bodies or source & sink flows, there by the streamlines of the complete flow field is visualized. The water supply to the laminar flow table is 2 lit/sec at 2 bar. 5

Name : Roll No:

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group

figure 6, Laminar Flow Table (C-10 Armfield, Ref-1) Test Procedure: The flow field is established properly without bubbles and unwanted particles. Then the die is injected through the needle injector. The die should form straight lines, where there are no disturbances. If the color lines are not straight, then the flow table should be adjusted till the color lines are straight. After establishing the clean uniform flow, the sources and sinks are introduced to form different ideal fluid flow (potential flow) patterns and they are shown in figure -7. Two dimensional bodies (circular cylinder and airfoil) are placed in the flow table. The stream line patterns are captured and shown in figure -8.

Figure -7 (a) Sources & sinks combination

Figure -7 (b) Doublet (Source & Sink at centre)

Figure -8 (a) Airfoil low angle of attack 6

Figure -8 (b) Airfoil High angle of attack

Name : Roll No:

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group

Figure -8 (c) Cylinder in laminar flow

Conclusion: From the figure -7(a) it is observed that the source and sink combination along with uniform flow stream line patterns are similar to predicted as of theory. From figure -7(b) it is noticed that the doublet with uniform flow combination doesnt give as expected, this may be due to the viscous effects and experimental uncertainties. If more number of needle injectors are used then the visualization can be improved. From figure 8(a), the flow over an airfoil clearly shows attached flow at low angles of attack and detached flow 8(b) at high angles of attack due to the viscous effect. From figure 8(c), shows the laminar flow over a circular cylinder where the flow gets separated at the top and bottom of the cylinder. The laminar flow table is a very good method for laminar flow visualization. It gives a great understanding of laminar flows.

Ref -1: Armfield Laminar Flow Table C 10 Issue 11.