11.What are the typical business processes?

There are three types of business processes: 1. Core processes: processes that constitute the core business and create the primary value stream. Typical core processes are Purchasing, Manufacturing, Advertising and Marketing, and Sales. 2. Administrative processes: the processes that govern the operation of a system. Typical administrative processes include "Corporate Governance" and "Strategic Management". 3. Supporting processes: which support the core processes. Examples include Accounting, Recruitment, Call centre, Technical support. A business process begins with a mission objective and ends with achievement of the business objective. Process-oriented organizations break down the barriers of structural departments and try to avoid functional silos. A business process can be decomposed into several sub-processes, which have their own attributes, but also contribute to achieving the goal of the super-process. The analysis of business processes typically includes the mapping of processes and sub-processes down to activity level. Business Processes are designed to add value for the customer and should not include unnecessary activities. The outcome of a well-designed business process is increased effectiveness (value for the customer) and increased efficiency (less costs for the company). Business Processes can be modelled through a large number of methods and techniques. For instance, the Business Process Modelling Notation is a Business Process Modelling technique that can be used for drawing business processes in a workflow.

12.Describe sales order processing.

Sales order processing is an important step in a series of processes that leads directly to revenue for your company. And the way your company handles its sales orders says a lot about it. Traditionally, most sales orders arrive via fax, and processing these can be a costly, manual and timeconsuming process. But if you could process your orders quickly, efficiently, and correctly, every time, you would not only generate revenue more quickly, you would also promote better customer satisfaction, which leads to repeat business. To process orders correctly and reduce customer inquiries about order status, you need a tool that can both automate your processes and integrate with your existing enterprise systems.

13.Write short note on purchase order.

A purchase order (PO) is a commercial document issued by a buyer to a seller, indicating types, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services the seller will provide to the buyer. Sending a purchase order to a supplier constitutes a legal offer to buy products or services. Acceptance of a purchase order by a seller usually forms a one-off contract between the buyer and seller, so no contract exists until the purchase order is accepted.

14.Why data validation necessary? What are the different types of data validation checks that are kept in a program.
Data validation is done to ensure a program operates on clean, correct and useful data. Following are some of the checks that may be carried out for validation data. Presence check:- The validation program checks that all mandatory items of data are present. For example, the customer account number couldnt be omitted on a sales order. Character count:- here the exact number of characters are checked at input. Picture count:- This check ensures entire fields are in correct format. Range check:- This checks that a field lies within a particular range. Check digit check:- Lengthy code numbers and customer numbers are prone to error on entering. So an algorithm called check digit check ensures correctness of the entry.

Algorithm for check digit check is given below: (i) First assign weight to each digits starting from the low order position in the data using values 2 through 10 and moving to the left.

(ii) The next step is to multiply the weights by the numbers. (iii) The numbers are summed. (iv) The sum is divided by the modulus number giving a result with a remainder. (v) Subtract the remainder from the modulus divisor and get the result. The result number is the check digit check.

15. computerised financial accounting system?

Financial accounting system gives the professional accountant the tools to review the financial record of a client while reducing time spent by the accountant in collecting basic document and time for more sophisticated analysis. A strong accounting system is one basis for strong management. The proper design of the accounting is essential through planning is important. Computers help in executing all the above characteristics fast.

16.What is Financial Accounting? Explain with example.

The financial accounting system maintains the vouchers, books of accounts and ledgers and assures the integrity of the companys business transactions. In most organisations, financial accounting is totally computerised. Sales accounting and analysis system is described below. A sales accounting and analysis system consists of the following components. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Editing customer orders for codification and description. Checking the credit status of the custumer. Checking availability of items in stock. Updating the stock records and taking action for replenishing stocks. Preparation of invoice from dispatch notes. Preparation of statement of accounts. Sales analysis and profitability report.

17. Computerising of payroll.

Pay is the key to work. It is very important from the point of view of the organisation as well as the employee that the pay is calculated without error and on time. So, speedier and accurate maintenance of the payroll becomes a matter of importance. Automation does this to a large extent. The payroll system maintains detailed records of all employees and permits authorise personnel to obtain a variety of reports based on an individual employee or a selected group of employees The payroll data file should contain following information. (i) Employees pay history

(ii) Pension plan (iii) Vacation time accrual (iv) Sick time accrual (v) Total earnings (vi) Loan details

(vii) Deductions (viii)Net earnings.

18.What is control break processing?

In a computer program, a control break occurs when there is a change in the value of one of the keys on which a file is sorted which requires some extra processing. The control break processing procedures is as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. Read the file. Move the control field in equal to the hold area in the working storage. As long as control field is equal to the hold area , execute the detailed routine for the input record. This means, add the appropriate amount to a control total, print the detail record and read the next record. If the control field is not equal to the hold area i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) Print the control total. Initialise the control total field to zero. Reinitialise the hold field with the new control fild value if there are more records. Process the detailed record as in step 3. Print headings on a new page if each control total is to appear on a separate page. If required after all records have been processed perform a control break to print the last control group..

19.What is data handling?

Data handling refers to several level of managing data. These are (a) Data handling is the part of the operating system that manages the physical storage and retrieval of data on a floppy disk or other storage device. (b) Data handling refers to the software that allows for creation, storage, retrieval and manipulation of files interactively at a terminal or personnel computer. (c) Data handling is the management of all data and information within an organisation and includes data administration, the standards for defining data and the way in which people perceive and use it in their day to day tasks

20.What is Pseudo codes?

Pseudo code is a program analysis tool that is used for planning program logic. It is an imitation of the actual computer instructions and these are written in ordinary natural language such as English. Example: Pseudo code for drink selection: IF Tea Then Pour a cup of tea Else pour a cup of coffee End IF