HRM ASSIGNMENT

On

Sessional Exam.-1

SUBMITTED TO: Ms. Kajal Chaudhary

SUBMITTED BY: Rohit Aggarwal 0803054 ECE 7th Sem.

HRM ASSIGNMENT 1 Q1) Explain OB and goals of OB. What are the key forces affecting OB? Ans 1) INTRODUCTION TO OB Human being is a social animal and there is a natural instinct that exists in him to work and live together with others in social groupings as a family, a clan,

community or friendship group or organization. Organization plays an important life in the quality of human life. Organizations are usually studied from two perspectives. Micro Macro

MICRO PERSPECTIVE- It focuses on human beings in the organization. It studies human beings as individuals. It studies an individuals psychological makeup; his interaction with other individuals and groups, variables determining his behavior in the organization, and strategies adopted to govern his behavior. Micro perspective of OB is taken care of in OB.

MACRO PERSPECTIVE- It considers organization as a unit of analysis. It emphasizes on study of human behavior as a collectivity of people, how organizations are structured, how technology affects people in an organization and how organization interacts with environment. Macro aspect of organizational study is taken care of in Organizational Theory. Any definition of OB put emphasis on 3 features OB is study of human behavior. The study is about behavior in organizations. Knowledge about human behaviour is useful in improving organizations effectiveness.

MEANING OF OB Organization is the group of institutes or individuals who comes together to realize their goals. Behaviour is the action and reaction of individuals in a situation.

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DEFINITIONS OF OB Organizational Behaviour is the study and application of knowledge about how people- as individual and as groups act within organization. Organizational Behaviour means the study of behaviour of individuals, and groups in organizations and organizations themselves, as they act and interact to attain desired outcomes. OB is a scientific study in which a number of research studies and conceptual developments are taking place.

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It is also an applied science wherein information about effective practices in one organization is being extended to many others. FEATURES OF OB OB is an integral part of management and it represents behaviour approach to management. It is a field of study backed by body of theory, research and application. It is an inter-disciplinary approach which is influenced by behavioural sciences and social sciences. It is a level of analysis which includes individual behaviour, group behaviour and behaviour of organization. It is goal oriented and a human tool. It is science as well as an art. It leads to satisfaction of employee needs. GOALS OF OB To describe The first objective is to describe- how people behave under a variety of conditions. To understand as to why people behave as they do. To predict predicting future employ behaviour. Managers should have the capacity to predict which employ will be dedicated and productive or which one will be absent or disruptive so that manager could take preventive actions. To control To control and develop human activities at work and make an impact on employee behaviour, skill development, team effort and productivity.

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KEY FORCES AFFECTING OB People Structure Technology Environment

PEOPLE They make up internal social system of organization. That system consists of individuals, small groups and large groups. Groups are formal and informal and dynamic as they form, change and disband. People work in organizations to achieve their objectives and they are diverse in terms of educational backgrounds, talents and perspectives of job. To overcome this some companies have developed a sense of caring, really listening to employs,

increasing competence level, building pride without devaluing others and demonstrating openness, confidence ,authentic compassion and vulnerability.
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STRUCTURE It defines formal relationship and use of people in an organization. Different jobs are performed by different people in an organization and these people are related to each other in some structural way as to coordinate their work effectively. The structure defines the authority-responsibility relationship. One person has the authority and others have to obey him. Some organizations have flatter structure. Others have complex structure due to mergers, new ventures and acquisitions. Some organizations have hired contingent work forces. TECHNOLOGY - It provides the resources with which people work and perform their tasks. People are given assistance of machines, methods and resources. Technology allows people to do work better and effectively but adds to the cost. For e.g.-increasing use of robots and automated control systems, use of internet, improved quality of goods and services and advancement in computer hardware and software capabilities. ENVIRONMENTOrganizations are influenced by external environment like economic, socio-cultural and geographic forces. All organizations operate within an internal and external environment. An organization is a part of large system which includes government, families and other organization. Citizens expect organizations to be socially responsible; there are new products and competition for customers. External environment influences the attitude of people, affects working conditions and provides competition for resources and power.

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Q2) Define motivation. Differentiate between motivation and satisfaction. What are the important elements of a sound motivation system? Ans 2) INTRODUCTION TO MOTIVATION Motivation is very commonly used word in enterprises and is a temporal and dynamic state that induces an individual to act as desired. Motivation is having the encouragement to do something. MEANING OF MOTIVATION The term motivation is derived from the Latin word emover which implies to move. It is the act of stimulating someone or oneself to get a desired course of

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action, to push the right button to get desired action. Motivation provides answer to certain basic questions such as: Why and how people work and what determines the direction of their actions? DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION Motivation can be defined as a process of stimulating people to act for the purpose of achieving desired goals. A few definitions of motivation are given below: Motivation can b defined as a willingness to expand energy, to achieve a goal or a reward. Dala Breachus Motivation is the term employed generally for the phenomena involved in the operation of incentives or drives. James Draver FEATURES OF MOTIVATION Motivation is always internal to the person - It is essentially a psychological phenomenon. According to Berelson and Senior, A motive is an inner state that energizes, activates or moves (hence motivation) and that directs or channels behavior towards goals.

Motivation of a person is in totality and not in parts - Human behaviour is caused by the various needs. A worker works in a factory because he needs money. Similarly, a thirsty man feels the need of water to conquer his thirst. The feeling of needs is a continuous process and the satisfaction of one need leads to the creation of a new one. All needs are interrelated and motivation should be in totality. Performance is the result of ability and motivation - If an employee is highly qualified but his performance is very poor, it can be due to the absence of motivation. Therefore, performance= ability*motivation

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOTIVATION AND SATISFACTION

The terms "job satisfaction" and "motivation" are often used interchangeably. However, this is incorrect. Job satisfaction refers to the pleasure or reassurance that a job provides a person. A person who is satisfied with his job is said to have high job satisfaction. By contrast, motivation refers only to the reasons a person

performs a job, regardless of whether the job brings him pleasure. However, the terms are closely related.

SATISFACTION

Job satisfaction refers to the satisfaction that a person receives from performing his job. The satisfaction can take many forms -- satisfaction at the work that he has accomplished, satisfaction at the effort he puts into the job, satisfaction at the help he has provided others -- but all involve some degree of psychological contentment. Job satisfaction can often be difficult to measure, because people define satisfaction in different ways.

MOTIVATION

Motivation refers to the reasons - the motive-that a person performs a particular job. A person's motives for doing a particular job can vary widely. While some do a job because it makes them happy, others do it simply because they are paid to do it and without a regular salary they would end up homeless and hungry. A person's motives for performing the work he does are not always knowable. IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF A SOUND MOTIVATION SYSTEM IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVATION Motivation is the process which influences people to act and determine the organizational efficiency. All facilities may go waste if employees are not properly motivated. The importance of motivation can be judged from following factors: Satisfaction of needs. Motivation helps in satisfying individual as well as group needs of employees. It results in voluntary co-operation and coordination of employees and the goals of the organization can be easily achieved. Job satisfaction. When employees are properly motivated, they use their skill and knowledge up to their maximum ability to show better results to the management. This promotes the feeling of job satisfaction among the employees. Thus, the people and plans of the organization can be effectively implemented. Productivity. Motivation results in increased productivity since its basic object is to achieve the goals of the enterprise. The workers give their best performance which helps in increasing the productivity of the organization. Reduction in Labour Turnover and absenteeism. One of the most important contributions of motivation is that employees prefer to stay in the organization thereby reducing the labour turnover to the minimum.

Similarly, motivated employees tend to be regular and the problem of absenteeism is also minimized. Acceptance of organizational changes. The technological changes taking place in this world have brought about revolutionary changes taking place in this world have brought about revolutionary changes on the production side. Generally employees resist these changes but with proper motivation they accept these changes, thereby keeping the organization in line with the other competing concerns. Increase in all-round efficiency. The friction among the workers and also between the management and workers, is reduced to a great extent resulting in the all round efficiency. It helps in decreasing the wastages, accidents, complaints and grievances. The motivation circle which helps in overall efficiency works as follows: Wants Needs Motives Helped by motivation Action Goals Performance.

Q3) Explain the theory of motivation advocated by Maslow, Herzberg and Mc Gregor. Ans 3) INTRODUCTION TO MOTIVATION Motivation is very commonly used word in enterprises and is a temporal and dynamic state that induces an individual to act as desired. Motivation is having the encouragement to do something. MEANING OF MOTIVATION The term motivation is derived from the Latin word emover which implies to move. Motivation is having the encouragement to do something. Motivation can be defined as a process of stimulating people to act for the purpose of achieving desired goals.

DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION Motivation can be defined as a willingness to expand energy, to achieve a goal or a reward. By Dala Breachus Motivation is the term employed generally for the phenomenon involved in the operation of incentives or drives. By James Draver

FEATURES OF MOTIVATION

Motivation is always internal to the person - It is essentially a psychological phenomenon. According to Berelson and Senior, A motive is an inner state that energizes, activates or moves (hence motivation) and that directs or channels behavior towards goals. Motivation of a person is in totality and not in parts - Human behaviour is caused by the various needs. A worker works in a factory because he needs money. Similarly, a thirsty man feels the need of water to conquer his thirst. The feeling of needs is a continuous process and the satisfaction of one need leads to the creation of a new one. All needs are interrelated and motivation should be in totality. Performance is the result of ability and motivation - If an employee is highly qualified but his performance is very poor, it can be due to the absence of motivation. Therefore, performance= ability*motivation

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION MASLOWS THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION

Abraham Maslow, a famous social scientist and a social psychologist developed a theory of motivation which considers human needs in the form of a hierarchy, ascending from the lowest to the highest, and he concluded that when one set of needs is satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator. The assumption is that the behaviour of human is strongly driven by the urgency of the need.

As per his theory these needs are: 1. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS These are important needs for sustaining the human life .Food, water, warmth, shelter, sleep are the basic physiological needs which fall in the primary list of need satisfaction. These are biological in nature and keep the body fit. Maslow was of an opinion that until these needs were satisfied to a degree to maintain life, no other motivating factors can work.

2. SAFETY NEEDS These are security of job, pension for old age, insurance plan, compensation for lay off or retrenchment, the needs to be free of physical danger and of the fear of

losing a job, property, food and shelter. It also includes protection against any emotional harm. 3. SOCIAL NEEDS Since man is a social being, he needs to belong and be accepted by others. People try to satisfy their need for affection, acceptance and friendship. Workers form informal groups and management should not object unless these groups are detrimental to the organization.

4. ESTEEM NEEDS Satisfaction of these needs leads to self confidence among the employees. This kind of need produces such satisfaction as power, prestige status and self confidence. It includes both internal esteem factors like self respect, autonomy and achievements and external esteem factors such as states, recognition. 5. SELF ACTUALIZATION NEEDS It includes need for self development, self actualization and self advancement. It is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming; it includes growth, achieving ones potential and self-fulfilment. It is to maximize ones potential and to accomplish something

HERZBERGS THEORY OF MOTIVATION

Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory was based on contents of interviews conducted on 200 engineers and accountants. It concludes that certain factors in the workplace result in job satisfaction, but if absent, they don't lead to dissatisfaction but no satisfaction. The factors that motivate people can change over their lifetime which gives positive satisfaction.

HYGIENE OR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS These factors (extrinsic) such as interpersonal relations with supervisors, salary, security, working conditions, and status do not motivate if present, but, if absent, result in de motivation. The name Hygiene factors is used

because, like hygiene, the presence will not make you healthier, but absence can cause health deterioration.

MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS These are called satisfiers or intrinsic factors because they are real indicators of job satisfaction. And primarily exist where work is being carried out. These include recognition, opportunity for growth, increased responsibility and challenging work. FEATURES

Applied to countries which are rich and affluent. This theory cannot be applied to developing and poor countries where money is still the greatest motivator as this theory regards money as hygiene factor. Hygiene factors are dissatisfies. Motivational factors are satisfiers.

COMPARISION OF MASLOWS THEORY AND HERZBERGS THEORY

Similarities

Both stress on different needs of individuals. The needs of individuals at higher level of hierarchy are considered as motivators by Herzberg. Dissimilarities Maslow theory based on experience and Herzbergs on empirical studies. Maslow theory applicable to all employs and Herzbergs to professionals. THEORY OF Mc GREGOR Theory of X and Theory of Y: Douglas McGregor observed two diametrically opposing viewpoints of managers about their employees, one is negative called Theory of X and one is positive called Theory of Y

THEORY X Human behaviour is considered to be negative in nature.

Employees dislike work and try to avoid the same. Employees must be coerced, controlled or threatened to do the work. Employees avoid responsibilities and seek formal direction Most employees consider security of job, most important of all other factors in the job and have very little ambition. Individual and organizational goals are different.

THEORY Y Human behaviour is considered to be positive in nature. Employees like work .it is a source of satisfaction. Employees are self directed and self controlled and committed to the organizational objectives Employees accept and seek responsibilities. Innovative spirit is not confined to managers alone, some employees also possess it. Theory of X assumes Maslows lower level needs dominate in employees. Whereas Theory of Y, assumes Maslows higher level needs dominate in employees. comparison 1.communication 2.planning 3.decision making 4.management 5.delegation and decentralization 6.Direction and control 7.assumption regarding people 8.Response to change 9.Creative assumption 10.assumption regarding responsibility Theory X One way Top management At top level Autocratic Minimum From the top Dislike work Resistant to change Lack creativity Dislike responsibility Theory Y Two way Involvement of all Involvement of all democratic Maximum Self control direction like work Accept changes Creative Accept and responsibility and self

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Q4) Define leadership. Mention the essential qualities for leadership. What are the main functions and importance of leadership? Ans 4) INTRODUCTION TO LEADERSHIP Leadership is the ability to influence the actions of an individual or a group for the achievement of goals in a given situation. The success of a leader depends on the success of the leaders present in the organization. Leadership is the activity on the part of the managers to get something done by others, willingly and not by compulsion. MEANING OF LEADERSHIP Leadership is one of the means of direction and represents the part of managers activity by which he guides and influences the behavior of his subordinates and the group towards the accomplishment of some specified goals. It is a great quality that can create and convert anything.

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DEFINITION OF LEADERSHIP Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce subordinates to accomplish their goal with zeal and confidence. By Koontz and ODonnell Leadership is the ability to secure desirable actions from a group of followers voluntarily without the use of coercion. By Alford and Beatty FEATURES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF LEADERSHIP Leadership is a personal quality of character and behavior of a man which helps in exercising personal influence on individuals. Leadership helps others in attaining specific goals to the maximum satisfaction of the leader. Leadership is a continuous process. Leadership establishes relationship between the individuals and the group around some common interest. It is exercised in a particular situation. It is the process of guiding, directing and influencing the people to do their best for attainment of common goal.

ESSENTIAL QUALITIES FOR LEADERSHIP

PERSONAL TRAITS

Dynamic Personality A leader should be charming, have cheerful personality, vitality. He should have optimistic outlook, conversational ability and descent behavior. Intellectual capacity He should have ability to think scientifically, analyze and interpret clearly different business problems. Initiative A successful leader should have new ideas and methods of doing things and should have creative ability so as to secure subordinate willingness and cooperation. Foresight Leader should be imaginative, visualizing potential trends and developing his policies and programmes based on logical reasoning. Emotional Stability A leader should have balanced temperament. He should overcome moodiness and disappointment. Flexibility He should never think that his decision is final. He should listen to the point of view of others. Sense of responsibility A leader must bear the burden of all his decisions. Leaders who possess authority must also be responsible. Character A Leader should have good character. His actions and attitudes should be morally justifiable. Optimistic A leader should have ability to think positively in all spheres. Self Awareness The ability to lead ones own self prior to others. Role Models Leaders may adopt a person that encapsulates their mission to lead by example. Other qualities include Ability to encourage, Result Orientation and Charismatic Inspiration. MANAGERIAL TRAITS

Technical Knowledge A leader should be well conversant with technical aspects of activities undertaken by business enterprise. It will help him take decisions better on different matters relating the business. Organizing Ability The main aim of successful leader is to get things done through the efforts of other. He should have capabilities of bringing together men, machines, materials and money in the best possible manner.

Ability to deal with people The leader should be able to manage people. He should have insight into psychological problems of human relationships like emotions, abilities and interests. Ability to judge and decide promptly A leader should be able to judge others. He should reach proper decision which is in the best interest of the business. FUNCTIONS OF LEADERSHIP Taking the initiative The first and foremost job of a leader is to take the lead in all the activities. He should not depend upon others for guidance and direction to do any work. Representing the enterprise Since a leader is the true representative of the entire organization, he should represent the enterprise and its objectives not only to those serving in it but also to the others in the outside world. Interpreting A leader is expecting to give reasons for his every order. It is a delicate task of a leader. He has to give instructions in such a way that they are clear to all the concerned. Guiding and directing the organization It is the primary function of leader to guide and direct the organization. He has to issue the necessary orders and instructions and see that they are communicated properly. Encouraging team work - Without team work, a leader cannot succeed in the task of accomplishing organizational goals. Thus, a leader must try to win the confidence of his subordinates. IMPORTANCE OF LEADERSHIP It motivates employees - A good leader motivates the employees for higher and better performance. Motivations help in getting work done, realizing the objectives, inspiring group efforts, team spirit and getting cooperation. It creates confidence A good leader creates confidence in his followers by giving them advice and ensuring good results in the organization. It boosts morale By providing effective leadership, morale of employees is raised which results in higher productivity and stability in the organisation