Panel Method Optimzation

Optimisation of Wing Planform Using 3D Panel Methods
Vinay Kiran C K
Indian Institute Of Technology Madras
May 14, 2010
Vinay Kiran C K (IITM) Optimisation of Wing Planform Using 3D Panel Methods May 14, 2010 1 / 33
Overview
Outline
1
Introduction
2
Theory
3
Boundary Conditions and Inuence Coecients
4
Programming Methodology
5
Results
Introduction
Problem Statement
Aerodynamic Design of Micro-Air Vehicle
Choose planform type
Elliptical, Rectangular, Zimmerman
Introduction
Problem Statement
Introduction
Problem Statement
Introduction
Description of Geometry
Figure: Inverse Zimmerman Figure: Zimmerman
Introduction
Airfoil Prole
Airfoil from the NACA 3-Digit Reex Airfoil Series.
y
c
=
k
1
6
__
x
c
r
_
3
k
2
k
1
(1 r )
3
x
c
r
3
x
c
+ r
3
_
, 0
x
c
r
y
c
=
k
1
6
_
k
2
k
1
_
x
c
r
_
3
k
2
k
1
(1 r )
3
x
c
r
3
x
c
+ r
3
_
, r <
x
c
1
m is Chordwise Location for maximum ordinate of airfoil or camber
line
r is chordwise location for zero value of second derivative of 3-digit or
3-digit-reex camber-line equation
k1 and k2 are constants that determine the shape of the airfoil.
Introduction
Airfoil Prole
y
c
=
k
1
6
__
x
c
r
_
3
k
2
k
1
(1 r )
3
x
c
r
3
x
c
+ r
3
_
, 0
x
c
r
y
c
=
k
1
6
_
k
2
k
1
_
x
c
r
_
3
k
2
k
1
(1 r )
3
x
c
r
3
x
c
+ r
3
_
, r <
x
c
1
line
Introduction
Airfoil Prole
y
c
=
k
1
6
__
x
c
r
_
3
k
2
k
1
(1 r )
3
x
c
r
3
x
c
+ r
3
_
, 0
x
c
r
y
c
=
k
1
6
_
k
2
k
1
_
x
c
r
_
3
k
2
k
1
(1 r )
3
x
c
r
3
x
c
+ r
3
_
, r <
x
c
1
line
Introduction
Airfoil Prole
y
c
=
k
1
6
__
x
c
r
_
3
k
2
k
1
(1 r )
3
x
c
r
3
x
c
+ r
3
_
, 0
x
c
r
y
c
=
k
1
6
_
k
2
k
1
_
x
c
r
_
3
k
2
k
1
(1 r )
3
x
c
r
3
x
c
+ r
3
_
, r <
x
c
1
line
Introduction
Camber-line Designation m r k
1
k
2
k
1
221 0.10 0.1300 51.990 0.000764
231 0.15 0.2170 15.793 0.00677
241 0.20 0.3180 6.520 0.0303
251 0.25 0.4410 3.191 0.1355
Introduction
Figure: Cambers of NACA 3-Digit Reex Family
Introduction
Solution Method
Assumption of inviscid, imcompressible ow made
Solving Laplaces Equation
2
= 0
Use of 3-D Panel Methods Vortex Lattice Method (VLM)
Low Speed Aerodynamics by Katz & Plotkin
Introduction
Solution Method
2
= 0
Introduction
Solution Method
2
= 0
Introduction
Solution Method
2
= 0
Introduction
Solution Method
2
= 0
Introduction
Discretizing The Geometry
Surface Triangulated Using Gmsh
The level of neness of the mesh can be set.
Export mesh as a vtk le
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Figure: A Characteristic
Length of 0.1
Figure: A Characteristic
Length of 0.05
Theory Fundamental Flows
The Free Vortex
Solution of Laplaces Equation which has non-zero circulation
( r
P
) =

2
V(r ) =

2r
The Free Vortex
Solution of Laplaces Equation which has non-zero circulation
( r
P
) =

2
V(r ) =

2r
The Vortex Filament
A Linear Superposition of Point Vortices
( r
P
) =
_
b
a
2
ds
V(r ) =
1
r
The Vortex Filament
( r
P
) =
_
b
a
2
ds
V(r ) =
1
r
The Vortex Filament
( r
P
) =
_
b
a
2
ds
V(r ) =
1
r
Figure: A Straight Line Vortex Filament
V
P
=

4
r
1
r
2
r
1
r
2
2
r
0
_
r
1
r
1
r
2
r
2
_
where,
r
0
is the vector

AB
r
1
is the vector

AP
r
2
is the vector

BP
The Vortex Ring
Consider a triangular panel PQR
( r
P
) =
_

2
ds
The velocity induced due to this ring at any point P can be computed
as the sum of the individual arms
The Vortex Ring
( r
P
) =
_

2
ds
The Vortex Ring
( r
P
) =
_

2
ds
Theory Modelling the Wake
Modelling the Wake
Modelled as a series of horse-shoe vortices
Figure: Modelling the Wake Figure: Horse Shoe Vortex
Strength the same as that of the trailing edge panel
Theory Modelling the Wake
Modelling the Wake
Modelled as a series of horse-shoe vortices
Figure: Modelling the Wake Figure: Horse Shoe Vortex
Strength the same as that of the trailing edge panel
Boundary Conditions and Inuence Coecients
Boundary Conditions
Boundary Conditions and Inuence Coecients Boundary Conditions
Boundary Conditions
Physically, there can be no ow across a solid boundary.
Mathematically, this can be written as

V n = 0
V
i
=

V
+
N
j =0
V
ij
V
i
n
i
= 0
n
i
+
N
j =0
V
ij
n
i
= 0
Expand the summation
V
i 1
n
1
+

V
i 2
n
2
+ ..... +

V
iN
n
N
=

V
n
i
Boundary Conditions

V n = 0
V
i
=

V
+
N
j =0
V
ij
V
i
n
i
= 0
n
i
+
N
j =0
V
ij
n
i
= 0
V
i 1
n
1
+

V
i 2
n
2
+ ..... +

V
iN
n
N
=

V
n
i
Boundary Conditions

V n = 0
V
i
=

V
+
N
j =0
V
ij
V
i
n
i
= 0
n
i
+
N
j =0
V
ij
n
i
= 0
V
i 1
n
1
+

V
i 2
n
2
+ ..... +

V
iN
n
N
=

V
n
i
Boundary Conditions

V n = 0
V
i
=

V
+
N
j =0
V
ij
V
i
n
i
= 0
n
i
+
N
j =0
V
ij
n
i
= 0
V
i 1
n
1
+

V
i 2
n
2
+ ..... +

V
iN
n
N
=

V
n
i
Boundary Conditions

V n = 0
V
i
=

V
+
N
j =0
V
ij
V
i
n
i
= 0
n
i
+
N
j =0
V
ij
n
i
= 0
V
i 1
n
1
+

V
i 2
n
2
+ ..... +

V
iN
n
N
=

V
n
i
Boundary Conditions

V n = 0
V
i
=

V
+
N
j =0
V
ij
V
i
n
i
= 0
n
i
+
N
j =0
V
ij
n
i
= 0
V
i 1
n
1
+

V
i 2
n
2
+ ..... +

V
iN
n
N
=

V
n
i
Boundary Conditions and Inuence Coecients Inuence Coecients
Inuence Coecients
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
V
11
n
1
V
12
n
1

V
1N
n
1
V
21
n
2
V
22
n
2

V
2N
n
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
V
N1
n
N

V
N2
n
N

V
NN
n
N
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
n
1
n
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
n
N
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(1)
Since was assumed to be constant over each ring, it factors out.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
a
11
a
12
a
1N
a
21
a
22
a
2N
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
N1
a
N2
a
NN
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
N
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
n
1
n
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
n
N
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(2)
Now, each of the dot product terms on the LHS is called an Inuence
Coecient
A is the inuence coecient matrix
System of equations Ax = b
Solve for
Coecient
Solve for
Coecient
Solve for
Coecient
Solve for
Boundary Conditions and Inuence Coecients Secondary Computations
Lift Production
Figure: Circulation Causing Lift
Identify the component of circulation that contributes to the
generation of lift.
L =
Lift Production
Figure: Circulation Causing Lift
Identify the component of circulation that contributes to the
generation of lift.
L =
Secondary Computations
Velocity is computed using the same subroutine that computed the
inuence coes
Coecient of Pressure.
C
p
= 1
_
V
V
_
2
inuence coes
C
p
= 1
_
V
V
_
2
inuence coes
C
p
= 1
_
V
V
_
2
Create mesh in Gmsh. Export as a .vtk le.
Extract triangles data from vtk le in main program.
Generate list of trailing edge points
Generate list of trailing edge triangles
Compute Inuence Coecients.
outer loop sets up control point
inner loop cycles through all the panels
if panel is a trailing edge triangle:
add inuence of wake
Solve for . Gaussian Elimination or SVD
add inuence of wake
add inuence of wake
add inuence of wake
add inuence of wake
add inuence of wake
add inuence of wake
add inuence of wake
add inuence of wake
add inuence of wake
Programming Methodology Code
f or i i n r ange (N) :
p a n e l i = Tr i Pane l ( i , 1. 0 , p o i n t s l i s t , t r i a n g l e l i s t )
c t r l p t [ i ] = p a n e l i . c t r l p o i n t ( )
S [ i ] = p a n e l i . ar ea ( )
a r e a o f p a n e l [ i ] = norm( S [ i ] )
n cap [ i ] = S [ i ] / a r e a o f p a n e l [ i ]
r hs [ i ] = np . dot (v i n f , n cap [ i ] )
f or j i n r ange (N) :
i f i s a t e t r i a n g l e ( j , t e t r i a n g l e s ) ==1:
wake vel = wa k e i nf l ue nc e ( j , 1. 0 , c t r l p t [ i ] )
p a n e l j =Tr i Pane l ( j , 1. 0 , p o i n t s l i s t , t r i a n g l e l i s t )
v e l = p a n e l j . v or i ng ( 1 . 0 , c t r l p t [ i ] )
t o t a l v e l = v e l + wake vel
c o e f f [ i ] [ j ] = np . dot ( t o t a l v e l , n cap [ i ] )
Results
Results
Results Eect of Charactersitic Length
Eect of Charactersitic Length
Figure: C
p
CL of 0.075. AoA is 0
o
Figure: C
p
.CL of 0.3. AoA is 0
o
Results Rectangular Planform
Results: Rectangular
Figure: C
p
AoA of 0
o
S
Figure: AoA of 0
o
Results Rectangular Planform
Results: Rectangular
Figure: Lift Distrib. AoA of 0
o
Figure: C
l
vs
Results Zimmerman Planform
Results: Zimmerman
Figure: C
p
AoA of 0
o
Figure: AoA of 0
o
Results Zimmerman Planform
Results: Zimmerman
o
Figure: C
l
vs
Results Inverse Zimmerman Planform
Results: Inverse Zimmerman
Figure: C
p
AoA of 0
o
Figure: AoA of 0
o
Results Inverse Zimmerman Planform
Results: Inverse Zimmerman
o
Figure: C
l
vs
THANK YOU

Panel Method Optimzation

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Optimisation of Wing Planform Using 3D Panel Methods

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