CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS (Is CDMA Better Than GSM)

G. Geetha Rama Sagar, E.C.E, , M.V.G.R College of Engg, (ramsagar_20@yahoo.co.in) B. Kiran Raj Sekhar, E.C.E, , M.V.G.R College of Engg, (rskiran_435@yahoo.co.in)

Abstract: GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communications, and CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. The GSM is built around the TDMA, or the Time Division Multiple Access concept. Basically, the two technologies address differently the same fundamental problem of mobile communication, how to divide the finite frequency of airwaves between multiple users at the same time, or, how to make more than one person to carry on a conversation on the same frequency without causing mutual interference.. GSM & CDMA are the most successful cell phone technologies present in world, CDMA handsets are chip based where as GSM handsets uses SIM cards, using the GPRS & EDGE facility GSM is successful to lure the customers but CDMA is still behind GSM due to its limited mobility & other problems . Now Reliance is launching Removable User Identity Module (RIUM) based CDMA phones. In GSM (TDMA), each couple takes turns talking. They keep their turns short by saying only one sentence at a time. As there is never more than one person speaking in the room at any given moment, no one has to worry about being heard over the background din. In CDMA, each couple talk at the same time, but they all use a different language. Because none of the listeners understand any language other than that of the individual to whom they are listening, the background din does not cause any real problems. In technical jargon, GSM (TDMA) does it by chopping up the channel into sequential time slices. Each user of the channel takes turns transmitting and receiving in a round-robin fashion. In reality, only one person is actually using the channel at any given moment, but he only uses it for short bursts. CDMA on the other hand, uses a special type of digital modulation called Spread Spectrum, which takes the users voice stream bits and splatters them across a very wide channel in pseudo-random fashion. The receiver undoes the randomisation in order to collect the bits together in a coherent order. This paper explains the overview of Cell phone development, comparison, advancement & subscription advantages of CDMA over GSM & vice versa.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.software-partners.co.uk

1. HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT Cell phones have become the modern fastest means of Communication on move especially for the Business Magnets & Professional job holders. The roots of the cellular systems belong to the years of 1940s but the trial service did not begin until 1970. Initially there were only 2000 consumers could use them, as there were only a few channels & People who really needed Mobile Communications capability installed radio-telephones in their cars. In the radio telephone system, there was one central antenna tower per city, with about 25 channels. So the phone in the car needs a powerful Transmitterbig enough to transmit up to 80km.But currently in this 21st century there are around 1400 million subscribers all over the world.

located throughout the calling area. These phones operate in the frequency range of 806-890 MHz; 1850-1990 MHz for the PCS. CDMA and GSM operators are fighting for the 1900Mz band. When the user dials up a number, cell phone sends a message to the tower, asking to connect to a given telephone number. If the tower has sufficient resources to grant the request, a device called switch patches the cell phones signal throughout to a channel on the public switched telephone network (PSTN).The call now takes up a wireless channel that is held open until the call is completed. Fig1 illustrates this process. The PSTN channel cannot be used for any other call until the cell phone call is discontinued. 3. THE CELL & CLUSTER: Cells are base stations (BS) communicates with mobiles via a channel & broadcast at very low power levels (typically 200 mW to 1W). The channel is made of two frequencies, one for transmitting to the base station and one to receive information from the base station. Cell Size varies depending on the landscape.

Fig--Cellular system

2. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: All Cell phones have special codes. These codes identify the phone, the phones owner, & the service provider. Cell phones use high frequency radio signals to communicate with cell towers

CELLS CLUSTER

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.software-partners.co.uk

4. ROAMING Roaming was the most challenging issues the cell phone manufactures faced. The goal was simple: the phone could be used anywhere in the world where compatible technology is used. When the user turns his cell phone on in a roaming area, the cell phone identifies itself to the switch. The switch looks up the information & discovers that the phone is not a local phone. It now attempts to find the home switch based on the exchange. When the Home switch is located, the switch determines if roaming is possible. If roaming is possible, the switch (referred to as roaming switch) sets up the Visitor Location Register (VLR) registering the phone in the locality. The home switch is notified about the change so that it can route call to the switch in the roaming location. Outbound calls are handled through the roaming switch as these would be handled if the user were at home. Incoming calls are routed from the home switch to the roaming switch after sending a message to the roaming switch requesting a Temporary Local Directory Number (TLDN). This TLDN is used to establish a connection from the home switch to the roaming switch across the PSTN. Cell phone technologies: Most digital phones use GSM, CDMA, FDMA& TDMA technologies. Now in the present century GSM is behind CDMA and vice versa.

CELL Cell area:

Area of cluster

A cluster is a group of cells, No channels are reused within a cluster. Cells are assigned a group of channels that is completely different from neighboring cells, the coverage area of cells is called the footprint and is limited by a Boundary so that the same group of channels can be used in cells that are far enough apart. Cells with the same number have the same set of frequencies.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.software-partners.co.uk

5.GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION(GSM) GSM was the first and is still the most popular cellular network standard in use established in 1982. The GSM standard transmits data on one of three frequency bands: 900MHz,1800MHz& 1900 MHz. The GSM 900MHz and 1800MHz standards are used in India. Initially GSM was the modified and more efficient version of TDMA it enabled Voice & Data services. Todays GSM consists of consists of mainly 3 parts (systems) to supports its network, they are: 1. GPRS 2. EDGE 3. GPS 1. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS): GPRS supports Video conferencing, streaming audio & video & continuous connectivity to internet for the GSM subscribers. 2. Enhanced Data Rates For GSM Evolution(EDGE): EDGE Provides Multimedia applications for mobile devices and third generation GSM services . Here now instead of cells satellites are used. 3. Global Positioning System(GPS): GPS mainly provides its users with the information consisting of time, position & velocity of the user at any point on the surface of the earth, in any climatic condition at any instant of time.

5.1 Principles of GSM Frequency Concepts -For Mobile communication a Duplex Channel is required which mean that two way both at a time, it uses two frequencies: One to the Mobile Station (MS) and one from the Mobile Station. The direction from the Mobile Station to the network is referred to as uplink and the direction from the network to the Mobile Station is referred to as down link. Speech coding-GSM is a digital system, so speech that is inherently analog, has to be digitized. The method of a Regular Pulse Excited -- Linear Predictive Coder (RPE--LPC) with a Long Term Predictor loop is employed, where in, information from previous samples, which does not change very quickly, is used to predict the current sample. Speech is divided into 20 millisecond samples, each of which is encoded as 260 bits, giving a total bit rate of 13 kbps. This is the socalled Full-Rate speech coding. Frequency hopping: GSM (TDMA) network is also equipped with Frequency-Hopping, i.e., when a lower frequency is cluttered, the mobile phone effortlessly jumps to a higher frequency (e.g., from 900 MHz to 1800MHz). GSM has slow frequency-hopping radio interference. The slow hopping is defined in bits per hop. Its regular rate is 217hops/s, therefore with a transmission rate of 270 kbps, the result is approximately 1200bits/hop. 5.2Access Methods Time division multiple access (TDMA): Most of he digital cellar systems use the technique of Time Division Multiple Access to transmit and receive speech

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.software-partners.co.uk

signals. A user is assigned a particular time slot in a carrier and can only send or receive information at those times. This is true whether or not the other time slots are being used. Information flow is not continuous for any user, but rather is sent and received in "bursts." The bursts are re-assembled at the receiving end, and appear to provide continuous sound because the process is very fast .The following figure illustrates the TDMA accessing. analog systems. 5.3. Modulation The digital signal is modulated onto the analog carrier frequency using Gaussianfiltered Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK). GMSK was selected over other modulation schemes as a compromise between spectral efficiency, complexity of the transmitter, and limited spurious emissions. The complexity of the transmitter is related to power consumption, which should be minimized for the mobile station. The spurious radio emissions, outside of the allotted bandwidth, must be strictly controlled so as to limit adjacent channel interference, and allow for the coexistence of GSM and the older analog systems. 5.4. Services Provided Using the ITU-T definitions, telecommunication services can be divided into bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services. The most basic tele service supported by GSM is telephony. A variety of data services offered are:(1) GSM users can send and receive data, at rates up to 9600 bps, to users on POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service), ISDN, Packet Switched Public Data Networks, and Circuit Switched

Public Data Networks, (2) Since GSM is a digital network, a modem is not required between the user and GSM network, (3) Group 3 facsimile is supported by use of an appropriate fax adaptor, (4) A unique feature of GSM, not found in older analog systems, is the Short Message Service (SMS), and (5)Supplementary services on top of teleservices include call forward , call barring , caller identification. 5.4.1 Advantages of GSM The advantages of GSM are: (1) GSM is already used worldwide with over 450 million subscribers, (2) International roaming permits subscribers to use one phone throughout Western Europe. CDMA will work in Asia, but not France, Germany, the U.K. and other popular European destinations, and (3) GSM is mature, having started in the mid-80s. This maturity means a more stable network with robust features. CDMA is still building its network. . 6. CODED DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA): CDMA is the most interesting & most difficult to implement multiplexing method, it have no channels. Instead these encode each call as a coded sequence across the entire frequency spectrum. Each connversation is modulated in the digital domain, with a unique code that makes it distinguishable from the other calls in the frequency spectrum. Using a correlation calculation & the code the call was encoded digital audio signal can be extracted from the other signals being broadcast by other phone on network as long as there is sufficient separation b/w

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.software-partners.co.uk

the codes the noise level will be low enough to recover the digital signal. The fact that CDMA shares frequencies with neighboring cell towers allows for easier installation of extra capacity, by adding extra cell sites &shrinking power levels of nearby sites Cdma is a form of spread-spectrum, a family of digital communication techniques that have been used in many military applications for many years. The core principle of spread spectrum is the use of noise like carrier waves, and, as the name implies, bandwidths much wider than that required for simple point-to-point communication at the same data rate. Orginally there were two motivations: either to resist the enemy efforts to jam the communications (anti-jam, or AJ). It is a way to increase channel capacity by using code sequences as traffic channels in a common radio channel. Also-- A digital signal multiplexing technique where each signal is split into many chips of data, each of which is tagged with a particular code. During transmission, the chips are spread over a band of frequencies, and then reassembled at the receiving end. 6.1Principles Of CDMA: The signal occupies a bandwidth much greater than that which is necessary to send the information. This results in many benefits, such as immunity to reference and jamming and multi user access, which well discuss later on.

1. The bandwidth is spread by means of a code which is independent of the data. The independence of the code distinguishes this from standard modulation schemes in which the data modulation will always spread the spectrum some what. 2. The receiver synchronizes to the code to recover the data. The use of an independent code and synchronous reception allows multiple users to access the same frequency band at the same time. There are 3 ways to spread the bandwidth of the signal: (1). Frequency hopping (2). Time hopping (3). Direct sequence CDMA is a direct sequence spread spectrum system. The CDMA system works directly on 64 bit/sec digital signals. These signals can be digitized voice, ISDN channels. 6.2 Code Correlation: In this context, correlation has a specific mathematical meaning. In general the correlation function has these properties: 1. It equals one if the two codes are identical. 2. It equals zero if the two codes have nothing in common. Intermediate values indicate how much the codes have in common, The more the common the harder it is for the receiver to extract the appropriate signal. There re two correlation functions: 1. Cross-correlation 2. Auto-correlation

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.software-partners.co.uk

6.3 Access Method IS-95 (CDMA)uses a multiple access spectrum spreading technique called Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA. Each user is assigned a binary, Direct Sequence code during a call. The DS code is a signal generated by linear modulation with wideband Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences. As a result, DS CDMA uses much wider signals than those used in other technologies. Wideband signals reduce interference and allow one-cell frequency reuse. There is no time division, and all users use the entire carrier, all of the time. 6.4. Modulation The type of modulation followed is spread spectrum that scatters data transmissions across the available frequency band in a pseudorandom pattern. Spreading the data across the frequency spectrum makes the signal resistant to noise, interference, and snooping. In general, Spread Spectrum communications is distinguished by three key elements: (1) the signal occupies a bandwidth much greater than that which is necessary to send the information. This results in many benefits, such as immunity to interference and jamming and multi-user access. (2) The bandwidth is spread by means of a code that is independent of the data. The independence of the code distinguishes this from standard modulation schemes in which the data modulation will always spread the spectrum somewhat. (3) The receiver synchronizes to the code to recover the data. The use of an independent code and synchronous reception allows multiple users to access the same frequency band at the same time.

6.5. Services Provided CDMA is altering the face of cellular communication by: (1) Dramatically improving the telephone traffic ,(2) Dramatically improving the voice quality and eliminating effects of multi path fading , (3)Reducing the incidence of dropped calls due to handoff failures ,(4)Providing reliable transport mechanism for data comm, such as facsimile and internet traffic, (5)Reducing the number of sites needed to support any given amount of traffic, (6)Simplifying site selection , (7)Reducing deployment and operating costs because fewer cell sites are needed, (8)Reducing avg transmitted power, (9)Reducing interference to other electronic devices,(10)Reducing health risks, and (11)Additional services include web browsing, m-commerce, MMS streaming . 6.5.1 Advantages of CDMA: The advantages of CDMA are: (1) Increased cellular communications security,(2) Simultaneous conversations, (3) Increased efficiency, meaning that the carrier can serve more subscribers, (4) Smaller phones, (5) Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination needed by operators, and (6) Extended reach - beneficial to rural users situated far from cells. 7. CDMA Vs GSM The GSM technologys talk-range from a tower is 35 kms in comparison with CDMAs 110 kms, and the power output of a GSM phone is 2W, in comparison with CDMA phone 200 mW i.e., CDMA implies lesser radiation hazard. But the talk time is generally higher in a GSM

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.software-partners.co.uk

phone due to its pulse nature of transmission, in comparison with a CDMA phone, which transmits all the time. CDMA technology has a Soft Accommodation feature, that is, when the number of users of the network goes up, the voice quality progressively gets poorer. Though GSM will not accommodate more than a finite number of users there wont any be deterioration in voice quality due to traffic. Why phone companies would switch from GSM to CMDA? For one, it actually works better. CDMA systems transmit clearer sound. The system is also better suited for data. While most cell phones today are used simply for phone calls, new devices are rolling out that allow you to e-mail, browse the web, or play games. CDMA is easier and cheaper to install. That's extremely important for the cell phone companies, which have to spend billions building networks, then billions more upgrading them to stay competitive. While GSM cannot add more than a fixed no of scribers in a cell, sub the capacity of the system is not rigid in CDMA.

The biggest advantage with GSM is its widespread network in Europe and Asia, whereas CDMA is predominant in US and South Korea. The user of GSM is enabled an easy international roaming. As far as SMS, gaming and internet is concerned, both GSM and CDMA score an equal point. GSM has already set a standard in India. Being a patented technology, all CDMA equipments and handsets require a royalty to be paid. 8. CONCLUSION The battle between GSM and CDMA technologies in India is hotting up! While the initial tilt was towards the GSM with players like Hutch, Spice, BPL and BSNL preferring it, the TATA and the Reliance have now entered the market putting their bets on CDMA. The final conclusion is that it is not so much over technology that a customer decides which network to adopt. It is basically performance! Whichever mobile communication provider puts in better efforts in giving a higher performance, the subscriber is bound to follow that path! 9. REFERENCES [1] Verdu S & S Shamai, Special Efficiency of CDMA with Random Spreading, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol 45,no 2,pp 622640,1999. [2] E Cianca ,M De Sanctis, M Ruggieri & R Prasad, Truncated Power Control for Improving TCP/IP Performance over CDMA Wireless Links, IEEE Trans Wireless Communications, to be published.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.software-partners.co.uk

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.software-partners.co.uk