GEO 4121 Geomorphology Lab Field Project 2012 Entrainment occurs when particles resting on the streambed are

mobilized. For this to occur, the shear stress exerted by the fluid must exceed critical shear stress of the grains resting on the riverbed. This is an important concept in the study of fluvial geomorphology and river restoration. For this years project we will be looking at depths and associated discharges necessary to mobilize different size fractions of sediment along a small creek near Phil Hardberger park in San Antonio. We will compare these values to an area of the channel where the banks have been stabilized, to prevent stream erosion, and determine the maximum depth and flow velocity since the time of reinforcement. Project Guidelines (what should be included in your report): Title: Tells the reader what the paper is specifically about in relatively few words. Introduction: Tells the reader about the topic, why its relevant, and gives a general outline of the paper. Previous Work: Discusses what has already been done/what is known about the topic, and gives references. Methods: How was the research carried out? You should provide enough detail that someone with knowledge of the topic could reproduce the experiment. Since this paper is field-based, this section should also include a brief description of the study site (relevant to the project). Results: Discuss the results of your field work and analysis. Also include any problems you may have had. Include tables and figures in this section. Discussion: Do your results answer your research question/objective? Why or why not? Is this consistent with/different from previous work? Discuss any errors or limitations with your research. Conclusion: What conclusions can you make based on your research? Dont just summarize, discuss how your findings fit in with the big picture. Why did you do this research? How is it useful? References cited: Include all references cited.

Plagiarism: Dont present others ideas as your own. Dont copy sentences from papers without properly citing the work. If evidence of plagiarism is found, you will not be given credit for the paper and you are subject to disciplinary action according to University policy. You will turn in one paper per group with your field data. However, you must do your own work for the remaining parts of the assignment and turn in your own calculations, graphs, tables, and papers. Timeline for completion: October 6th or 14th: Collect field data (20 points) November 13th or 15th (by 2:00 pm)*: Turn in calculations, tables, and figures (40 points) December 4th or 6th (by 2:00 pm)*: Report due (40 points) *Turn in on your lab day Details, Expectations, and Equations for paper Field portion: During the field exercise, identify a representative reach to make your measurements (walk along stream bed to assess the range of channel variability). Note distance from bridge. Give a description of the study area in your methods section. Sample bed material using Wolman pebble count Measure chanel width(s) Measure slope In class/at home portion: Make a frequency histogram: clast size on X axis and frequency on Y axis, use Wentworth classification to show size ranges for each column Also work out the percentage in each size class, and cumulative percent curve Use the curve to determine your D16, D50, D84, and D100

Use the following equations to determine the water depth and associated flow velocity necessary to move each of the above size fractions. ci = c/( s)gDi

c=gRS ci =Shields parameter for dimensionless critical shear stress (determine from Shields diagram) c = critical shear stress s =Density of sediment (what is the composition of this sediment, determine density, in kg/m3) Di=median diameter of the particle IN METERS, not mm (your D16, D50, D84, and D100) g=gravitational constant (9.81 m/s2) =density of water (1000 kg/m3) s=density of sediment (in kg/m3) R=hydraulic radius (can be approximated with depth for wide and shallow channels) S=slope of the water surface

In this scenario you may substitute d for R. Solve for d to determine depths Keulegan Equation: U/U*=2.5ln(11d/ks) U*=(ghS) ks=6.8D50 U=average velocity (m/s) U*=shear velocity d=depth ks=equivalent sand roughness height