Nigeria-Security and Anticrime Measures

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Nigeria-Security and Anticrime Measures

Nigeria Index

The Buhari and Babangida military administrations relied heavily on decrees and special tribunals to regulate public life and punish offenders. Soon after his takeover on December 31, 1983, Buhari issued a decree imposing life imprisonment on anyone found guilty of corruption, and he set up four tribunals consisting of three senior officers and a judge to try almost 500 political leaders detained since the coup. State Security (Detention of Persons) Decree Number 2 of 1984 suspended constitutional freedoms, empowered the chief of staff, Supreme Headquarters, to detain indefinitely (subject to review every three months) anyone suspected of "acts prejudicial to state security or . . . [contributing] to the economic adversity of the nation." The decree also authorized any police officer or member of the armed forces to arrest and imprison such persons. Likewise, the Recovery of Public Property (Special Military Tribunals) Decree Number 3 of 1984 set up tribunals to try former officials suspected of embezzlement and of other forms of misappropriation, also without right of appeal. The Exchange Control and Anti-Sabotage Tribunal dealt with certain economic crimes; a new press control law, Decree Number 4 of April 1984 (received August 1985), was enforced by a similar special tribunal, without appeal rights. The Special Tribunal (Miscellaneous Offences) Decree covered a wide range of offenses, including forgery, arson, destruction of public property, unlawful vegetable cultivation, postal matters, and cheating on examinations. By July 1984, Buhari had issued twenty-two decrees, including two retroactive to December 31, 1983, prescribing the death penalty for arson, drug trafficking, oil smuggling, and currency counterfeiting. In a related attempt to combat public indiscipline, Buhari's chief of staff, Brigadier General Tunde Idiagbon, launched a largely symbolic and ineffective nationwide War Against Indiscipline (WAI) campaign in spring 1984. Babangida's AFRC allowed the WAI campaign to lapse and took several other measures to mitigate Buhari's draconian rule, including abolition in July 1986 of the death sentence under Decree Number 20 of l984 for illegal ship bunkering and drug trafficking, and setting up an appeal tribunal for persons convicted under decrees 2 and 3 of 1984. However, the Babangida regime continued the Armed Robbery and Firearms Tribunals under which most of the death sentences were carried out without appeal. By early 1987, more than 300 people had been executed after conviction by these tribunals, and in 1988 another 85 executions were known to have been carried out under their sentences. The Treason and Other Offences (Special Military Tribunal) Decree of l986 empowered the AFRC to constitute another special tribunal to try military and civilian personnel for any offenses connected with rebellion. Special tribunals were also set up to hear cases arising out of civil disorders, such as the religious riots in Zaria in March 1987. The most controversial decree remained Decree Number 2. In 1986 Babangida extended the initial detention period from three to six months but rescinded the extension after a public outcry. However, he extended detention authority to the Ministry of Internal Affairs in addition to the police and military authorities. In mid-1989 seventy to ninety persons were being held under its provisions, and in October the Civil Liberties Organisation appealed to the government to abrogate the decree and to release all those detained under it. In January 1990, the FMG amended the decree to shorten the precharge detention period to six weeks from six months, but in March the minister of justice stated that the decree would continue until the inauguration of the Third Republic. Babangida's regime took additional legal and enforcement measures to combat illegal drug smuggling, including setting up special drug tribunals that meted out long prison terms and heavy fines; under these tribunals 120 convictions were attained by late 1987. Air transport laws were also toughened to deal with drug trafficking, and in November 1989 the minister of justice announced that a special tribunal would be set up to try air transport crimes. In October 1988, the minister of defense announced the establishment of a special "drug squad" to apprehend drug traffickers at home and abroad. Decree Number 48 of January l990 established a National Drug Law Enforcement Agency to eliminate the growing, processing, manufacturing, selling, exporting, and trafficking of hard drugs, and the decree prescribed stiffer penalties for convicted offenders. Although Babangida had abolished the death penalty for convicted drug dealers, by the end of the decade there were public calls to restore it. Stricter security measures were introduced at Lagos International Airport in 1989 to curb a crime wave there, and a plan was instituted in August 1989 to control black market activities. The worldwide scope of crime demanded international cooperation to combat it. In l982 Nigeria and Cameroon decided to conclude extradition agreements. Nigeria also signed a regional security, law enforcement, and extradition treaty with Benin, Ghana, and Togo in December 1984; the treaty covered

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criminal investigation, dissident activities, currency and drug trafficking, and other criminal and security matters. In 1987 Nigeria and the United States concluded a mutual law enforcement agreement covering narcotics trafficking and expanded cooperation in other key areas. A related antidrug memorandum of understanding with the United States in March 1990 provided for a joint task force on narcotics and assistance to the new National Drug Law Enforcement Agency. A similar legal assistance pact with Britain to combat crime and drug trafficking was signed in September 1989. Nigeria also concluded an antidrug trafficking accord with Saudi Arabia in October 1990. In the final analysis, domestic conditions will likely determine the fate of the Babangida regime and its successors for the foreseeable future. Although externally secure, Nigeria's internal problems were legion and daunting. The most salient were political fragility and instability; a military determined to be the final arbiter of political life; endemic domestic discord deeply rooted in ethnic and religious cleavages; overtaxed, ineffective, corrupt, and politicized internal security forces and penal institutions; and anticrime measures hopelessly inadequate to the task. Under such conditions, Nigeria faced major challenges in its political transition to the Third Republic.
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There is voluminous literature on Nigerian military history and national security affairs. Much relevant material is published in Nigeria but is not readily accessible abroad. Nigeria's regional strategic situation and outlook are evaluated by John M. Ostheimer and Gary J. Buckley's chapter, "Nigeria," in Security Policies of Developing Countries; and by Pauline H. Baker's "A Giant Staggers: Nigeria as an Emerging Regional Power" in African Security Issues and "Nigeria: The Sub-Saharan Pivot" in Emerging Power: Defense and Security in the Third World. Its participation in the ECOWAS defense pact is examined in Michael J. Sheehan's "Nigeria and the ECOWAS Defence Pact"; its maritime interests and strategy are discussed in Sheehan's "Nigeria: A Maritime Power?" and in Olutunde A. Oladimeji's "Nigeria on Becoming a Sea Power." Bassey Eyo Ate's "The Presence of France in West-Central Africa as a Fundamental Problem to Nigeria" and Ekido J.A. MacAnigboro and Aja Akpuru Aja's "France's Military Policy in Sub-Saharan Francophone States: A Threat to Nigeria's National Security" have analyzed the Franco-Nigerian security dilemma. Julius Emeka Okolo's "Nuclearization of Nigeria" and Oye Ogunbadejo's "Nuclear Capability and Nigeria's Foreign Policy" discuss Nigeria's nuclear policy options. Data on military forces and order of battle are available in such annual publications as The Military Balance, published by the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, and the various Jane's yearbooks. Supplementary information is available in John Keegan's World Armies and in the annual Defense and Foreign Affairs Handbook. Statistics and other information on arms transfers, military spending, and armed forces are contained in the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency's annual World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers and in the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute's annual World Armaments and Disarmament. Internal security and human rights conditions are evaluated annually in the Amnesty International Report and in the United States Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. The International Law of Human Rights in Africa, compiled by M. Hamalengwa et al., is a useful reference for African states. Country briefs on police forces are found in John M. Andrade's World Police and Paramilitary Forces and in Harold K. and Donna Lee Becker's Handbook of the World's Police. Alan Milner's now-dated The Nigerian Penal System provides essential historical background that is supplemented by Oluyemi Kayode's chapter, "Nigeria," in International Handbook of Contemporary Developments in Criminology. Finally, specialized current news sources and surveys are indispensable for research on contemporary national security affairs. The most useful and accessible include the annual Africa Contemporary Record, and such periodicals as Africa Research Bulletin, Africa Confidential, Defense and Foreign Affairs Weekly, Jane's Defence Weekly, International Defense Review, and the most useful single source, African Defence/Afrique Defense. (For further information and complete citations, see Bibliography.) Data as of June 1991

Nigeria-Women's Roles Nigeria-WELFARE Nigeria-THE FEDERAL MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN THE POSTWAR ERA Nigeria-EDUCATION Nigeria-Lugard and Indirect Rule Nigeria-Arms Procurement and Defense Industries Nigeria-Communications Nigeria-Irrigation Nigeria-COLONIAL NIGERIA Nigeria-Roads Nigeria-African and Regional Issues Nigeria-The Northern Area Nigeria-Fisheries Nigeria-The 1964-65 Elections Nigeria-Relations with Major Powers Nigeria-Electric Power Nigeria-Trade Unions Nigeria-Organization, Mission, and Order of Battle Nigeria-Climate Nigeria-POPULATION Nigeria-AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHING Nigeria-Early States Before 1500 Nigeria-The Yoruba Wars Nigeria-BANKING, FINANCE, AND OTHER SERVICES

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Nigeria-The Second Republic Nigeria-Population Estimates and the Demographic Transition Nigeria-The Gowon Regime Nigeria-Crime and Punishment Nigeria-Oil and Gas Nigeria-Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia Nigeria-Abolition of the Slave Trade Nigeria-The Savanna States, 1500-1800 Nigeria-Recruitment and Conditions of Service Nigeria-The Igbo: A Stateless Society? Nigeria-Extension of British Control Nigeria-NATIONAL SECURITY ISSUES AND PERCEPTIONS Nigeria-The Regime of Murtala Muhammad, 1975-76 Nigeria-Unemployment Nigeria-THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT Nigeria-Constitutional and Political Framework Nigeria-Regional Groupings Nigeria-MANUFACTURING Nigeria-Training Nigeria-Indigenous Beliefs Nigeria-The Southern Area Nigeria -Country Profile Nigeria-Early Development Nigeria-Chapter 3 - The Economy Nigeria-RELIGION Nigeria-The Third Republic Nigeria-Civic Action and Veterans' Groups Nigeria-Chapter 5 - National Security Nigeria-Army Nigeria-RETURN TO MILITARY RULE Nigeria-NATIONAL SECURITY Nigeria-Human Rights Nigeria-Rural-Urban Linkages Nigeria-EARLY HISTORY Nigeria-Ethnic Relations Nigeria-Introduction Nigeria-Royal Niger Company Nigeria-Attitudes Toward the Military Nigeria-Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate Nigeria-Census History Nigeria-Labor Organizations Nigeria-The Colonial Period Nigeria-Relations with Neighboring States Nigeria-Railroads Nigeria-New State Movements Nigeria-Economic Development Nigeria-Military Capabilities Nigeria-Foreword Nigeria-GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS Nigeria-ECONOMY Nigeria-The Obasanjo Regime, 1976-79 Nigeria-Professional Associations INTEREST GROUPS AND NATIONAL POLITICS Nigeria-Other Interest Groups Nigeria-URBANIZATION Nigeria-Chapter 4 - Government and Politics Nigeria-The Debt Overhang Nigeria-Influence of the Christian Missions Nigeria-Christianity Nigeria-FEDERALISM AND INTRAGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS Nigeria-Unification of Nigeria Nigeria-Government Finance Nigeria-Forestry Nigeria-Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment Nigeria-MILITARY INTERVENTION AND MILITARY RULE Nigeria-Ports Nigeria-Planning Nigeria-FOREIGN RELATIONS Nigeria-Labor Unions Nigeria-Balance of Payments Nigeria-Primary Health Care Policies Nigeria-Relations with the Rest of Africa Nigeria-Commodity Trade Nigeria-Political Role of the Military Nigeria-The Census Controversy Nigeria-Acknowledgements Nigeria-Early British Imperialism THE COLONIAL ECONOMIC LEGACY Nigeria-National Economic Interests in the Postwar Period Nigeria-TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS Nigeria-ETHNICITY Nigeria-Social Structure Nigeria-Nigeria Nigeria-Internal Security Forces and Organizations Nigeria-Crime, Corruption, and Political Turbulence

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Nigeria-Transportation TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS Nigeria-Crops Nigeria-EMERGENCE OF NIGERIAN NATIONALISM Nigeria-Security and Anticrime Measures Nigeria-MINING, PETROLEUM, AND ENERGY RESOURCES Nigeria-ARMED FORCES AND SOCIETY Nigeria-Civil War Nigeria-Ministry of Internal Affairs Nigeria Nigeria-Student Associations Nigeria Nigeria-Nigeria Police Force Nigeria-The Northern Kingdoms of the Savanna Nigeria-Navy Nigeria-THE FIRST REPUBLIC Nigeria-INDEPENDENT NIGERIA Nigeria-The 1966 Coups, Civil War, and Gowon's Government Nigeria-The Media Nigeria-Urbanization Since Independence Nigeria-Preparations for the Return to Civilian Rule Nigeria-Relations with International Organizations Nigeria Nigeria-THE CIVIL SERVICE Nigeria-The Muhammad/Obasanjo Government Nigeria-LABOR Nigeria-The Babangida Government Nigeria-Islam Nigeria-Chapter 1 - Historical Setting Nigeria-Livestock Nigeria-ARMED FORCES Nigeria-Foreign Policy Nigeria-POLITICAL TRANSITIONS AND TRANSITION PLANNING Nigeria-Yoruba Kingdoms and Benin Nigeria-Structural Adjustment Nigeria-Development of National Economic Interests to World War II Nigeria-History of Modern Medical Services Nigeria-Income Distribution Nigeria-Politics in the Crisis Years Nigeria-Further Development of Colonial Policy Nigeria-Air Force Nigeria-CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY Nigeria Nigeria-Local and Bilateral Issues Nigeria-INTERNAL SECURITY Nigeria-Religious Sectarianism Nigeria-Incidence and Trends in Crime Nigeria Nigeria-Preface Nigeria-Demographic Factors and the Defense Budget Nigeria-Land Use, Soils, and Land Tenure Nigeria-Foreign Trade FOREIGN TRADE AND BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Nigeria Nigeria-Historical Development of Urban Centers Nigeria-THE SECOND REPUBLIC, 1979-83 Nigeria-GEOGRAPHY Nigeria-HEALTH Nigeria-Domestic Security Nigeria-Women's Organizations Nigeria-EUROPEAN SLAVE TRADE IN WEST AFRICA Nigeria Nigeria-The Buhari Regime

Background

British influence and control over what would become Nigeria and Africa's most populous country grew through the 19th century. A series of constitutions after World War II granted Nigeria greater autonomy; independence came in 1960. Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new constitution was adopted in 1999, and a peaceful transition to civilian government was completed. The government continues to face the daunting task of reforming a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement, and institutionalizing democracy. In addition, Nigeria continues to experience longstanding ethnic and religious tensions. Although both the 2003 and 2007 presidential elections were marred by significant irregularities and violence, Nigeria is currently experiencing its longest period of civilian rule since independence. The general elections of April 2007 marked the first civilian-to-civilian transfer of power in the country's history. Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon total: 923,768 sq km land: 910,768 sq km water: 13,000 sq km 10 00 N, 8 00 E

Location Area(sq km) Geographic coordinates

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Land boundaries(km) Coastline(km) Climate Elevation extremes(m) Natural resources Land use(%) Irrigated land(sq km) Total renewable water resources(cu km) Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial /agricultural) Natural hazards Environment - current issues Environment international agreements Geography - note

total: 4,047 km border countries: Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km 853 km varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Chappal Waddi 2,419 m natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, arable land arable land: 33.02% permanent crops: 3.14% other: 63.84% (2005) 2,820 sq km (2003) 286.2 cu km (2003) total: 8.01 cu km/yr (21%/10%/69%) per capita: 61 cu m/yr (2000) periodic droughts; flooding soil degradation; rapid deforestation; urban air and water pollution; desertification; oil pollution - water, air, and soil; has suffered serious damage from oil spills; loss of arable land; rapid urbanization party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements the Niger enters the country in the northwest and flows southward through tropical rain forests and swamps to its delta in the Gulf of Guinea 149,229,090 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2009 est.) 0-14 years: 41.5% (male 31,624,050/female 30,242,637) 15-64 years: 55.5% (male 42,240,641/female 40,566,672) 65 years and over: 3.1% (male 2,211,840/female 2,343,250) (2009 est.) total: 19 years male: 18.9 years female: 19.1 years (2009 est.) 1.999% (2009 est.) 36.65 births/1,000 population (2009 est.) 16.56 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)

Population

Age structure(%)

Median age(years) Population growth rate(%) Birth rate(births/1,000 population) Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) Urbanization(%)

-0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.) urban population: 48% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 3.8% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.) at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.94 male(s)/female total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2009 est.) total: 94.35 deaths/1,000 live births male: 100.38 deaths/1,000 live births female: 87.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.) total population: 46.94 years male: 46.16 years female: 47.76 years (2009 est.)

Sex ratio(male(s)/female)

Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) Life expectancy at birth(years) Total fertility rate(children born/woman) Nationality

4.91 children born/woman (2009 est.) noun: Nigerian(s) adjective: Nigerian Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani conventional long form: Federal Republic of Nigeria conventional short form: Nigeria federal republic

Ethnic groups(%) Religions(%) Languages(%) Country name Government type

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Capital

name: Abuja geographic coordinates: 9 05 N, 7 32 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) 36 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Federal Capital Territory*, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nassarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara adopted 5 May 1999; effective 29 May 1999 based on English common law, Islamic law (in 12 northern states), and traditional law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations 18 years of age; universal chief of state: President Umaru Musa YAR'ADUA (since 29 May 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Umaru Musa YAR'ADUA (since 29 May 2007) cabinet: Federal Executive Council elections: president is elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 21 April 2007 (next to be held in April 2011) election results: Umaru Musa YAR'ADUA elected president; percent of vote - Umaru Musa YAR'ADUA 69.8%, Muhammadu BUHARI 18.7%, Atiku ABUBAKAR 7.5%, Orji Uzor KALU 1.7%, other 2.3% bicameral National Assembly consists of the Senate (109 seats, 3 from each state plus 1 from Abuja; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and House of Representatives (360 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 21 April 2007 (next to be held in April 2011); House of Representatives - last held 21 April 2007 (next to be held in April 2011) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PDP 53.7%, ANPP 27.9%, AD 9.7%, other 8.7%; seats by party - PDP 76, ANPP 27, AD 6; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDP 54.5%, ANPP 27.4%, AD 8.8%, UNPP 2.8%, NPD 1.9%, APGA 1.6%, PRP 0.8%; seats by party - PDP 76, ANPP 27, AD 6, UNPP 2, APGA 2, NPD 1, PRP 1, vacant 1 Supreme Court (judges recommended by the National Judicial Council and appointed by the president); Federal Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the federal government from a pool of judges recommended by the National Judicial Council) Academic Staff Union for Universities or ASUU; Campaign for Democracy or CD; Civil Liberties Organization or CLO; Committee for the Defense of Human Rights or CDHR; Constitutional Right Project or CRP; Human Right Africa; National Association of Democratic Lawyers or NADL; National Association of Nigerian Students or NANS; Nigerian Bar Association or NBA; Nigerian Labor Congress or NLC; Nigerian Medical Association or NMA; the Press; Universal Defenders of Democracy or UDD ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURCAT, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green Oil-rich Nigeria, long hobbled by political instability, corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and poor macroeconomic management, has undertaken several reforms over the past decade. Nigeria's former military rulers failed to diversify the economy away from its overdependence on the capital-intensive oil sector, which provides 95% of foreign exchange earnings and about 80% of budgetary revenues. Following the signing of an IMF stand-by agreement in August 2000, Nigeria received a debt-restructuring deal from the Paris Club and a $1 billion credit from the IMF, both contingent on economic reforms. Nigeria pulled out of its IMF program in April 2002, after failing to meet spending and exchange rate targets, making it ineligible for additional debt forgiveness from the Paris Club. Since 2008 the government has begun showing the political will to implement the market-oriented reforms urged by the IMF, such as to modernize the banking system, to curb inflation by blocking excessive wage demands, and to resolve regional disputes over the distribution of earnings from the oil industry. In 2003, the government began deregulating fuel prices, announced the privatization of the country's four oil refineries, and instituted the National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy, a domestically designed and run program modeled on the IMF's Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility for fiscal and monetary management. In November 2005, Abuja won Paris Club approval for a debt-relief deal that eliminated $18 billion of debt in exchange for $12 billion in payments - a total package worth $30 billion of Nigeria's total $37 billion external debt. The deal requires Nigeria to be subject to stringent IMF reviews. Based largely on increased oil exports and high global crude prices, GDP rose strongly in 2007 and 2008. President YAR'ADUA has pledged to continue the economic reforms of his predecessor with emphasis on infrastructure improvements. Infrastructure is the main impediment to growth. The government is working toward developing stronger public-private partnerships for electricity and roads. $336.2 billion (2008 est.) $319.3 billion (2007 est.) $300.1 billion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars $207.1 billion (2008 est.) 5.3% (2008 est.) 6.4% (2007 est.) 6.2% (2006 est.)

Administrative divisions Constitution Legal system Suffrage

Executive branch

Legislative branch

Judicial branch

Political pressure groups and leaders

International organization participation Flag description

Economy - overview

GDP (purchasing power parity) GDP (official exchange rate) GDP - real growth rate(%)

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GDP - per capita (PPP) GDP - composition by sector(%) Labor force Labor force - by occupation(%) Unemployment rate(%) Population below poverty line(%) Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) Distribution of family income - Gini index Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) Budget Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) Stock of money Stock of quasi money Stock of domestic credit Market value of publicly traded shares Economic aid recipient Public debt(% of GDP) Agriculture - products

$2,300 (2008 est.) $2,200 (2007 est.) $2,100 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars agriculture: 18.1% industry: 50.8% services: 31.1% (2008 est.) 51.04 million (2008 est.) agriculture: 70% industry: 10% services: 20% (1999 est.) 4.9% (2007 est.) 70% (2007 est.) lowest 10%: 2% highest 10%: 32.4% (2004) 43.7 (2003) 50.6 (1997) 21.7% of GDP (2008 est.) revenues: $19.76 billion expenditures: $24.72 billion (2008 est.) 11.6% (2008 est.) 5.4% (2007 est.) $35.29 billion (31 December 2008) $26.82 billion (31 December 2007) $32.04 billion (31 December 2008) $22.78 billion (31 December 2007) $49.51 billion (31 December 2008) $35.68 billion (31 December 2007) $49.8 billion (31 December 2008) $86.35 billion (31 December 2007) $32.82 billion (31 December 2006) $6.437 billion (2005) 13.4% of GDP (2008 est.) 20% of GDP (2004 est.) cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava (tapioca), yams, rubber; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; timber; fish crude oil, coal, tin, columbite; palm oil, peanuts, cotton, rubber, wood; hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel, small commercial ship construction and repair 2.8% (2008 est.) $3.877 billion (2008 est.) $2.203 billion (2007 est.) $76.03 billion (2008 est.) $61.82 billion (2007 est.) petroleum and petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber US 41.4%, India 10.4%, Brazil 9.4%, Spain 7.2%, France 4.6% (2008) $46.3 billion (2008 est.) $38.8 billion (2007 est.) machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured goods, food and live animals China 13.8%, Netherlands 9.6%, US 8.4%, UK 5.3%, South Korea 5.2%, France 4.3% (2008) $53 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $51.33 billion (31 December 2007 est.) $9.996 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $8.007 billion (31 December 2007 est.) $68.84 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $58.84 billion (31 December 2007 est.) $13.02 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $12.72 billion (31 December 2007 est.) nairas (NGN) per US dollar - 117.8 (2008 est.), 127.46 (2007), 127.38 (2006), 132.59 (2005), 132.89 (2004) naira (NGN) 1.308 million (2008)

Industries Industrial production growth rate(%) Current account balance Exports Exports commodities(%) Exports - partners(%) Imports Imports commodities(%) Imports - partners(%) Reserves of foreign exchange and gold Debt - external Stock of direct foreign investment - at home Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad Exchange rates Currency (code) Telephones - main lines in use

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Telephones - mobile cellular

62.988 million (2008) general assessment: further expansion and modernization of the fixed-line telephone network is needed domestic: the addition of a second fixed-line provider in 2002 resulted in faster growth but subscribership remains only about 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular services growing rapidly, in part responding to the shortcomings of the fixed-line network; multiple cellular service providers operate nationally with subscribership reaching 45 per 100 persons in 2008 international: country code - 234; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) (2008) .ng 11 million (2008) 56 (2009) condensate 21 km; gas 2,560 km; liquid petroleum gas 97 km; oil 3,396 km; refined products 4,090 km (2008) total: 193,200 km paved: 28,980 km unpaved: 164,220 km (2004) Bonny Inshore Terminal, Calabar, Lagos Nigerian Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force (2008) 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2007) males age 16-49: 31,929,204 females age 16-49: 30,638,979 (2008 est.) males age 16-49: 19,763,535 females age 16-49: 18,850,650 (2009 est.) male: 1,697,030 female: 1,618,561 (2009 est.) 1.5% of GDP (2006) Joint Border Commission with Cameroon reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately cedes sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a phase-out of Nigerian control within two years while resolving patriation issues; the ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River all contribute to the delay in implementation; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries refugees (country of origin): 5,778 (Liberia) IDPs: undetermined (communal violence between Christians and Muslims since President OBASANJO's election in 1999; displacement is mostly short-term) (2007) 21.92 billion kWh (2007 est.) fossil fuel: 61.9% hydro: 38.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001) 19.21 billion kWh (2007 est.) 0 kWh (2008 est.) 0 kWh (2008 est.) 2.169 million bbl/day (2008 est.) 286,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) 2.327 million bbl/day (2007 est.) 170,000 bbl/day (2007 est.) 36.22 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.) 32.82 billion cu m (2008 est.) 12.28 billion cu m (2008 est.) 20.55 billion cu m (2008) 5.215 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) 3.1% (2007 est.) 2.6 million (2007 est.)

Telephone system

Internet country code Internet users Airports Pipelines(km)

Roadways(km) Ports and terminals Military branches Military service age and obligation(years of age) Manpower available for military service Manpower fit for military service Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually Military expenditures(% of GDP)

Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons Electricity production(kWh) Electricity - production by source(%) Electricity consumption(kWh) Electricity exports(kWh) Electricity imports(kWh) Oil production(bbl/day) Oil consumption(bbl/day) Oil - exports(bbl/day) Oil - imports(bbl/day) Oil - proved reserves(bbl) Natural gas production(cu m) Natural gas consumption(cu m) Natural gas exports(cu m) Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

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Nigeria-Security and Anticrime Measures

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HIV/AIDS - deaths

170,000 (2007 est.) degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria and yellow fever respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: one of the most highly endemic areas for Lassa fever water contact disease: leptospirosis and shistosomiasis animal contact disease: rabies definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 68% male: 75.7% female: 60.6% (2003 est.) total: 8 years male: 9 years female: 7 years (2004) 0.9% of GDP (1991)

Major infectious diseases

Literacy(%)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) Education expenditures(% of GDP)

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